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Monitoringofforestdynamics:carbonstocks,greenhousegasfluxesandbiodiversity
UniversidadedeBrasília
Support:
MercedesBustamanteandIrisRoitman
Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity
ForestDynamics
Canremoveconsiderableamountsofcarbonfromtheatmosphere.
IPCC2014
Canincreasesforestresiliencetofuturerisesindroughtfrequency.
Aragãoetal.2014
DisturbanceandresilienceEcologicalSucessionDynamicequilibriumAdapHvecycles
Hollingetal.2001connectedness
biom
ass
ComplexsystemdynamicsDegradaHon
Regrowth
Affectscarbonbalance.IPCC2014
Increasesvulnerabilitytofire. Nepstad1999Matricardietal.2010
Reducessocial,environmentalandeconomicfuncHonaliHes.
Tavanietal.2009
CauseslossoffuncHonalspecies,reducesredundancy,andpreventsecosystem
recoveryandstability.(Thompsonetal.2009).
MiHgaHonofanthropogeniceffectsonclimatechange
MaintainforeststoreduceemissionsfromdeforestaHon.TheKyotoProtocol(1997)
SpeciescomposiHonandkeyfuncHonalrelaHonshipsbetweenthem.Thompsonetal.(2009).
Carbonstorageandresilience
EnsureREDD+projectsimpactsareposiHveonbiodiversity,especiallyinlow-carbonandhighlydiverseforests.
(Harrisonetal.2011).
MiHgaHonofanthropogeniceffectsonclimatechange
CompensatedreducHonSanHlietal.(2005),COP11(2005)
IncenHvesfordevelopingcountriesdetainingtropicalforeststoreduceemissionsfromdeforestaHon.
ReducedEmissionsduetoDeforestaHonandForestDegrada3on(REDD)strategy
COP13(2007)
Reduceemissionsandpreventleakage:deforestaHondegradaHon
SkutchandTrines2008
roleofconservaHon,sustainablemanagement,andenhancementofforestcarbonstocks.REDD+
COP14(2008)
BiodiversityconservaHon
Díazetal(2009)CBD(2011).
Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity
MiHgaHon AccuracyLarge-scalemonitoringcarbon
changesandbiodiversity
Remotesensing Fieldinventories+
Promisingtools
StrongpotenHal DeFries2007Goetzetal.2009
Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity
Problem
Asneretal.2005,GOCF-GOLD2013
CannotdelivertherequiredprecisiontoassesschangesincarbonstocksduetodegradaHonandrecovery.
Highuncertaintyinbiomasscarbonstocksandfluxes.IPCC2014
Mitchardetal.2014,Omedoetal.2014
QuanHfyingforestdegradaHonandregrowthremainsamajorconstraintintheimplementaHonofREDD+.
Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity
PresentaresearchagendaandroadmapneededtoimprovemonitoringofGHGfluxesandbiodiversitycausedbydegradaHonandregrowthoftropicalforests.
Objec3ves
• EvaluaHngchangesinforests:combinaHonoffieldinventoriesandremotesensing
• Monitoringcarbonandbiodiversity–needforaunifiedstrategy
• IntegraHngmonitoringandecosystemmodeling:movetowardmoreprocess-orientedapproaches
Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity
CarbonesHmaHonmethods:
Field-basedmethods
harvesttreeswetvolumedryweight
Regionalscales
treedimensionsextrapolate(scaleup)sampling
Directmeasurement
Indirectmeasurement
Remotesensingmethods
BiomassEsHmates
satellitesairplanesdrones
Regionalandglobalscales
opHcalsensorsacHvesensors
Allometricmodels
Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity
Challengesandlimitaitons:capacitybuilding
ExtractedfromRonjinetal.2009
Fig.1–SpaHaldistribuHonofthenaHonalforestinventorycapacitygapforREDD++in99tropicalnon-AnnexIcountries.
VariaHonincountriesremotesensingandnaHonalforest
inventorycapaciHesRonjinetal.2009
AffectsGlobalesHmates(eg.FAO-FRAandEDGAR)
vanderWerfetal.2010Brown1997,Grainger2008
Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity
ChallengesandlimitaHons:carbonstockesHmates
Manydivergentbiomassmaps.
