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MONITORING RENEWABLE
ENERGY PERFORMANCE
OF POWER PLANTS
Tracking progress of 2017 (Issue 11)
March 2018
2
Contents
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 3
GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................ 3
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Rationale of Monitoring Renewable Energy Performance of Power Plants .................................... 5
2. Renewable Energy Support in South Africa .................................................................................... 5
3. Implementing Policy for Accelerating Renewable Energy Deployment .......................................... 6
3.1. Ministerial Determinations ............................................................................................................... 6
3.2. Competitive Bidding of Renewable Energy ..................................................................................... 6
4. Status of Depart of Energy Renewable Energy IPP Procurement Programme .............................. 8
5. Energy Production of Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Programme Projects ... 10
6. Estimated costs of energy of DoE IPPs in 2017 ........................................................................... 12
7. Economic Benefits of the Renewable Power Plants under the Department of Energy
Procurement Programme .............................................................................................................. 13
8. Renewable Energy Power Plants not part of the Department of Energy’s Procurement
Programme .................................................................................................................................... 14
9. Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................................................... 16
APPENDIX A: Geographical location of DoE IPP Projects in South Africa .......................................... 17
APPENDIX B: List of all DoE IPPs in Commercial Operation ............................................................... 18
3
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
GLOSSARY
BID WINDOW
Means any of the procurement phases under the Renewable Energy Independent
Power Producer Procurement Programme of the Department of Energy.
ENERGY REGULATOR
Means the regulatory authority established as a juristic person in terms of Section 3 of
the National Energy Regulator Act, 2004 (Act No. 40 of 2004).
GOVERNMENT
Means the Government of the Republic of South Africa, and any of its departments,
agencies or other entities that it manages or controls.
GIGAWATT HOUR
Energy unit in which electricity consumption is measured. 1GWh = 1000MWh.
INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCER (IPP)
IPPs are defined as typically limited-liability, investor-owned enterprises that generate
electricity either for bulk sale to an electric utility or for retail sale to industrial or other
customers with certain conditions.
MEGAWATT HOUR
Energy unit in which electricity consumption is measured. 1MWh = 1000kWh.
MINISTER
Means Minister of Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY (from the 2003 White Paper on Renewable Energy)
Renewable energy harnesses naturally occurring non-depletable sources of energy,
such as solar, wind, biomass, hydro, tidal, wave, ocean current and geothermal, to
produce electricity, gaseous and liquid fuels, heat or a combination of these energy
types.
4
ABBREVIATIONS
BW Bid Window
CF Capacity Factor
COD Commercial Operation Date
COP Conference of Parties
CSP Concentrated Solar Power
DoE Department of Energy
IPP Independent Power Producer
IRP Integrated Resource Plan
MW Megawatt
MWh Megawatt hour
NERSA National Energy Regulator of South Africa
PV Photovoltaic
RE Renewable Energy
GWh Gigawatt hour
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1. Rationale of Monitoring Renewable Energy Performance of
Power Plants
In terms of section 4 of the Electricity Regulation Act, 2006 (Act No. 40 of 2006) ('the
Act' or ‘the ERA’), the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) has a
mandate to 'establish and manage monitoring and information systems and co-
ordinate the integration thereof with other relevant information systems'. The
Renewable Energy (RE) Independent Power Producers (IPPs) are required to submit
reports on their monthly energy production, pursuant to section 15 of the Grid
Connection Code for Renewable Energy version 2.9 of 2016.
2. Renewable Energy Support in South Africa
The development and implementation of RE in South Africa is governed by existing
policies in the energy sector. These are outlined in Table 1.
Table 1: Policies promoting renewable energy
Policy Brief Description 2003 White Paper on Renewable Energy
Set a target of 10 000GWh by 2013 to be sourced from various renewable energy technologies
Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) 2010-2030
It is currently being updated.
Outlines the preferred energy mix aimed at ensuring that the electricity demand is met over the 20-year planning period
South Africa launched the Green Economy Accord1 at the Conference of Parties (COP17)
Launched in November 2011 in Durban at the COP17
Aimed at creating 300 000 new jobs by 2020 in economic activities as diverse as energy generation and manufacturing.
