Dissertation

of

Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

TEAM Surabhi (Modeler)

Kishore Padma (Rigging and Animation)

P.Ravi teja (Rigging and Animation) P.Vishnu Vardhan Babu (VFX)

G.Anudeep (VFX)

Content Details

Objective: - Recreate Rhesus macaque in CG with photo-realistic look, which

includes anatomy, behavior, Movements. And integrate seamlessly into live action

footage.

1 History of Rhesus macaque

● Evolution

● Entire history

● Social role

2 Classification of Rhesus macaque (Species of Rhesus macaque/type of Rhesus macaque seen in general/wildlife) ● How many types of Species exist?

● Where can we find them?Rhesus macaque?

● Which country has the largest population of Rhesus macaque

● Differentiate between genders of a Rhesus macaque on the basis of their appearance.

● Differentiate between the Species of Rhesus macaque on the basis of their appearance.

● Names based on age, gender, regions

● Size and measurement

3 Biology of Rhesus macaque

● Reproduction and development

Note: History of Rhesus macaque, different types and biology of Rhesus macaque will help to bond a share between the human and Rhesus macaque.

4 Anatomy

Reproductive system

Muscle

Note: studying anatomy of Rhesus Macaque will be a great help to cg artist to make a cg

model or sculpt.

5 Movement ● General movement( walk ,Jump)

● Defense

Note: Study of Rhesus macaque movement will help a animator to animate the Rhesus

macaque model, requires live footages to understand more easily

6 Ecology and Behavior ● Intelligence

● Communication

● Social organization

History of Rhesus Macaque Evolution

The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is an abundant primate species that diverged from the ancestors of Homo sapiens about 25 million years ago. Because they are genetically and physiologically similar to humans, rhesus monkeys are the most widely used nonhuman primate in basic and applied biomedical research. We determined the genome sequence of an Indian-origin Macaca mulatta female and compared the data with chimpanzees and humans to reveal the structure of ancestral primate genomes and to identify evidence for positive selection and lineage-specific expansions and contractions of gene families. A comparison of sequences from individual animals was used to investigate their underlying genetic diversity. The complete description of the macaque genome blueprint enhances the utility of this animal model for biomedical research and improves our understanding of the basic biology of the species.

Rhesus And Human The relationship between humans and macaques is even more important because biomedical research has come to depend on these primates as animal models. Compared with rodents, which are separated from humans by more than 70 million years (2, 3), macaques exhibit greater similarity to human physiology, neurobiology, and susceptibility to infectious and metabolic diseases. Critical progress in biomedicine attributed to macaques includes the identification of the "rhesus factor" blood groups and advances in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Most important, their response to infectious agents related to human pathogens, including simian immunodeficiency virus and influenza, has made macaques the preferred model for vaccine development. Lesser-known contributions of these animals include their early use in the U.S. space program-a rhesus monkey was launched into space more than a dozen years before any chimpanzee. The cynomolgus macaque (M. fascicularis), pigtailed macaque (M. nemestrina), and Japanese macaque (M. fuscata) have all contributed to research, but the rhesus macaque has been used most widely. Taxonomists recognize six M. mulatta subspecies (1), which differ substantially in their geographical range, body size, and a variety of morphological, physiological, and behavioral characteristics. North American research colonies include animals representing both Indian and Chinese subspecies, although India ended the exportation of these animals in the 1970s.

Classification TAXONOMY Suborder: Haplorrhini Infraorder: Simiiformes Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea Family: Cercopithecidae Subfamily: Cercopithecinae Genus: Macaca Species: M. mulatta Subspecies: M. m. brevicauda, M. m. lasiota, M. m. mulatta, M. m. sanctijohannis, M. m. vestita, M. m. villosa Other names: rhesus monkey; macaque rhésus (French); mono resus (Spanish); rehesusapa or rhesusmakak (Swedish); M. m. lasiota: west Chinese rhesus macaque; M. m. sanctijohannis: insular Chinese rhesus macaque or south Chinese rhesus macaque; M. m. vestita: Tibetan rhesus macaque Divided according to country of origin, rhesus macaques are referred to as Chinese-and Indian- derived. Chinese-derived rhesus macaques include subspecies M. m. vestita, M. m. lasiota, M. m. sanctijohannis, and M. m. brevicauda. Indian-derived rhesus macaques are found in other countries besides India, but are still informally referred to as Indian-derived and include M. m. mulatta and M. m. villosa (Smith & McDonough 2005). In breeding colonies at research centers in the United States, rhesus macaques have sometimes been bred separately according to their "country" of derivation but in other cases, crossbreeding has occurred, leading to some confusion about the taxonomic separation of individuals used in research (Smith & McDonough 2005).