Houghtonetal.2001Houghtonetal.2009GOFC-GOLD2013Omedoetal.2014Mitchardetal.2014
Moststudies:limited(number,spaHaldistribuHon)possiblybiasedstudies
Omedoetal.2014
Challenge:Wecannotreliablymapwooddensitynorspeciesassemblagesfromspace.
Fearnsideetal.1997
Mitchardetal.2014
IncludevariaHon
topographysoil
wooddensityallometry
Challenge:IntegraHonofmethodsforCarbonesHmaHon
ColheitadeárvoresVolumeúmidoPesoseco
Escalasregionais
DimensõesarbóreasExtrapolar(scaleup)Amostragem
Mediçõesdiretas
Mediçõesindiretas
Levantamentosdecampo
Remotesensing
EsHmaHvadebiomassa
satellitesairplanesdrones
Globalandregionalscales
OpHcalsensorsAcHvesensors
Modelosalométricos
LiDAR(laser)Forestheight
VerHcalstructureRadar(microwaves,radio)
VerHcalstructure
Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity
• EvaluaHngchangesinforests:combinaHonoffieldinventoriesandremotesensing
• Monitoringcarbonandbiodiversity–needforaunifiedstrategy
• IntegraHngmonitoringandecosystemmodeling:movetowardmoreprocess-orientedapproaches
MonitoringVegetaHonBiodiversity
Fauna
Cameratrapping,bioacousHcs(O’Brienetal.2010),andautomateddigitalrecordingsystemsforawiderangeofspecies(Aideetal.2014).
Came4.1.Remotesensingmethodsformeasuringbiodiversity,func3onaltraitsandspecies.TaxonomicmappingHomolováetal.(2013)presentedanextensivereviewofopHcalremotesensingmethodstoesHmateplantfuncHonaltraits.VegetaHonstudiesregularlyusetheopHcaldomain(between380and2500nm)becausemostofthediagnosHcabsorpHonfeaturesofgreenvegetaHonarewithinthispartofthespectrum(Kokalyetal.2009,UsHnetal,2009apudHomolováetal.2013).RemotesensinghasstrongpotenHaltomonitorplanttraitswhenthosearerelatedtoleafbiochemistry,photosyntheHcprocessesandcanopystructure.Italsocanretrieveotherimportantplanttraitssuchasleafchlorophyllcontent,watercontentandleafareaindex(Homolováetal.2013).OpHcalspectroradiometersonsatellite-,airborne-andground-basedplaqormspresentatrade-offamongspaHal,spectralandtemporalresoluHons(Homolováetal.2013).Satelitebasedmonitoringprovideslarge-scale,andrepeateddata(in2to16daysintervals(Homolováetal.2013).Mostsatellite-basedspectroradiometersaremulHspectral,i.e.theysampletheelectromagneHcspectrumonlywithafewspectralbands.Ontheotherhand,novelhyperspectralimagingtechnologies,orimagingspectroscopy,cancapturereflectanceinhundredsofnarrowspectralbands,resolvingfinespectralfeaturesassociatedwiththechemicaltraits(Goetzetal.1985).High-fidelityimagingspectrometerscanmeetperformancespecificaHonsthatallowforreliableremotechemicaldeterminaHonsofplantsandecosystems.(AsnerandMarHn2009).RecenttechnologiescanmapchemicalandstructuraltraitsofplantcanopiesandarepromisingformonitoringvegetaHonbiodiversity,speciesrangeandfuncHonaltraits(Schimeletal.2013).Nonetheless,spaceborneimagingspectrometersareextremelyrare(HyperiononEO1andCHRISonPROBAplaqorms)andmostcurrentlyoperaHonalsatellite-basedspectroradiometersforvegetaHonmonitoringhavemoderatespectralandspaHalresoluHons(Homolováetal.2013).Newairborne-spectranomicsapproach(AsnerandMarHn2009)basedonthechemistry,physics,andtaxonomyofcanopies,couldchangetropicalforestsmonitoring.NoveltechnologiessuchasHigh-fidelityImagingSpectroscopy(HiFIS)andWaveformLightDetecHonandRanging(wLiDAR)caninnovateairborne,tropicalforestdiversitymapping.However,methodsandtaxonomicdatabaseneededtoapplythetechnologyaren’treadyyet(AsnerandMarHn2009).Homolováetal.(2013)stressedthatunderstandtheinteracHonbetweenplantstructural,physiological,biochemical,phenologicalandspectralproperHesweneedcomprehensiveandintegratedmeasurementsofvariousplanttraitstogetherwithleafandcanopyspectralproperHes.AmorecoherentcollecHonoffieldtraitdatatogetherwithproximalandremotesensingobservaHonswillallowustodeveloprobustscalingschemestosupportairborneandsatellitebasedmethodsoftraitesHmaHon(Homolováetal.2013).a-trappingforlargeanimalsandbioacousHcsforbats.