The other objective was to ensure that there are farming activities to provide feedstock for biofuels, soil and environmental management and eco-tourism.
In May 2011, the Department of Energy (DoE) gazetted the Electricity Regulations on
New Generation Capacity (Regulations) under the National Energy Regulator Act,
2004 (Act No. 40 of 2004) (ERA). The ERA and Regulations enable the Minister of
Energy to make Determinations in consultation with NERSA. In the Regulations,
Eskom is designated as the buyer of power from IPPs.
The National Development Plan (NDP) 2030 sanctioned in 2012 also supports the
development of RE as planned in the IRP2010–2030 of the country. Among some of
1 http://www.gov.za/south-africas-green-economy-accord, Accessed online 20 July 2017
6
its goals, it identifies the need for South Africa to invest in economic infrastructure that
is aimed at supporting South Africa’s medium and long-term economic and social
objectives. As the heart of economic development, energy plays an important role in
ensuring that the economic growth plans set out by the country are realised.
3. Implementing Policy for Accelerating Renewable Energy
Deployment
3.1. Ministerial Determinations
The implementation of the promulgated IRP2010–2030 was carried out
using Ministerial Determinations, which are regulated by the Regulations.
To date, the Minister of Energy has made four Determinations for RE,
including the 2015 Solar Park Determination, and these are listed in
Table 2.
Table 2: RE IPP determinations
Determination Capacities (MW)
2011 Renewable IPP 3 800
2012 Renewable IPP 3 200
2015 Renewable IPP 6 300
2015 Solar Park 1 500
Total 14 800
3.2. Competitive Bidding of Renewable Energy
From 2011, the DoE has procured 6 427MW of RE in Bid Windows (BWs)
1 to 4, including a dedicated Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) BW, and
two separate BWs intended for small-scale projects. Figure 1 summarises
the capacities procured for the six BWs procured including submission
dates.
7
Figure 1: Six bid windows procured by the Department of Energy. [Data from Department of Energy].
In total, 112 IPPs have been selected from the six BWs. These 112 IPPs are located
across all nine provinces with Northern, Eastern and Western Cape sharing the
majority of the projects. Figure A1 in Appendix A shows the geographical location of
RE projects across provinces of South Africa.
Table 3 shows the breakdown of procured capacity for various technologies.
Significant capacities for Wind (3 367MW) and Solar Projects (2 371MW) have been
procured from IPPs due to the abundance of these technologies.
Table 3: Capacity Allocation for various technologies.
Technology Total RE (MW)
Onshore wind 3 367
Solar PV 2 371
CSP 600
Small hydro 19
Landfill gas 18
Biomass 52
Biogas
Total (MW) 6 427
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4. Status of Depart of Energy Renewable Energy IPP Procurement
Programme
At the end of December 2017, the total number of the Department of Energy
Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer (‘DoE IPP’) projects that had
reached commercial operation was 63. Their total grid-capacity of DoE IPP projects
was approximately 3 781MW. These projects are from BW1 (28 projects), BW2 (19
projects) and BW3 (16 projects). Figure 2 shows the annual commercial DoE IPP
projects from 2013. As can be seen from the plot, the DoE IPP capacity has an
increasing trajectory. In the past five years, the average annual capacity addition was
approximately 756MW.
Figure 2: Cumulative capacity of DoE IPP projects on 31 December 2017. [Data sourced from IPPs].
Figure 3 shows incremental DoE IPP capacity from December 2016 to December
2017, including provincial capacity. In 2017, new DoE IPP power plants added nearly
872MW of capacity to the grid. The majority of these new DoE IPP projects are wind
farms.
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The last four projects that came online in the second half of 2017 were Loeriefontein
Wind Farm (138MW), Khobab (138MW), LongYuan Mulilo De Aar Wind Farm
(96.48W) and Longyuan De Aar 2 North Wind Farm (105MW), all of which are located
in the Northern Cape. The afore-mentioned projects contributed approximately
509MW to the total of nearly 872MW added in 2017.