MORPHOLOGY Conservation status: Least concern Life span: 25 years Total population: Unknown Regions: China, India, Bhutan, Laos, Burma, Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, Afghanistan Gestation: 5.5 months (164 days) Height: 531.8 mm (M), 468.8 mm (F) Weight: 7.7 kg (M), 5.34 kg (F)

Rhesus macaques, both Chinese- and Indian-derived, range in color from dusty brown to auburn with little to no fur found on their reddish-pink faces. Their rumps are the same color as their faces and they have medium-length tails that average between 207.6 and 228.9 mm (8.17 and 9.01 in) (Fooden 2000). Males and females are sexually dimorphic, like other species of macaques, and males measure, on average, 531.8 mm (1.74 ft) and weigh, on average, 7.70 kg (17.0 lb) while females have an average height of 468.8 mm (1.54 ft) and an average weight of 5.34 kg (11.8 lb) (Fooden 2000; Singh & Sinha 2004). They are quadrupedal and, depending on the type of habitat in which they are found, can be predominantly arboreal or predominantly terrestrial (Seth et al. 2001). Rhesus macaques are also skilled swimmers and have been observed crossing bodies of water up to one kilometer (.621 mi) wide. When they are seen in the water they are usually searching for food, escaping from danger, regulating their body temperature, or playing. Swimming is a skill seen in infants as young as two days old (Fooden 2000).

RANGE CURRENT RANGE MAPS (IUCN REDLIST): Macaca mulatta The only primates with a broader geographic distribution than rhesus macaques are humans (Southwick et al. 1996). Rhesus macaques are found ubiquitously throughout mainland Asia; from Afghanistan to India and Thailand to southern China (Rowe 1996; Smith & McDonough 2005). M. m. vestita, M. m. lasiota, and M. m. sanctijohannis are found in western, central, and eastern China, respectively (Groves 2001; Smith & McDonough 2005). Another Chinese species of rhesus macaque, M. m. brevicauda, is found on Hainan Island, off the southwest coast of China. The Indian-derived rhesus macaques are separated by region with M. m. villosa found in the Kashmir and Punjab region of India (the northern part of the country), Pakistan, and Afghanistan and M. m. mulatta found in India, Bhutan, Burma, Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam (Groves 2001; Smith & McDonough 2005). It is likely that there will be additional subspecies added and M. m. mulatta will be reclassified into several more distinct subspecies based on genetic and morphological differences (Groves 2001). A free-ranging colony of rhesus macaques was established in 1938 on an island in the Caribbean. Introduced to Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, rhesus macaques have been studied under semi-natural conditions for almost 70 years and have provided an unprecedented resource for information about behavior, population demography, and long-term histories of individuals' social and physical development (Rawlins & Kessler 1986a). Furthermore, with the establishment of this colony of free-ranging macaques came the birth of a new field of study, sociobiology, pioneered by Stuart Altmann who observed rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago and worked with notable sociobiologist E.O. Wilson (Bercovitch pers. comm.).

Rhesus macaques are the most studied nonhuman primate, both in the field and in laboratory settings, though most of the field research comes from rhesus macaques in India (Richard et al. 1989). One of the notable early field researchers of rhesus monkeys is Charles Southwick, who began surveying them in 1959 (Seth 2000). Donald Lindburg has been another force in rhesus macaque studies, assessing the abundance of rhesus in India as well as reporting declines in the population which was important at the time of their export (Seth 2000; Smith & McDonough 2005).

