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NEBOSH International General Certificate Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2

NEBOSH International General Certificate

Revision Book Contents

IGC1:- Management of Health and Safety Pages

Element 1:- Foundations in Health and Safety 2 to 5Element 2:- Policy 6 to 8Element 3:- Organising for Health and Safety 9 to 12Element 4:- Promoting a positive health and safety culture

13 to 23

Element 5:- Risk Assessment 24 to 26Element 6:- Principles of Control 27 to 31Element 7:- Monitoring, Review and Audit 32 to 35Element 8:- Incident and accident investigation and reporting

36 to 39

Practice examination papers IGC1 40 to 44

IGC2:- Controlling Workplace Hazards

Element 1:- Movement of people and vehicles - hazards and control

45 to 50

Element 2:- Manual and Mechanical Handling – Hazards and control

51 to 56

Element 3:- Work equipment hazards and control 57 to 60Element 4:- Electrical hazards and control 61 to 64Element 5:- Fire Hazards and control 65 to 70Element 6:- Chemical and biological hazards and control

71 to 77

Element 7:- Physical and psychological health hazards and control

78 to 88

Element 8 :- Construction activities hazards and control

89 to 96

Practice examination papers IGC2 97 to 101

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Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate

IGC1 Element 1:- Health and Safety Foundations

Accident Definition:- An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event which results in a loss of some kind

Incident/Near miss:- An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event that had the potential to result in a loss

Acute:- resulting from a single or short-term exposure, producing an immediate effect, which is usually reversible, e.g. intoxication by solvent vapours leading to suppression of the nervous system, e.g. car spraying

Chronic:- resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure producing a gradual effect that may be unrecognised for a number of years and is often irreversible, e.g. the long-term effects of exposure to asbestos causing Asbestosis

Hazard:- Something with the potential to cause harm

Risk:- The likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm

HIDDEN COSTS OF ACCIDENTS

Accident investigation; Payments for non productive time (injured persons); Payments for non productive time (witnesses, First-aiders

investigators, clearing up etc.); Replacement labour (probably less effective); Training for replacement labour Business interruption/disruption; Loss of reputation; Damage repair; Replacement plant; Compensation payments; Legal costs and fees; Insurance.

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BENEFITS OF GOOD HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICE are (also benefits of a positive safety culture Element 4):-

Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures Improved production Improved staff morale Improved company reputation Reduced accidents Reduced ill health Reduced damage to equipment Reduced staff complaints Reduced absenteeism Reduced staff turnover Reduced insurance premiums Reduced fines and compensation claims

Law:- Civil and Criminal

Aims:-

Civil:- The aim of civil law is to compensate an injured party for loss as a consequence of an accident or ill health

Criminal:- The aim of criminal law is to punish and deter individuals/Organisations from behaving in a way that society has decide is unacceptable and is considered a crime against society and is prosecuted by the state.

Fault LiabilityThere was a duty of care owed to the injured party.The duty of care was breached (Negligence)The breach caused the injury or loss

Employer to provideSafe plant and equipmentSafe systems of workCompetent staffAdequate supervisionAdequate instructionSafe buildingsSafe environment

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Variation of Legislation between countries caused by:-Different legislative systemsPowers granted to the Enforcing AuthorityFunding, number and authority of Enforcing AuthorityAbility and knowledge of the Enforcing AuthorityLevel of reporting to enforcing AuthorityDifferent penalties for breachesReligious beliefs and cultural issuesPublic reaction and interestPolitical pressure

SOURCES OF INFORMATIONINTERNALRisk assessmentsPoliciesInspection reportsMedical recordsHealth and safety committeesPlant registersSafety advisorsEXTERNALGovernment bodiesNational safety organisationsSuppliers and manufacturersInternational standardsConsultants and specialistsInsurance companies

SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

1) Policy:- Health and safety aims of the organisation, health and safety objectives and management commitment

2) Organising:- Clear roles and responsibilities, Competence, commitment and control, Co-operation, Communication

3) Planning and Implementation:- Identify hazards, assess risks, and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against which performance can be measured

4) Measuring performance:- Be used as a means of determining the extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented and should be both reactive and proactive

5) Reviewing:- Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see whether performance is adequate

6) Audit:- Systematic critical examination of each stage of an organisations management systems and procedures

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IGC1 ELEMENT 1 QUESTIONS

1 Outline the possible benefits to an Organisation of achieving good standards of health and safety.. (8)

2 Replacement and retraining of staff is a cost that an Organisation may face following a workplace accident.

List EIGHT other possible costs to an Organisation when an Employee has been hurt in such an accident. (8)

3 Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a cost that an Organisation may face following a workplace accident.