Figure 4 illustrates the achieved capacity of DoE IPP for various technologies. The
total DoE IPP grid capacity on 31 December 2017 reached nearly 60% of the procured
capacity of 6328MW (in Table 2). Details of power plant information including CODs
of all operating projects is listed in Table B1 of Appendix B.
Figure 3: Capacity REIPP power plants per technology as of 31 December 2017. [Data sourced from IPPs]
Figure 4: Incremental capacity and provincial capacity in 2017. [Data sourced from IPPs].
Total DOE IPP capacity ~ 3781MW
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5. Energy Production of Renewable Energy Independent Power
Producer Programme Projects
In this section, the energy production of DoE IPP power plants in commercial operation
is analysed, focusing on the monthly contribution of the power plants. Figure 5 shows
the monthly energy production of DoE IPP power plants in 2017. The monthly energy
could exceed 700GWh per month in summer season.
Figure 5: Monthly Energy Production of RE IPPs in 2017. [Data sourced from IPPs].
The total energy sent-out from DoE IPP projects in 2017 was nearly 8 431GWh. This
energy produced was almost 2 000GWh more than in 2016. This is mainly attributed
to 871MW of new capacity from RE IPP power plants in 2017. Wind power plants
produced 4 578GWh of energy followed by solar Photovoltaic (PV) with 3 095GWh.
The comparison of monthly energy for the past two years is shown in Figure 6. It clear
that energy produced has increased from 2016, and this is attributed to new DoE IPP
projects that came online in 2017. The growth in energy production of DoE IPP projects
in 2017 is approximately 23% in comparison with 2016.
8 431GWh
produced by
DOE IPP in
2017:
-Solar PV 3 095GWh
-Wind 4 578GWh
-CSP 676GWh
-Small-hydro 67GWh
-Landfill 15GWh
Energy Produced by DoE IPP power plants in 2017
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Figure 6: Comparison of Monthly Energy production in 2017 with 2016.[Data sourced from IPPs]
Figure 7 below shows the energy contribution of DOE IPP projects to Eskom’s daily
system sent-out energy during 2017. It is evident from the plot that energy from DOE
IPP projects is relatively small compared to the system send-out. According to
NERSA’s analysis, the contribution of REIPPP projects compared to the Eskom fleet’s
energy sent-out in 2017 was in 4%.
Figure 7: Daily energy contribution of RE on the power grid from January to December 2017. [Data
sourced from IPPs and Eskom]
It may be argued that the additional energy from the DoE IPPs is not needed
considering the country’s current excess capacity situation, but this energy is likely to
help the power system in the medium to long-term, when growth in the economy
resumes.
Renewable Energy RE IPPP: ~ 4% of Eskom Send-Out in 2017
Comparison of 2017 Monthly DoE IPP Energy with 2016
12
6. Estimated costs of energy of DoE IPPs in 2017
The energy that DoE IPPs generate and send out to the grid is priced based on the
specific technology and the economics of the project. The price paid to DoE IPPs by
Eskom is allocated by NERSA, based on forecast energy for a given period. In this
section, the price of various types of technology is calculated based on the energy
production submitted by DoE IPPs to NERSA and the average tariff of the IPP projects
base dated in April 2017. It should be noted that these prices are intended to give a
reasonable estimate of the cost of the energy from DoE IPPs. Payments related to
curtailed energy of DoE IPPs are not included in the analysis.
Figure 8 shows the calculated energy-weighted average prices of operational projects
per technology for operating projects from BW1, BW2 and BW3.
Figure 8: Calculated energy-weighted average prices of RE IPP projects per BW for 2017. [Data sourced
from IPPs]
Also shown in the plot are the calculated energy payments of DoE IPP projects for the
various types of technology. It is evident from the plot that CSP’s average price is still
relatively high, at R3 753/MWh compared to other technologies, due to peak prices
arising from use of storage in the evening periods.
Solar PV average prices are beginning to drop, owing to BW2 and BW3 projects whose
tariffs were more than 40% lower than BW1. The average price of PV for 2017 was
R2 518/MWh. The latter average price is expected to drop even further when BW4 PV
projects start operating i.e. April 2017. PV prices in BW4 are less than R1 000/MWh.