HABITAT Because they are found in such a broad geographic area, it is difficult to concisely summarize the types of habitats rhesus macaques populate. In the most general terms, they are found in both tropical and temperate habitats including semidesert, dry deciduous, mixed deciduous and bamboo, and temperate forests as well as in tropical forests and mangrove swamps, usually at elevations from sea level to 2000 m (6561 ft), but they have been seen at elevations up to 4000 m (13,123 ft) in China and northeastern India (Seth & Seth 1986; Fooden 2000; Srivastava & Mohnot 2001). Rhesus macaques are also found in areas close to humans in urban settings or near cultivated fields (Southwick et al. 1996). In the northernmost part of their range, the rhesus of the Taihang Mountains in China live in a secondary deciduous forest at elevations between 300 and 1200 m (984 and 3937 ft) with a temperate climate and cold, snowy winters similar to the climate of the central, Midwestern United States (Qu et al. 1993). In this region, there are hot, rainy, and humid summers with severely cold and dry winters, and temperatures ranging between -20° C (-4° F) and 40° C (104° F) during the year. Annual rainfall averages 641 mm (2.10 ft), with the rainiest period lasting from June to August (Qu et al. 1993). This is similar to the climate of the region of Pakistan where they are found, but the habitat in Pakistan is dominated by mixed evergreen and deciduous forests that are highly disturbed (Goldstein & Richard 1989). In their tropical range in China, and similarly in Burma, Laos and Thailand, the rainy season lasts from May to October with annual rainfall averaging 1575 mm (5.17 ft). Temperature is more stable in India and northern China throughout the year, ranging between 22° C (72° F) and 28° C (82° F). The habitat includes primary and secondary tropical and dry evergreen forests and bamboo forests (Jiang et al. 1991; Southwick et al. 1996; Borries et al. 2002). In India, rhesus macaques are found in flat, cultivated areas, where agricultural fields dominate the landscape and in the plains, foothills and mountainous regions where habitat includes cultivated fields, tropical forests and dry, deciduous forests. Average annual rainfall ranges between 420 and 2150 mm (1.38 and 7.05 ft), depending on elevation, and annual range in temperature is between -4° C (25° F) and 48° C (118° F) (Seth & Seth 1986). During the hottest parts of the year, groups in the Himalayan region of India migrate to higher elevations where cooler temperatures persist throughout the summer months (Seth et al. 2001). In urban areas of India, they are found on roadsides, canal banks, in railway stations, villages, towns, and temples (Richard et al. 1989). It is estimated that 48.5% of rhesus macaques in northern India live in villages, towns, cities, temples and railway stations where they are in close and frequent contact with people at all times. About 37.1% of the population lives with some human contact on roadsides and canal banks and only 14.4% of the rhesus macaques in the northern part of the country live in isolation from humans and do not rely on them at all for food (Southwick & Siddiqi 1994).

REPRODUCTION

Females reach puberty around age three while males are sexually mature by age four (Rawlins & Kessler 1986b). The ovarian cycle lasts for 28 days and is characterized by the darkening of the

