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HORIZON 2020
European Carbon Dioxide Capture and StoragE Laboratory Infrastructure
Monitoring techniques and experimental research at the onshore natural laboratory of Latera
Stan Beaubien
ECCSEL Training Course on research infrastructures for CO2 storage: specificfocus on monitoring and natural laboratories – Rome, March 29, 2017
Enabling low to zero CO2 emissions from industry and power generation
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Introduction Located about 100 km NW of Rome
Extinct volcanic caldera Natural leaking CO2
Volcanic lithology, i.e. silicate mineralogy
High geothermal gradientRome
Latera caldera
Studied by our group at “La Sapienza” during 1990’s for geothermal research, then for CCS since 2001 in EC projects NASCENT, CO2GeoNet, RISCS and ENOS.
Now part of ECCSEL
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Geology / Structure
Regional geology:• Palaeozoic-Precambrian gneiss• Mesozoic “Tuscan” nappe (carbonates)• Cretaceous/Eocene “Ligurian” flysch • Upper Miocene to Quaternary clays• Quaternary vulcanism
three different caldera collapse phases, which formed a series of sub-vertical faults
These faults have:• remained open for fluid flow (springs, gas vents on surface) or• become sealed (creating isolated heat/water convection cells)
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CO2 source
Carbonate structural high hosts heat anomalies - likely zone of CO2production, thermo-metamorphic reactions (from Annunziatellis et al., 2008)
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Fault and fracture patterns
Measured structure in 4 quarries Main directions are
N-S and SW-NE
Annunziatellis et al., 2008
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CO2 leakagealong faults
N10E
N40E
• N-S and NE-SW trends
• Regional soil gas CO2 surveys of the Latera caldera
Annunziatellis et al., 2008
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Talk overview
1. faults
2. groundwater
3. soil gas, flux
4. atmosphere
5. remote sensing
won’t discuss deep methods like seismic
Using the Latera natural test site to study:
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1) Leakage pathways - faults
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Fault zone architecture
Caine et al., 1996
• Fault permeability is highly complex. • Fault can be a flow barrier or conduit, or both at different locations
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mature fault in quarry clay-rich, impermeable fault core highly permeable lateral damage zones
CO2 leakage along faults
damage zone claycore
damage zone
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Numerical modelling of gas flow
K (mD)
AUTOCAD Petrel
Reconstruction of flow properties
Petrel
Comsol Multiphysics
Measured real fracture parameters at Latera to create model
Modelled gas flow similar to that seen at site
Bigi et al., 2013
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2) Groundwater
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Potential impact on groundwaterGroundwater
groundwater plume
gas leakage
CO2 pool
groundwater
gas leakage
plume
gas
- Trapped in confinedaquifer
- Accumulation of CO2gas, large plume
- unconfined aquifer- Leakage into
unsaturated zone, smaller plume
Jones et al., 2015
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Groundwater
Concern about potential impact on groundwater quality Locating a CO2-impacted plume may be challenging
because of small size and shape of plume Positive side is that any impact will be spatially
restricted
groundwater plumewell 1 well 2
well 3fault zone
leak source
Jones et al., 2015
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Groundwater
Six boreholes along flow, through leak area, to depth of 2.5 –3.5 m. Sampled with peristaltic pump, filtered on site
Samples analysed for major/trace elements, pH, alkalinity, bicarbonate, dissolved gases (CO2, H2S), silica
Sampling
P1
Beaubien et al., 2014
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High CO2 values in ventbut low bicarbonate. Due to stability at low pH
Ca and Mg show littleincrease in vent and lowervalues down‐gradientlikely due to cbte ppt.
Extremely low pH in vent, but values return to background up‐gradient
Groundwater
Beaubien et al., 2014
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Various major and trace elements show a close correlation with CO2, being liberated via water-rock-gas interaction
Down-gradient values appear to move towards lower values via precipitation and adsorption processes
Groundwater
Beaubien et al., 2014
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3) Near-surface gas geochemistry
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Near-surface CO2 leakage
Low extreme
- low flow (i.e. few bubbles)
- diffusion controlled
- migrating gas may or maynot reach surface, dependingon physical, chemical, biological reactions
???