Waldonetal.(2014)
Harrissonetal.(2014)
Yet,asinglebiodiversitymonitoringprotocolforallpotenHalREDD+sitesisunrealisHcbecauseofgreatdifferencesamongtheworld’sforests(Harrissonetal.2014).
Photoby:EduardoRivero
leafbiochemistryphotosyntheHcprocessescanopystructure.chlorophyllcontentwatercontentleafareaindex
RemotesensinghasstrongpotenHaltomonitorplantfuncHonaltraits. Homolováetal.2013
Schimeletal.2013
Photo:CarnegieDepartmentofGlobalEcology/StanfordUniversity
MulHspectralimagingàfewspectralbands
NovelhyperspectralimagingCancapturereflectanceinhundredsof
narrowspectralbands,resolvingfinespectralfeaturesassociatedwiththechemicaltraits.
Goetzetal.1985
Becausefield-basedstudiesarelimitedandsatellitessHllcannotdissectforestcanopiesintotaxonomicmaps.
Remainsaverydiffculttask:
AsnerandMarHns2009
Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity
MonitoringAnimalBiodiversity
Fauna
Came4.1.Remotesensingmethodsformeasuringbiodiversity,func3onaltraitsandspecies.TaxonomicmappingHomolováetal.(2013)presentedanextensivereviewofopHcalremotesensingmethodstoesHmateplantfuncHonaltraits.VegetaHonstudiesregularlyusetheopHcaldomain(between380and2500nm)becausemostofthediagnosHcabsorpHonfeaturesofgreenvegetaHonarewithinthispartofthespectrum(Kokalyetal.2009,UsHnetal,2009apudHomolováetal.2013).RemotesensinghasstrongpotenHaltomonitorplanttraitswhenthosearerelatedtoleafbiochemistry,photosyntheHcprocessesandcanopystructure.Italsocanretrieveotherimportantplanttraitssuchasleafchlorophyllcontent,watercontentandleafareaindex(Homolováetal.2013).OpHcalspectroradiometersonsatellite-,airborne-andground-basedplaqormspresentatrade-offamongspaHal,spectralandtemporalresoluHons(Homolováetal.2013).Satelitebasedmonitoringprovideslarge-scale,andrepeateddata(in2to16daysintervals(Homolováetal.2013).Mostsatellite-basedspectroradiometersaremulHspectral,i.e.theysampletheelectromagneHcspectrumonlywithafewspectralbands.Ontheotherhand,novelhyperspectralimagingtechnologies,orimagingspectroscopy,cancapturereflectanceinhundredsofnarrowspectralbands,resolvingfinespectralfeaturesassociatedwiththechemicaltraits(Goetzetal.1985).High-fidelityimagingspectrometerscanmeetperformancespecificaHonsthatallowforreliableremotechemicaldeterminaHonsofplantsandecosystems.(AsnerandMarHn2009).RecenttechnologiescanmapchemicalandstructuraltraitsofplantcanopiesandarepromisingformonitoringvegetaHonbiodiversity,speciesrangeandfuncHonaltraits(Schimeletal.2013).Nonetheless,spaceborneimagingspectrometersareextremelyrare(HyperiononEO1andCHRISonPROBAplaqorms)andmostcurrentlyoperaHonalsatellite-basedspectroradiometersforvegetaHonmonitoringhavemoderatespectralandspaHalresoluHons(Homolováetal.2013).Newairborne-spectranomicsapproach(AsnerandMarHn2009)basedonthechemistry,physics,andtaxonomyofcanopies,couldchangetropicalforestsmonitoring.NoveltechnologiessuchasHigh-fidelityImagingSpectroscopy(HiFIS)andWaveformLightDetecHonandRanging(wLiDAR)caninnovateairborne,tropicalforestdiversitymapping.However,methodsandtaxonomicdatabaseneededtoapplythetechnologyaren’treadyyet(AsnerandMarHn2009).Homolováetal.