skin surrounding the anogenital region accompanied by menstruation (Catchpole & van Wagenen 1975). Estrus lasts for eight to 12 days, with the day of ovulation occurring at the midpoint of the estrus period. Females have increased sexual activity during ovulation, exhibiting the highest number of copulations seen during the ovarian cycle (Fooden 2000). Females reproduce from three until about 20 years of age (Rawlins & Kessler 1986b). Males reach puberty between three and 3.5 years of age but do not reach adult body size until about eight years old (Dixson & Nevison 1997; Bercovitch et al. 2003). Though males are capable of reproducing by age four, they are not reproductively successful until after age eight, or when they reach adult size. During this time between becoming sexually mature and when they begin to mate, young rhesus macaques are learning the social skills, including fighting ability, that will influence their success throughout their lives (Bercovitch et al. 2003). Both males and females reach sexual maturity sooner in captivity (Catchpole & van Wagenen 1975). There is marked birth seasonality in rhesus macaques, with the majority of mating occurring in October through December and births coinciding with the end of the rainy season, or during the period of highest food abundance (Lindburg 1971; Qu et al. 1993). At Cayo Santiago, the mating season is much longer and begins in July and lasts until December (Chapais 1986). High-ranking males have more opportunities to mate with females than low-ranking males, but do not always sire a disproportionate number of infants. Lower-ranking males may have similar reproductive success compared to high-ranking males because they are new immigrants and are more attractive to females because of this (Berard 1999). From one breeding season to the next, females will drastically reduce the amount of mating they do with familiar males and over a period of three years, they try not to mate with any familiar males given the opportunity to mate with unfamiliar males (Bercovitch 1997; Berard 1999). During the breeding season, females enter into consortships with one or more males. An individual female will spend longer amounts of time in contact with, grooming, and mating with these males. Males and female rhesus macaques are promiscuous breeders, mating multiple times with multiple mates (Lindburg 1971). Both males and females initiate these consort relationships and competition for access to mates is related to the high levels of aggression seen in rhesus macaque groups during this time of year. Gestation lasts 164 days in rhesus macaques and the interbirth interval is between 12 and 24 months (Fooden 2000). If a female does not have a successful pregnancy or her infant dies in the first year of life, she is more likely to give birth the following season than a female who successfully rears an infant (Seth 2000).

Muscle Facial expression is a common mode of visual communication in mammals but especially so in primates. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have a well-documented facial expression repertoire that is

controlled by the facial/mimetic musculature as in all mammals. However, little is known about

the musculature itself and how it compares with those of other primates. Here we present a

detailed description of the facial musculature in rhesus macaques in behavioral, evolutionary

and comparative contexts. Formalin-fixed faces from six adult male specimens were dissected

using a novel technique. The morphology, attachments, three-dimensional relationships and

variability

of muscles were noted and compared with chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and with humans.

The results showed that there was a greater number of facial muscles in rhesus macaques than

previously described (24 muscles),including variably present (and previously unmentioned)

zygomaticus minor, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,

depressor septi, anterior auricularis, inferior auricularis and depressor supercilii muscles. The

facial muscles of the rhesus macaque were very similar to those in chimpanzees and humans

but M. mulatta did not possess a risorius muscle. These results support previous studies that

describe a highly graded and intricate facial expression repertoire in rhesus macaques.

Furthermore, these results indicate that phylogenetic position is not the primary factor

governing the structure of primate facial musculature and that other factors such as social

behavior are probably more important. The results from the present study may provide valuable

input to both biomedical studies that use rhesus macaques as a model for human disease and

disorder that includes assessment of facial movement and studies into the evolution of primate

societies and communication.

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND BEHAVIOR

Rhesus macaques live in large, multi-male/multi-female groups that have an average of 10 to 80

individuals, regardless of habitat type. Groups may number in the hundreds in mountainous

areas and areas of high human food subsidization or agricultural habitats (Lindburg 1971; Seth

& Seth 1986; Qu et al. 1993; Southwick et al. 1996). Rhesus groups are characterized by female

philopatry and male dispersal; females remain in their natal groups and form dominance

hierarchies according to their matrilineal kinship while males emigrate from their natal groups

at the beginning of the breeding season shortly before puberty, and may transfer groups

throughout their lives in search of mating opportunities (Melnick et al. 1984). Female rhesus

macaques very rarely leave their natal groups (Fooden 2000).

Among females, rank remains relatively stable over a lifetime and is passed on to female

offspring. Each female rises in rank above her older sister, and therefore when old, high-ranking

females disappear or die, they are usually replaced by their youngest daughters (Seth 2000).

One of the benefits of dominance for a rhesus macaque is priority access to food and space.

High-ranking females have greater access to feeding sites because they displace lower-ranking

females and they are less likely to be disturbed during feeding compared to subordinates

(Deutsch & Lee 1991). Because they have cheek pouches, though, low-ranking females do not

consume less food than high-ranking females, they simply store as much as they can into their

cheek pouches and then move away from the group to eat (Deutsch & Lee 1991). This method of

feeding is more energetically expensive than remaining in the same area while feeding, so low-

ranking females may be consuming the same amount but using more energy to consume it

(Deutsch & Lee 1991).