water table
unsaturatedzone
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Near-surface CO2 leakage
High extreme
- if water table is not too deepthe migrating gas will likely reachthe surface. Some storage in unsaturated zone
- high flow (ie. many bubbles)
- advective, pressure-drivenflow in unsaturated zone
water table
unsaturatedzone
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CO2 leakage at surface
• Latera caldera is an agricultural area• Different styles / magnitude of CO2 gas leakage throughout
Latera caldera
40 t CO2 / day 200 kg CO2 / day 1 kg CO2 / day
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Soil gas / flux methods
CO2 flux• Accumulation chamber put on
soil and CO2 conc. monitored with non-destructive IR sensor
• Slope increase plus chamber size used to calculate flux
Soil gas concentration• Steel tube pounded to depth
of c. 80cm and air pumped to surface for analysis
• Can analyse for any gas species (CO2, O2, CH4, Rn, He, etc) and isotopes
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What is a CO2 leakage anomaly?
CO2 is involved in biological processes
How can we distinguish a leakage from a biological anomaly?
false positives and false negatives a challenge for all methods
Must combine multiple parameters (e.g. isotopes)
1 10 100 1000 10000CO2 flux (g m-2 d-1)
leakage
biological
Soil gas CO2
CO2 flux
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Unsaturated zone leakage
CO2 can be attenuated via dissolution in pore waterStrong leaks will have a vertical advective component towards the atmosphere, as well as a diffusive component laterally which will enlarge anomaly and provide minor storage
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Gas concentration versus fluxSoil gas CO2 anomaly is very wide
Soil gas CH4 anomaly is much smaller, corresponds to high CO2 flux because anoxic
Annunziatellis et al., 2008
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• Vertical soil gas profiling down to 6 m depth• Although concentration changes with depth the isotopic
signature is constantly that of deep geological CO2
Soil gas isotopes
Surface flux of 60 g/m2/d
0 20 40 60 80
CO2 concentration (%)
600
400
200
0
Dep
th (c
m)
SeptemberMarch
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8
13C CO2
600
400
200
0
Dep
th (c
m)
SeptemberMarch
biogenic
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c. 80 cm
backfill with removed soil
GasPro CO2sensor
Box with antenna and batteries
Pressure sensor
Humidity / T sensor
to base station
to server
Continuous soil gas monitoring
GasProCO2
Pressure
Temperature / humidity
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4) Atmospheric monitoring
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CO2 movement in the atmosphere• Because CO2 is denser than air
it will tend to accumulate in low-lying topographic areas that are sheltered from the wind
• This is shown in the modelling results to the left
• But in open areas small wind quickly disperses CO2
• Above a natural CO2 leak, high values at ground surface but almost background at 20 cm height
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• consists of a transmitter / receiver and a reflector
• CO2 absorbs in the frequency of the laser, thus a decrease in signal returned to the receiver is proportional to the amount of CO2along the path length
• Readings are in ppmm, which is the path averaged concentration of CO2
Stationary IR laser
Means that a measured value can be due to many different conditions, thus important to look for unexplained temporal changes
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16m30m
60m100m
approx. wind directionvariable direction / strength
- to see the maximum path length over which a strong, localised gas release can be recognised
bubbling gas
Stationary IR laser
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- Concentrations vary significantly in time- Values approach background within 100m
Stationary IR laser
Annunziatellis et al., 2007
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Mobile IR laserfixed path length
Jones et al., 2009
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Eddy covariance
• assumes transport from surface to atmosphere by turbulent movement, called eddies. Horizontal flow of numerous rotating 3D eddies of different sizes.
• EC tower has fast-response CO2 and 3D wind sensors.
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Eddy covariance
020
040
060
080
010
00
146.0 146.5 147.0 147.5 148.0
May 26, 2000 May 27, 2000
Sunlight
CO2 Exchange
CO
2Ex
chan
ge (
mol
m-2
s-1 )
Sunl
ight
(Wm
-2)
-20
-15
-10
-50
5
12 AM 12PM 12AM 12PM 12AM
Example of natural system with photosynthesis controlling flux
• Advantages – can potentially cover large area continuously
• Limitations – flat area with limited obstacles (buildings, trees), turbulent flow required, sensitivity, produces huge amounts of data that must be interpreted
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5) Remote sensing, ecosystem monitoring
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Spectral imaging
• Spectral imaging measures reflectance brightness for a number of spectral bands at each pixel, creating a continuous spectrum
• Multispectral and hyperspectral differ only in number of bands and how narrow they are
• ratios at different wavelengths can imply processes (e.g. vegetation stress indexes, possibly influenced by high CO2).