The small-hydro’s average price was approximately R1 470MWh and landfill gas’
average price nearly R1 228MWh. The total costs of the energy produced by DoE
IPPs in 2017 was approximately R16.3billion. This amount is made up of R7.8 billion
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for PV, R5.9 billion for wind, R2.5 billion for CSP, R99 million for small-hydro, and R18
million for landfill gas.
7. Economic Benefits of the Renewable Power Plants under the Department of Energy Procurement Programme
According to Section 13 of the Implementation Agreements issued on 03 August 2011
between IPP projects and DoE, IPP projects have obligations in terms of delivering
socio-economic benefits to local communities where projects are located.
In November 2017, NERSA requested Socio-Economic Development (SED)
information from DoE IPP projects. To date, NERSA has received 22 responses out
of 47 DoE IPP project companies under operation of BW1 and BW2. However, there
is continuous engagement with other RE IPPs regarding outstanding information.
Table 4 shows the list of the IPPs that submitted SED information from Commercial
Operation Date (COD) until the quarter ending 30 September 2017. Figure 9 shows
the amount spent by the projects listed in Table 4 on SED activities.
Table 4: DoE IPP power plants that submitted SED information for period ending 2017
Power Plant Technology
MetroWind Van Stadens Wind Farm Wind
Dorper Wind Farm Wind
SlimSun Swartland Solar Park, Fixed PV
CPV Power Plant No 1, Double axis tracking system PV
Solar Capital De Aar, Fixed PV
Herbert Solar PV Power Plant, Fixed PV
Greefspan PV
Lesedi PV, Fixed PV
Aries Solar PV Facility, Fixed PV
Khi Solar One, Tower type with storage CSP
Amakhala Emoyeni Wind Farm Wind
Tsitsikamma Community Wind Farm Wind
Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm Wind
Sishen Solar Energy Facility PV
Klipheuwel Dassiefontein Wind
Chaba Wind Farm Wind
Waainek Wind Farm Wind
Grassridge Wind Farm Wind
Kalkbult PV
Linde PV
Dreunberg PV
14
Figure 9: Socio-Economic development objectives reported by 22 DoE IPP power companies from COD till
30 September 2017. [Data sourced from IPPs].
From the information submitted by these DoE IPPs, the biggest spend on SED
activities was on education, amounting to R114.2 million, followed by enterprise
development with R36.1million. The grand total amount spent on all SED activities by
the projects was approximately R193 million.
8. Renewable Energy Power Plants not part of the Department of
Energy’s Procurement Programme
In addition to the DoE IPP procurement programme, there are other RE power plants
(‘non-DoE power companies’) connected to the grid. Non-DoE power companies are
selling power through other incentive schemes, such as willing-seller-willing-buyer
arrangements, as well as through green energy traders. Some municipalities own RE
power plants connected to the grid. Table 5 lists RE non-DoE power companies not
under the DoE IPP programme. Their total capacity on the grid is 822.75 MW.
~R193million
spent on SED
15
Table 5: Renewable Energy Power plant outside DoE IPP programme.
# Renewable Energy Power Plant Capacity(MW) Technology /Resource type
Location
Independent Power Producers
1 Merino 4 Hydro Bethlehem, Free State
2 Sol Plaatjie 3 Hydro Bethlehem, Free State
3 Darlipp (Pty) Ltd * 5.2 Wind Windhoek Farm, Darling, Western Cape
4 Electrawinds * 1.8 Wind Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality
5 Mpact Piet Retief* 16 Baggase Piet Retief , Mpumalanga
6 Friedenheim Hydro Electric Power Station *
2.5 Hydro Nelspruit, Mpumalanga
7 Bronkhorstspruit Biogas Plant * 4.2 Biogas Bronkhorstspruit, Gauteng
8 AC Witcher 5.67 Biomass Eastern Cape
9 Illovo * 6.5 Bagase KZN
10 CPV Powerplant No. 2 (Pty) Ltd 0.477 Solar CPV KZN
11 L'omarins * 2.4 Hydro Western Cape
Municipality Power Plants
12 Lydenburg * 2 Hydro Lydenburg Dorpsgrond
13 Piet Retief Hydro 0.6 Hydro Mkhondo Municipality
14 Clanwilliam Hydro Power Station* 1.5 Hydro ClanWilliam, Western Cape
ESKOM Power Plants
15 Gariep Hydro 360 Hydro Norvalsport/Between Free State & Northern Cape
16 Vanderkloof Hydro 240 Hydro Petrusville/Between Free State & Northern Cape
17 Transkei hydro Colleywobbles 42 Hydro Mbashe River/ Eastern Cape
18 Transkei Hydro First Falls * 6 Hydro Umtata River/ Eastern Cape
19 Transkei Hydro Second Falls 11 Hydro Umtata River/ Eastern Cape
20 Ncora Hydro * 2.1 Hydro Umtata River/ Eastern Cape
21 Sere Wind Farm * 105.8 Wind Western Cape
Total Capacity (MW) 822.75
Note: * These are power plants that reported data to NERSA in 2017.