Dominance status and rank among males is not stable over a lifetime, compared to female

rhesus macaques. Immature males inherit the rank of their mothers, but as they mature, their

status changes based upon a combination of social and aggressive skills (Lindburg 1971; Berard

1999; Bercovitch pers. comm.). Aggression is sometimes used to establish and reinforce social

position, though, and aggressive behavior seen in macaques includes slapping, pushing, pulling

fur, tail yanking, and biting as well as other non-contact behaviors such as displays and threats

(Lindburg 1971). Once males attain dominant status, they enjoy this rank for an average of two

years before being displaced by another male (Bercovitch 1997).

PARENTAL CARE

While the majority of parental care is the responsibility of the mother, rhesus infants are also

handled by close female relatives and protected by adult males. In the first few days, the infant is

carried ventrally and protected from other group members by the mother. Ventral clinging is the

position most frequently adopted during travel for the first four months of life, but rhesus

infants begin to ride dorsally for short periods during the second week (Lindburg 1971). By six

weeks of age, locomotor skills are developed enough for the infant to move independently, but

they do not move very quickly at this age, and if the mother is traveling too quickly, she will pick

up the infant and carry it (Lindburg 1971). Some young rhesus are carried until they reach one

year of age, though it is rare. During early infancy, rhesus macaques nurse exclusively for the

first two weeks of life, after which they begin to experiment with solid food. At about four

months of age, rhesus mothers begin to resist the attempts of their offspring to nurse, and young

rhesus macaques are fully weaned by the birth of their next sibling (Fooden 2000).

Exploration off of the mother begins as early as five days old and continues to increase so that by

the third week, the infant breaks physical contact with the mother as frequently as possible

(Lindburg 1971). During this time, juvenile and adolescent females are intensely interested in

the infant and will approach the mother and groom her in an attempt to get near the infant.

When an infant is off the mother, a young rhesus female will touch the infant and try to carry it,

but the mother is watchful of this interaction and any sign of distress from the infant may elicit

an aggressive response from the mother towards the younger female (Lindburg 1971; Berman

1986). This practice of "aunting" behavior seen in young female rhesus macaques will influence

their ability to successfully raise infants (Seth 2000).

Mother rhesus macaques show differential investment in their offspring depending on the sex of

the infant. Maestripieri (2001) argued that rhesus mothers invest more energy into rearing

daughters than sons as is evidenced by a female-biased birth ratio and longer interbirth

intervals following the successful rearing of daughters compared to sons. He hypothesized that

because mortality rates are higher among infant males, then in order for a mother rhesus to

maximize her reproductive output, she should invest the most amount of energy into the infant

that is more likely to survive. Females have higher survival rates than males, possibly due to

lower disease or stress levels than males, an adult female should not invest as heavily in a male

that is more likely to die (Maestripieri 2001). On the other hand, Bercovitch and Berman (1993)

found that on Cayo Santiago, mothers who had sons had a delay in the next reproduction, and

therefore there is a higher cost in producing males, not females.

COMMUNICATION

Vocal and gestural communication is important in rhesus macaques. Facial expression, body

postures, and gestures are all forms of non-vocal communication among rhesus macaques and

are important in interactions between individuals at short distances (Partan 2002). One facial

expression that is seen throughout macaque species and is one of the most common expressions

in rhesus macaques is the "silent bared teeth" face (Maestripieri 1999). Among rhesus macaques

this is seen between individuals of differing rank with the lower-ranking or submissive animal

performing the "silent bared teeth" face to the dominant animal (Flack et al. 2000). Another

common facial expression used in dominance interactions include a "fear grimace" accompanied

by a scream, heard in frightened animals and used to appease or redirect aggression (Rowe

1996). Dominant animals use a silent "open mouth stare" as a threat to other animals; this is

accompanied by the tail sticking straight out behind the body with the monkey standing

quadrupedally (Partan 2002). Another common visual communication signal is the "present

rump," where the tail is raised and the genitals are exposed to the more dominant individual

(Maestripieri 1999).