Chlorophyll reflects in NIR and absorbs in R, therefore NIR/R ratio of healthy vegetation will be high while that for unhealthy vegetation will be low
NIR – near infraredR – red
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LIDAR and Thermal imaging• LiDAR (Light Detection and
Ranging) uses a pulsed laser to measure distances to the Earth.
• Used to generate precise, 3D information about the surface characteristics.
• For CCS monitoring changes in vegetation height could be related to CO2 leak impact
• Thermal - the Thermal IR Region isbetween 3 - 5 μm and 8 - 14 μm.
• The amount of thermal radiation emitted from an object depends on its temperature
• For CCS, possible higher heat flow with leak, or bare soil
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Remote Sensing at LateraNDVI
thermal
October May
LIDAR LIDAR
Bateson et al., 2008
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Ground-truthing of remote sensing
• 40% of the 39 measured anomalies were leakage points• Some known leakage points were not defined (because
shadow, ploughed field, vegetation type, below sensitivity?)
• RS anomalies (polygon areas) were ground-truthed
Bateson et al., 2008
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Some other methods used at Latera
Gun SeismicGPR ERT
EMS EM31 Gravity
VibroseisSeismic
Soil sampling
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Latera: ConclusionsThe Latera natural test site represents an extreme, and differs from a man-made CO2 sequestration site in many ways:
• Continuous production of CO2• Elevated heat flow• Highly faulted
Because CO2 is leaking, however, this site allows us to test:• monitoring methods• better understand gas migration pathways• observe actual effects in the near surface environment(eg. ecosystem, water-rock-gas interaction)
Concluding remarks
With ECCSEL, this site will continue to be used to test cuttingedge technology and answer the scientific questions necessary tomake CCS a safe and viable climate change mitigation option
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Latera: ConclusionsReferencesAnnunziatellis, A., Beaubien, S.E., Ciotoli, G., Coltella, M., and Lombardi, S., 2007, The testing of an open-path infrared lasersystem above naturally-occurring CO2 gas vents (Latera, Italy ): potential for atmospheric monitoring above a CO2 geologicalstorage site, European Geosciences Union 2007, Vienna, Austria, April 15-21, 2007,http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/04553/EGU2007-J-04553-1.pdf.Annunziatellis, A., Beaubien, S.E., Bigi, S., Ciotoli, G., Coltella, M., and Lombardi, S., 2008, Gas migration along fault systemsand through the vadose zone in the Latera caldera (central Italy): Implications for CO2 geological storage: Int. J. GreenhouseGas Control, v. 2/3, p. 353-372, DOI:10.1016/j.ijggc.2008.02.003.Bateson, L., Vellico, M., Beaubien, S.E., Pearce, J.M., Ciotoli, G., Annunziatellis, A., Coren, F., Lombardi, S., and Marsh, S.,2008, Preliminary results of the application of remote sensing techniques to detecting and monitoring leaks from CO2 storagesites: Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control, v. 2/3, p. 388-400, DOI:10.1016/j.ijggc.2007.12.005.Beaubien, S.E., Bigi, S., Lombardi, S., Sacco, P., and Tartarello, M.C., 2014, Groundwater changes caused by flow throughnaturally occurring gas (±water) leakage points, Fourth EAGE CO2 Geological Storage Workshop, Stavanger, Norway.Bigi, S., Battaglia, M., Alemanni, A., Lombardi, S., Campana, A., Borisova, E., and Loizzo, M., 2013, CO2 flow through afractured rock volume: Insights from field data, 3D fractures representation and fluid flow modeling: International Journal ofGreenhouse Gas Control, v. 18, p. 183-199.Caine, J.S., Evans, J.P., and Forster, C.B., 1996, Fault zone architecture and permeability structure: Geology, v. 24, p. 1025-1028, DOI:10.1130/0091-7613.Jones, D.G., Barlow, T., Beaubien, S.E., Ciotoli, G., Lister, T.R., Lombardi, S., May, F., Moller, I., Pearce, J.M., and Shaw, R.A.,2009, New and established techniques for surface gas monitoring at onshore CO2 storage sites: Energy Procedia, v. 1, p. 2127-2134.Jones, D.G., Beaubien, S.E., Blackford, J.C., Foekema, E.M., Lions, J., De Vittor, C., West, J.M., Widdicombe, S., Hauton, C.,and Queirós, A.M., 2015, Developments since 2005 in understanding potential environmental impacts of CO2 leakage fromgeological storage: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, v. 40, p. 350-377, DOI:10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.05.032.
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Thank you !
http://www.eccsel.org/