List EIGHT other possible costs to an Organisation when an Employee has been seriously injured in such an accident. (8)

4 Outline the main components of a health and safety management system. (8)

5 It is generally accepted that, following a workplace accident, the ‘hidden’ costs (usually uninsured) greatly exceed the more obvious costs which are usually covered by insurance.

Outline FOUR of these ‘hidden’ costs, giving examples in each case. (8)

6 List the sources of information that may be consulted when dealing with a health and safety problem at work (8)

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IGC1 Element 2:- Setting Policy for Health and Safety

PURPOSE OF A SAFETY POLICY

Set out the Employers/Management commitment to safety Set out the organisation and arrangements for controlling work

related hazards Protect people from injury and occupational ill health Comply with legal requirements and avoid prosecution Manage health and safety on a cost effective basis

THREE ELEMENTS OF A POLICYSTATEMENT OF INTENT:- A statement establishing the importance of health and safety in the organisation and providing targets and the general aims and objectives for improvementORGANISATION:- The roles and responsibilities of everyone in the organisationARRANGEMENTS:- The arrangements for effective planning, organisation, control, monitoring of the organisations health and safety

CONTENTS OF ARRANGEMENTS SECTIONRisk assessmentsFire policyEvacuation proceduresSafe systems of workPermits to workFirst aid policyDisplay screen policyManual handling policyHazardous chemicals policyFork truck policyContractor policyNoise policy Drugs and alcohol Policy

WHEN DOES POLICY NEED TO BE REVIEWEDAccidents/incidentsNew equipment/New staffNew technologyNew premisesChanges in legislationAccident investigationEnforcement actionProsecutionCompensation claimsPeriodic review

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COMMUNICATING THE POLICY

Displaying it on notice boards Introducing it at induction and subsequent training sessions Considering it at team briefings or tool box talks Using newsletters Inserting parts or summaries in wage slips Use of posters Incorporating it into safe systems of work or codes of practice Asking Managers, Trade Union Safety Representatives to stress

particular point discussions with the Workforce.

WHY ARE TARGETS IMPORTANT:- Gives evidence of Management commitment and motivates staff by giving them something to aim for

TYPES OF TARGETS

Reduced/zero accidents Zero prosecutions Reduced sickness absence Reduction in compensation claims Improve reporting of near misses Improve reporting of minor accidents Improve audit scores

ISSUES TO BE LOOKED AT WHEN BENCHMARKING

Existence and quality of safety policyAccident/ near miss recordsStaff roles and responsibilitiesDocumented health and safety plans measuredQuality of risk assessmentsType and quality of trainingLevel of monitoring whether pro-active or reactive

INNEFFECTIVE SAFETY POLICIES

No commitment or leadershipNo annual objectivesHealth and safety not given enough priorityInsufficient resources providedPersonnel do not understand the aimsToo much emphasis on employee responsibilityNo measurement of performanceManagement unaware of their roleNo training of management in their responsibilities___________________________________________________________________________ Page 7



1 a)

b)

c)

Explain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a health and safety policy document:-

1) Statement of intent

2) Organisation

3) Arrangements

Outline the issues that may be included in the arrangements section of a health and safety policy

Outline the circumstances that may give rise to a need for the health and safety policy to be revised

(2)

(2)

(2)

(8)

(6)

2 Outline the issues that are typically included in the arrangements section of a health and safety policy document. (8)

3 A medium sized engineering organisation intends to benchmark its health and safety with similar organisations.

Outline the health and safety management issues that could be used to benchmark with the other organisations. (8)

4 a)

b)

Explain why it is important for an organisation to set targets in terms of health and safety performance

Outline the various targets that an organisation might set for health and safety issues

(2)

(6)

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IGC1 Element 3:- Organising for Health and Safety

EMPLOYERS RESPONSIBILITY

Safe plant and equipmentInformation, Instruction, TrainingSupervisionSafe place of work and access and egressSafe environment and Welfare facilitiesSafety policyConsult and inform employeesRisk assessmentsEffective H & S Management ArrangementsCompetent health and safety assistanceHealth surveillanceSerious and imminent dangerDo not charge employees for health and safety measures

THOSE NOT IN EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT:-

Contractors Visitors General public Other employers Employees Trespassers.

PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFETY OF VISITORS:-

Signing in Providing identification badge Providing PPE Site induction e.g. fire precautions etc. Escorting visitor to area of work Remaining with visitor or regular monitoring Escorting back to reception area Signing out visitor and removing badge.

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Duties of Employees

The duty to take reasonable care for the health and safety of himself and other persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions If there are duties placed on their Employer the Employee should co-operate with his employer to meet these requirements Not to intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in the interests of health, safety or welfare e.g. removing a guard from a machineEmployees should follow health and safety instructions and training that they have receivedThey should inform their Employer (and other Employers) of any dangers or shortcoming in the health and safety arrangements.

Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and SuppliersEnsure equipment is safe and without risks when being usedEnsure substances are safe and without risks when being usedCarry out any necessary testsProvide informationTake reasonable steps to provide further information if new serious risks appear

SELECTING A SUITABLE CONTRACTORExperience of the type of work and industrySuitable referencesEnforcement recordSafety management such as Policy, risk assessments etc.Accident and ill-health dataMembership of trade/professional bodiesCompetence and training of employeesArrangements for selection of sub-contractorsArrangement for ongoing liaison with clients

Safety Representatives rights (ILO Convention) C155Have access to all parts of the workplaceTo be able to communicate with workersProtection from dismissalProtection from other prejudicial measuresTo contribute to the decision making processFree to contact enforcement agenciesContribute to negotiations in health and safety mattersGiven appropriate trainingGiven reasonable time to exercise their health and safety functions

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Informing:- Suggests a one-way process of providing information to an employee

Consulting:- A two way process in which the employee receives information and provides feedback, taking into account the views and issues of the employees.

MATTERS ON WHICH EMPLOYEES SHOULD BE CONSULTEDIntroduction measures that affect their health and safetyNew processes or technologyNew organisation of work patternsNew personal protective equipmentPlanning and organisation of training

SAFETY COMMITTEE AGENDA The study of accident/notifiable disease statistics so that recommendations can be madeExamination of Audit ReportsAnalysis of reports provided by InspectorsConsideration of reports by Safety RepresentativesDevelopment and monitoring of work safety rules and safe systems of work.Constant appraisal of effectiveness of safety trainingMonitor the adequacy of health and safety communicationsEstablish a link with the appropriate enforcing authority.

FACTORS TO MAKE COMMITTEE EFFECTIVE

Clear Terms of Reference.Balanced representation.Actual influence in decision making.Respect of management and workforce.Commitment from committee members.Good leadership and Chairmanship.Good communication channels.Access to relevant information and specialist advice.Formalised procedures with agendas.Relevant and non trivial agenda items.Agenda not led by Industrial Relations.

Obviously an ineffective Committee is the opposite of the above.

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1 Outline the checks that could be made in assessing the health and safety competence of a contractor (8)

2 a)

b)

To whom does an employer owe a duty of care to other than his employees

What precautions should employers take to protect visitors to their premises

(2)

(6)

3 a)

b)

Outline the key health and safety responsibilities of employers which are common in many countries.

Outline the key health and safety responsibilities and rights of employees which are common in many countries.