Vocalizations of rhesus macaques include "coos" and "grunts," which are commonly heard

expressions during group movement, during affiliative interactions, and when one animal

approaches another to groom (Hauser 1998). "Warbles," "harmonic arches," and "chirps," are

heard in the context of finding high-quality, rare food items. The most common alarm call heard

among rhesus macaques, the "shrill bark," is emitted in threatening situations and is consists of

a single, loud, high-pitched sound (Lindburg 1971). Vocalizations made during aggressive

interactions include "screeches," "screams," "squeaks," "pant-threats," "growls," and "barks"

(Lindburg 1971). Infants have their own repertoire of vocalizations which include "geckers,"

which are harsh staccato sounds heard during weaning conflict. It is usually heard along with

convulsive jerks of the body, and looks and sounds much like a human child's temper tantrum

(Lindburg 1971; Partan 2002).

CONSERVATION STATUS The Indian population of rhesus macaques was massively impacted by the widespread export for

use in biomedical research in the mid-20 th century. By the time their international export

began to be regulated in 1977, the Indian population was reduced by 90% (Malik 1992).

Countries that had demanded these monkeys for use in research, including the United States,

established self-sustaining breeding colonies and curbed the demand for wild-born animals

resulting in a rebound in the Indian population (Southwick & Siddiqi 2001). In China, rhesus

macaques are widespread and thriving (Zhang 1998).

CONSERVATION THREATS & POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS Threat: Human-Induced Habitat Loss and Degradation

Problems of habitat destruction do not seem to affect rhesus macaques like other primates; they

are well adapted to life near humans and can thrive in highly disturbed environments. Because

of the cessation of export and the rhesus macaque's adaptability to human-disturbed

environments, the Indian population is increasing (Rao 2003). This increase may not

necessarily be positive because in areas where rhesus macaques are in contact with humans they

are menaces: threatening or biting children and the elderly, stealing food from people, raiding

crops and damaging property leading to decreased tolerance and persecution of rhesus

macaques in some areas (Imam et al. 2002; Wolfe 2002; Rao 2003). This is one rare case where

the destruction of habitat and replacement with agricultural land has led to an increase in the

number of primates, but at a serious social cost. These problems will only be exacerbated if

habitat destruction does not stop and will likely force government control measures, like

trapping and relocation, to decrease the population for the health and safety of humans in India

(Imam et al. 2002; Rao 2003). In Bangladesh, forest dwelling rhesus macaques are threatened

because of cattle grazing, illicit timber and fuelwood harvesting, and settlement pressure. The

forests in which they are found are not continuous or undisturbed (Sazedul Islam & Zahirul

Islam 2001).

Potential Solutions

The root cause of this conflict between humans and rhesus macaques is the eradication of

natural habitat, forcing monkeys into proximity with humans. Though they excel in human-

disturbed environments, rhesus macaques living in forested areas are usually healthier, eating a

better diet, and in overall better condition than urban macaques (Lindburg 1971). Restoration of

their natural habitat in densely populated areas may decrease conflict, but given that they will

likely move into areas where humans make food readily available, this may not be a permanent

solution. In the long term, management will be necessary to conserve healthy populations of

rhesus macaques and prevent persecution by humans from being a threat to their survival

(Muroyama & Eudey 2004). Translocation of large numbers of monkeys may be one

management option to remove rhesus macaques dependent on human sources of food. In one

area of significant human-rhesus macaque conflict, about 600 macaques were captured and

successfully relocated to forested areas nearby (Imam et al. 2002).

In countries like Bangladesh, where forest loss is occurring at a rapid rate, some measures that

may influence the survival of rhesus macaques in forest settings include replanting deforested

areas, involving local people in conservation activities such as tree planting and providing

income through these activities, and establishing plantations specifically for fuelwood and

timber needs that can be sustainably harvested (Sazedul Islam & Zahirul Islam 2001).