In addition to the ones listed in Table 5, the following RE power plants are under
construction:
Shepa Trade (Biomass 2.5MW);
Green Grid Energy (Pty) Ltd (Biomass 3.6MW); and
Port Elizabeth Solar PV1 (Pty) Ltd (5.691MW).
Figure 10 shows the reported energy production of ten renewable energy power plants
listed in Table 5. These reporting power are marked with an asterisk (*) in the table.
The total energy production reported by these power plants in 2017 was 361GWh. It
should be noted that data for Sere wind farm in the first three months was not received
for this report, hence there seems to be low energy production for those months.
16
Figure 10: Energy production of renewable energy power plants not in the DoE IPP programme.
9. Concluding Remarks
On 31 December 2017, the total of number of DoE IPP and non-DoE RE power
projects in commercial operation was 84. The latter number includes 63 DoE IPP
projects and 21 non-DoE power companies. Their total achieved capacity on the grid
was nearly 4 604MW. Based on energy production data submitted by DoE IPPs and
non-DoE power companies in 2017, the total energy produced was nearly 8 791GWh.
The calculated cost of 8 431GWh produced by DoE IPP projects in 2017 was
approximately R16.3 billion.
Regarding SED obligations, 22 RE IPP projects that submitted information to NERSA
spent R193 million on various SED components in the vicinity of their projects. From
the figures submitted, R114.2 million was spent on educational activities.
17
APPENDIX A: Geographical location of DoE IPP Projects in
South Africa Figure A1: Renewable Projects of BW1 to BW 4. Numbers in the location markers indicate different BWs.
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APPENDIX B: List of all DoE IPPs in Commercial Operation
Table B1: DoE IPP projects in commercial operation
# Power Plant Province Technology Contracted Capacity (MW)
Achieved Capacity (MW)
Achieved COD
1 155 RustMo1 NW Solar PV 6.93 6.93 15-Nov-13
2 202 Hopefield WC Wind 65.4 65.40 01-Feb-14
3 138 MetroWind EC Wind 27 27.00 07-Feb-14
4 159 Kalkbult Solar PV NC Solar PV 72.5 72.40 19-Mar-14
5 163 Aries Solar PV NC Solar PV 9.65 9.65 20-Mar-14
6 128 Konkoonsies Solar PV NC Solar PV 9.65 9.65 20-Mar-14
7 182 PV De Aar (SAMR) NC Solar PV 45.6 45.60 05-Apr-14
8 572 Droogfontein (SAMR) NC Solar PV 45.6 45.40 06-Apr-14
9 696 Herbert Solar PV NC Solar PV 19.98 19.90 11-Apr-14
10 443 Greefspan Solar PV NC Solar PV 9.9 9.90 11-Apr-14
11 123 Dassieklip WC Wind 27 27.00 07-May-14
12 186 Jeffreys Bay (SAMR) EC Wind 138 135.11 15-May-14
13 031 Letsatsi FS Solar PV 64 64.00 21-May-14
14 032 Lesedi FS Solar PV 64 64.00 21-May-14
15 523 Linde NC Solar PV 36.8 36.80 30-Jun-14