(2013)stressedthatunderstandtheinteracHonbetweenplantstructural,physiological,biochemical,phenologicalandspectralproperHesweneedcomprehensiveandintegratedmeasurementsofvariousplanttraitstogetherwithleafandcanopyspectralproperHes.AmorecoherentcollecHonoffieldtraitdatatogetherwithproximalandremotesensingobservaHonswillallowustodeveloprobustscalingschemestosupportairborneandsatellitebasedmethodsoftraitesHmaHon(Homolováetal.2013).a-trappingforlargeanimalsandbioacousHcsforbats.
Photoby:EduardoRivero
Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity
Cameratrapping
effecHveformedium-to-largeanimals
Aideetal.2014
BioacousHcsBats(bioindicators) O’Brienetal.2010
Automateddigitalrecordingforawiderangeofspecies.
AsingleprotocolforallpotenHalREDD+sitesisunrealisHcbecauseofgreatdifferencesamongtheworld’sforests.
Harrissonetal.2014
Monitoringbiodiversityinlargerscalesisanimportantchallenge.
Bustamanteetal.2016
SpaHalscaleandtemporalresoluHonofdifferentmethodsformonitoringforestcarbonstocksandbiodiversity
• EvaluaHngchangesinforests:combinaHonoffieldinventoriesandremotesensing
• Monitoringcarbonandbiodiversity–needforaunifiedstrategy
• IntegraHngmonitoringandecosystemmodeling:movetowardmoreprocess-orientedapproaches
Bustam
anteeta
l.2016
IntegraHngandmulH-scaleplaqormformonitoringandmodelingcarbonstocksandbiodiversity
functional traits canopy species groups
canopy height volume
species and volume wood density
physiographic and socioeconomic data
functional diversity
Multi-scale data integration
land-use classes
soil carbon soil fertility
carbon: activity data and emission factors forest productivity (C assimilation rate)
Carbon-ecosystem monitoring system
biodiversity and ecosystem functions
Ecosystem models
Climate change models Local, regional, and global models
Disturbance-response dynamics
hyperspectral
radar lidar
optical
Remote sensing
Field-based
forest inventories
biodiversity surveys
other site surveys
soil sampling Cal
ibra
tion,
val
idat
ion,
scal
ing
up
Data gathering
Environment and climate mitigation Food security Forest management
Public policies
Natural ecosystems
low medium high
Level of developement
SummaryofresearchprioriHesandpracHcalrecommendaHonstohelpachieveanintegrated
framework1. MobilizaHonofstakeholdersandscienHficcommunitytoincludean
integratedframeworkinthepoliHcalagenda2. HarmonizaHonofnaHonalmonitoringprogramsandexisHnginiHaHves3. IntegraHonandopHmizaHonofecosystemmodelstoimproveprocess-
levelunderstandingcarbonandforestdynamics4. Developmentofapermanentplotfieldnetworktocalibrate,validate,and
combinemulHscalesamplingandmonitoringmethods5. Improvementoftheunderstandingofforestdriversandpost-disturbance
trajectories6. Inclusionofparametersrelatedtoforestfiredriversandimpactsina
monitoringprogram7. EvaluaHonofbiodiversityandcarbonvaluesunderaunifiedstrategy
Monitoringcarbonstocks,fluxesandbiodiversity
Thankyou