Threat: Harvesting (hunting/gathering) Rhesus macaques were once seriously threatened by the rate of capture and export for use in

biomedical research. In the 1960s, often 50,000 juvenile rhesus macaques were trapped and

shipped from India per year, crippling the population growth of rhesus in India (Southwick &

Siddiqi 2001). In 1978, a total ban on rhesus export was the first step in reestablishing the

population, and the numbers in India have more than doubled since the 1970s (Southwick &

Siddiqi 2001). There are still some rhesus macaques trapped and used for reasearch within

India, but the effect of the population is negligible compared to previous levels of usage

(Southwick & Siddiqi 1994). Chinese rhesus macaques are not frequently subject to harvesting

for biomedical research within China because of the 23 established primate captive breeding

facilities in that country (Fan & Song 2003).

Threat: Persecution In orthodox Hindu tradition, monkeys are sacred animals to be revered and protected, but as

humans and animals begin to compete for similar resources or monkeys become nuisances,

causing not only property damage, but also injury to humans, the traditional bond is degraded

(Imam et al. 2002; Wolfe 2002). In some areas of India, rhesus macaques are subjected to

stoning, trapping, and shooting because they are such pervasive, destructive pests. Over 95% of

the local people in one region of India felt harassed by the rhesus macaques either because of

bites, stealing of household items, or other reasons (Imam et al. 2002). Though their

populations continue to expand, the deterioration of traditional beliefs that leads to their

persecution could have an effect on rhesus macaque conservation in the future. If the

conservation ethic connected to deifying rhesus macaques is lost, it will be difficult to rekindle in

the future if the population stops growing or decreases (Imam et al. 2002).

Potential Solutions

Mitigating human-rhesus conflict is necessary to prevent the change in attitudes towards rhesus

macaques that could lead to further persecution and population decline. Translocating

particularly problematic rhesus monkeys or entire groups has been successful, but is not a

widespread option because there simply are not enough suitable forest patches in which large

numbers of rhesus can live (Imam et al. 2002). Perhaps innovative engineering could lead to

monkey-proof containers in which people can store household items and food and prevent local

rhesus from raiding their kitchens. Deterrent fencing or other protective measures could also be

established around gardens and agricultural crops to prevent rhesus macaques from crop

raiding. On the other hand, Bercovitch and Berman (1993) found that on Cayo Santiago,

mothers who had sons had a delay in the next reproduction, and therefore there is a higher cost

in producing males, not females. Decreasing opportunities for conflict between local humans

and rhesus macaques will lead to maintained tolerance of these monkeys that have nowhere to

retreat from human encroachment.

Contribution Of Team Members

Surabhi (Modeler)

Kishore Padma (Rigging and Animation)

P.Ravi teja (Rigging and Animation) P.Vishnu Vardhan Babu (VFX)

G.Anudeep (VFX)

Surabhi (Modeler)

Monkey model shaded

Monkey model wireframe

Kishore Padma(Animation and Rigging)

As per my specialization my role in this is a rigger but I did the animation too. Rigging Process I studied the Anatomy and muscle system of the Rhesus

macaque before I starting the rigging process. That is provided in this documentation. Stage 1 I received a model without unwrap from the modeler for the

rigging test. I send it back for the some topology changes for the smooth

deform and some changes in model. Then I get the model with those modifications and I did the rig

test for that model. Then I send that for the UV unwrap.

Stage 2 I received the UV unwraped model from the modeler for the final

rig. I send it back for the blend shapes.

Then I get the model with blend shapes and I did the rig for that

model.

Then I bind the geo to rig and I painted skin weights. Then I add some influence objects and correctives for maintain

volume and smooth deformation. Then I finalize the rig and it ready to animation.

Final Rig with controls

Rig joint struchre

with out influence

Influence geometry

After adding influence

Problems I Faced During The Rigging When I Painting weights on the influence objects I lost the unwrap of the model. I don't know how it happened. Then I go back to the last saved file and work on that. While facial rigging I don't get the wrinkles on the skin of bottom eyes because of the lack of topology on the face. Video Shoot We went sanghi temple for the video shoot. We shoot the footage over there for the composition of the CG monkey. I am also shoot footages for the reference for the animation. Story Board Our team members finalize the footage and concept according to that I did the story board. Animation Process I got the tracked footage data as .ma format from the VFX team member. According to that footage and camera angle I animated the CG monkey. During the animation I used the reference footages for animation.

