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Monitoring water resources, water use, water pollution and
compliance
IWRM for River Basin Organisations
Learn the methods and management of monitoring
• Water resources and water use
• Pollution and water quality
Learning objectives
Monitoring
• For planning!
• For enforcement!
Why do we monitor?
Monitoring
Monitoring
Basin characterisation
Land cover and use
Water demand and use
Surface Water resources
Gender and Poverty
Economical activities
Groundwater resources
Health and sanitation
Biodiversity and environmental status
Demography and educational level
Infrastructural development
Rainfall and evaporation
Water quality and pollution sources
Monitoring for enforcement
Monitoring
Compliancy checks:
• Direct monitoring
• Indirect monitoring
• Indicative monitoring
COMBINATION IS PREFERRED!
Our Water Management objectives.
Monitoring
• Develop a reliable knowledge base of water resources availability as a basis for management;
• Ensure the water allocation system is effective and permits are being complied with;
• Ensure the pollution control system is effective and permits are being complied with.
Who is responsible?
Monitoring
The REGULATORY BODY has the overall responsibility for the monitoring.
It does not mean that they conduct all the monitoring!
Key for succeeding with monitoring of water resources and water quality:
Monitoring
PRIORITISATION OF MONITORING STATIONS
It is better with a few gauging stations that give reliable results than many stations that give uncertain results.
Monitoring
Primary gauging stations – to give the reliable long-term measures. The requirements of accuracy and consistency of these stations are very high.
Secondary gauging stations – to support the primary stations but are more focused on compliance. Targeted to identify relative changes.
Tertiary gauging stations – are temporarily set up for specific studies
Monitoring surface water resources
Monitoring
Primary stations:
1. An even coverage over the river basin
2. Some should target natural flow conditions;
3. Enable accurate and consistent measurements
4. Easily accessible
5. Not more than 10
Monitoring surface water resources
Monitoring
Primary stations:
• Well maintained!
• Well paid and educated observers!
• Logging equipment!
Monitoring surface water resources
Monitoring
Secondary stations:
1. Cover upstream abstractions
2. Target major users
3. May be operated during only parts of the year
4. As many as resources allows
Monitoring groundwater resources
Monitoring
• Concentrated investigations to assess availability
• Monitoring of groundwater levels to assess changes (primary + secondary)
Funding
Monitoring
• Primary - Government
• Secondary – indirect by stakeholders
• Tertiary – direct by stakeholders
In practice: one pot of money
Monitoring of abstracted water
Monitoring
• Based on the pump capacity and time of operation
• Area of irrigated land
• Based on fees generated from sold water (utilities)
+ NORMALLY NO LARGE EXTRA COSTS
- CONTROL MEASUREMENTS NEEDED!
Funding
Monitoring
• Allocation Fees
• Self-monitoring - direct by stakeholders
• Control – indirectly by stakeholders
Monitoring of water quality
Monitoring
• In the river:
• Primary – at primary runoff stations load
• Secondary – only concentration relative changes
• Point sources:
• Self-monitoring (and reporting)
• Spot checks
PRIORITISATION OF PARAMETERS
Monitoring of water quality
Monitoring
• Sampling + laboratory analysis needs quality control.
• In-situ measurements of indicative parameters (Cond. pH, DO)
Two issues to think about
1. Frequency
2. Comparability
Funding
Monitoring
• In the river:
• Primary - Government
• Secondary – indirect by stakeholders
• Point sources:
• Self-monitoring - direct by stakeholders
• Control – indirectly by stakeholdersPROBLEM: laboratory analysis expensive!
No monitoring is meaningful if the results are not managed, used and disseminated back to the stakeholders
Don’t forget!
Monitoring
How are you doing?
Monitoring
Is there compliance with water allocation permits?
Is there compliance with pollution permits? Is the groundwater and surface water
monitoring network producing reliable and usable data?
Are groundwater levels declining?
• Monitoring is made for both planning and compliance purposes.
• Prioritisation must be made to ensure reliable data
• Compliance should be monitored both through self-monitoring and through indirect measurements in the downstream rivers.
• Emphasis should be given to good sampling and laboratory practices.
Conclusions
Monitoring