16 052 Soutpan LP Solar PV 28 27.94 04-Jul-14
17 036 Nobelsfontein NC Wind 75 73.80 12-Jul-14
18 064 Mulilo de Aar NC Solar PV 10 10.00 19-Jul-14
19 375 Vredendal WC Solar PV 8.8 8.80 31-Jul-14
20 764 Upington Solar NC Solar PV 8.9 8.90 31-Jul-14
21 043 Dorper EC Wind 97.53 97.53 09-Aug-14
22 564 Solar Capital de Aar NC Solar PV 75 75.00 15-Aug-14
23 444 Reisa Kathu NC Solar PV 75 75.00 15-Aug-14
24 035 Witkop LP Solar PV 30 29.68 20-Sep-14
25 065 Mulilo Prieska NC Solar PV 20 19.93 01-Oct-14
26 750 Boshoff WC Solar PV 60 57.00 25-Oct-14
27 225 Cookhouse EC Wind 138.6 135.80 19-Nov-14
28 207 Sishen NC Solar PV 74 74.00 29-Nov-14
29 037 Touwsrivier (CPV No.1) WC Solar PV 36 36.00 05-Dec-14
30 562 Jasper NC Solar PV 75 75.00 17-Dec-14
31 373 Aurora Rietvlei WC Solar PV 9 8.90 23-Dec-14
32 527 Dreunberg EC Solar PV 69.6 69.60 31-Dec-14
33 815 Kakamas Hydro NC Hydro 10 10.00 31-Jan-15
34 118 Kaxu Solar One NC CSP 100 100.00 06-Feb-15
35 148 Kouga Red Cap EC Wind 80 77.70 17-Mar-15
36 364 Grassridge EC Wind 59.8 59.80 06-Jun-15
37 309 West Coast (Aurora) WC Wind 90.82 90.82 09-Jun-15
38 164 SlimSun WC Solar PV 5 5.00 05-Aug-15
39 014 Gouda WC Wind 135.5 135.50 28-Aug-15
40 372 Chaba EC Wind 21 21.00 12-Sep-15
41 362 Waainek EC Wind 23.28 23.28 10-Jan-16
42 798 Khi Solar One NC CSP 50 50.00 05-Feb-16
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Table B2: DoE IPP projects in commercial operation
# Power Plant Province Technology Contracted Capacity
Achieved Capacity
Achieved COD
43 002 Bokpoort CSP NC CSP 50 50.00 18-Mar-16
44 168 Solar Capital De Aar 3 NC Solar PV 75 75.00 02-Apr-16
45 0028_004 Noupoort Wind Farm NC Wind 79.05 79.05 11-Jun-16
46 0269_002 Mulilo Sonidix Prieska PV
NC Solar PV 75 75.00 22-Jul-16
47 240 Amakhala EC Wind 137 133.70 28-Jul-16
48 490 Stortemelk NC Hydro 4.22 4.22 29-Jul-16
49 0269_003 Mulilo Prieska PV 4 NC Solar PV 75 75.00 05-Aug-16
50 303 Tsitsikamma EC Wind 94.8 93.68 17-Aug-16
51 0338_001 Tom Burke Solar Park LP Solar PV 64 64.00 29-Aug-16
52 0077_001 Paleisheuwel WC Solar PV 75 75.00 12-Oct-16
53 0024_002 Nojoli EC Wind 86.6 86.60 31-Oct-16
54 0029_001 Robinsons Deep; Goudkoppies
GP Landfill 8.5 5.28 26-Nov-16; 25- Apr- 17
55 Adams Solar PV NC Solar PV 75 75.00 23-Jan-17
56 Pulida FS Solar PV 75 75.00 23-Jan-17
57 Red Cap Gibson Bay EC Wind 110 110.00 28-Apr-17
58 Xina Solar One NC CSP 100 100.00 01-Aug-17
60 Loriesfontein 2 Wind Farm NC Wind 138 138.00 08-Dec-17
61 Khobab Wind Farm NC Wind 136 136.00 08-Dec-17
62 Lingyuan Mulilo de Aar 2 North Wind
NC Wind 144 138.96 31-Oct-17
63 Lingyuan Mulilo de Aar Maanhaaberg
NC Wind 100.5 96.48 31-Oct-17
TOTAL COMMERCIAL CAPACITY 3810.51 3780.69
20