Problems I Faced During The Animation Actually my specialization is rigging and I have the basic knowledge of animation. That's why our animation not good. I tried my best to do animation. Conclusion Working in team was good. I get the knowledge of the project pipeline process and interlinking between the deportments. Enjoyed the process of working.

Ravi Teja P(Animation and Rigging)

My role in dissertation is Rigging. Rigging Process Before Rigging the character I have gone through the Anatomy and muscle system and movements needed for animation of the Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).

I have done the basic rig before the unwarp of the model to check

the proper deformation of the model. After the unwrap done with the blend shapes by the modeler i

recevied the file .

Now with the complete model i started rigging the file with the

Skeleton structure of it then followed by the LRA and then after completed the rig with IK/Fk

After the final rig .Skinned the character using component editor

and paint skin weight tool.

Problems I Faced During The Rigging While skinning the character i faced some problems . I manged it through component editor.

Video Shoot Went for video shoot to “Sanghi Temple” There we shot some footages of the monkey for animation and vfx purpose. Conclusion Working with my team was verygood and learned some new things. Learned the process of rigging and the production pipeline of the rig.

P.Vishnu vardhan babu (VFX)

As per my specialization I did matchmove, lighting, fur, rendering

and Compositing.

Video Shoot We went sanghi temple for the video shoot. We shooted with canon eos 550D and 7D.

We shoot the footage over there for the composition of the CG monkey. We took the photos and videos for reference. Shooted with fixed focal length. Match Move I took the footage containing 50mm cropfactor 1.6x Footage length was 570 frames. I tracked the footage in Pftrack software and build the mesh in maya 2012. I sent this matchmove file to animation department.

Problems faced during the matchmove I tracked the footage in pftrack 2011. I succefully completed the track with no errors. Fur

I got the all textured files so I started fur using Shave and Haircut. First I drawn the curves to entire body of monkey model. I snapped the curves to every vertex. I started combing according to monkey reference. I textured the density map and cut map to get fur gaps in face and hands area. I rendered using rapidfur and Finetrace for reflection. Problems faced during the Fur I rendered using rapidfur got the result in beauty pass only.

Shave and Haircut didn’t updated cutmap and density map properly. Lighting & Rendering I started lighting after fur completed. I used manual lighting for my scene. I used mental ray rapid fur and finetrace. I didn’t used HDRI because Fur didn’t worked well for IBL and SIBL. I rendered using with the help of Deadline Client. Problems faced during the Lighting & Rendering I didn’t got any passes for fur only beauty pass I didn’t got Occlusion for fur. Main Problem Reflection. I didn’t got reflection for my character in use background. I tried using with mentalray Finetrace. I got the small fur in reflection but not entire body in reflection. IBL and Finalgather didn’t worked well for fur. Passes didn’t came for the fur. I tried using Puppet fur shader for the passes no use. Systems crached everytime. Puppet shader needs minimum of 4GB ram. I tried and some batch render problem is came. And finally passes rendered but without transparency. So I didn’t rendered passes I rendered only Master Beauty Finally. Compositing I got the only master beauty so I used only one pass to composite. For the Reflection I manually animated the reflection. And Color Corrected.

G.ANUDEEP (VFX)

As per my specialization I did Fur and Editting.

Video Shoot We went sanghi temple for the video shoot. We shooted with canon eos 550D and 7D.

We shoot the footage over there for the composition of the CG monkey. We took the photos and videos for reference. Shooted with fixed focal length. Fur I got the all textured files so I started fur using Shave and Haircut. First I drawn the curves to entire body of monkey model. I snapped the curves to every vertex. I started combing according to monkey reference. I textured the density map and cut map to get fur gaps in face and hands area. I rendered using rapidfur and Finetrace for reflection. Problems faced during the Fur I rendered using rapidfur got the result in beauty pass only. Shave and Haircut didn’t updated cutmap and density map properly.

Editting I used Premiere pro for eittibg inorder to get the best results and make my work easier and a there is not much of ditting took place as we got a single shot to work on.i created the titles for the project so I imported the file with a dynamic link into after effects and I took subsequently very less time and made my work much easier.