(4)

(4)

4 List the factors that might be considered when assessing the health and safety competence of a contractor (8)

5 Outline the topics that may need to be included on the agenda of a safety committee (8)

6 Give reasons why a health and safety committee may be ineffective (8)

7 a)

b)

Explain the difference between Informing and consulting

Outline the health and safety matters on which Employers should typically consult their employees

(4)

(4)

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IGC1 Element 4:- Promoting a Positive Health and Safety Culture

Indicators of positive or negative cultureAttitude/MoraleAccidents/Absenteeism/sickness ratesStaff turnoverCompliance with rulesComplaints about working conditions

Factors that can cause the culture to declineLack of effective communicationPerception of growing blame cultureLack of leadership and commitmentLack of monitoringFailure to implement remedial actionLack of consultation and employee involvementPoor working environmentExternal influencesHealth and safety seen as low priorityLack of supervisionReorganisation and uncertainty

The safety culture of the organisation can be improved by:-Senior management commitmentOwnership of health and safety at every levelEffective communication and consultationTraining for all levels of employeeShared perception of risksStandards of acceptable behaviourLearning from experience through monitoring and reviewBalance between health and safety and production

BENEFITS TO EMPLOYER OF A POSITIVE CULTURE Increased levels of compliance with rules and proceduresImproved productionImproved staff moraleImproved company reputationReduced accidents and reduced ill healthReduced damage to equipment Reduced staff complaintsReduced absenteeismReduced staff turnoverReduced insurance premiumsReduced fines and compensation claims

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WHY A PERSON MAY FAIL TO COMPLY WITH SAFETY PROCEDURES Lack of motivationUnrealistic working proceduresLack of management commitmentOver familiarisationRepetitive work leading to boredomPeer group pressureInadequate supervisionFatigue and stressLack of information, training and consultationJob insecurity

REASONS WHY HAZARDS MAY BE UNDERESTIMATED Over familiarity & complacencyLack of instruction, information & trainingLack of experience, Sensory impairmentSome hazards may be invisible &/or intangibleRoutine, repetitive tasks can lead to lack of attentionInadequate design

MOTIVATION:- Motivation is the driving force behind the way a person acts in order to achieve a goal

What motivates peopleIncentivesRecognitionJob satisfaction/Personal achievementTeam spiritPeer approvalRealistic goalsCommitted management/involvement in decisions Safe environmentThreat of Discipline

EMPLOYERS CAN MOTIVATE THEIR WORKFORCE BY The recognition of good health & safety performance Disciplining employees who choose to ignore safe working proceduresInvolving employees in carrying out risk assessments etc.Demonstrating a high level of management commitment;Ensuring a good working environment;Providing training and ensuring good communication. Setting a good exampleRealistic goals

ATTITUDE:- The tendency to respond in a particular way in a given situation__________________________________________________________________________ Page 14


Factors that affect attitudeBackgroundPersonalityExperience and TrainingCompetencePeer group pressureManagement actionsCulture of the organisation

PERCEPTION:- The way that people interpret and make sense of presented information

Factors which may affect perceptionSensory inputPersonal protective equipmentThe nature of the hazardsPrevious experienceOver familiarityFeeling of being in controlLevel of trainingPeer group pressureConfidence in others abilityPersonal characteristics

Personal factors that might place an individual at greater risk of harm while at workPoor attitude to workLow motivationPhysical capabilitiesPoor perception of riskDrugs or alcohol problemsAge related factors and medical problemsLevels of training and experience

PRACTICAL MEASURES A MANAGER CAN DO TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND SAFETY involving employees in:- risk assessments; accident investigations;The development of safe systems & procedures;encouraging hazard-spotting & the reporting of defects;setting up suggestion schemes;organising training courses & information programmes;supporting active involvement in safety committee meetings;Accompanied by employees on safety tours & inspections;Giving employees responsibilities for mentoring young workers

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Human Error causesSlipsLapses of attentionMistaken actionsMis-perceptionsMistaken prioritiesWilfulnessInadequate designInadequate informationViolations

REDUCING HUMAN ERRORSkilled competent workersWell motivated employeesClear roles and lines of responsibilityAdequate levels of supervision Clear information and instructionsDrug and alcohol prevention policiesGood environmental conditions e.g. lighting, noise etc.Avoiding monotonous workBreaks to avoid fatigue

Barriers to written communicationIlliteracyCompetenceLevel of written materialPresentationQuality of informationQuantityAttitude

BARRIERS TO VERBAL COMMUNICATIONHearing defectsSpeech defectsNoiseDistanceLanguage (Jargon)Lack of knowledgeAttitudeSpeed/duration

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WHY USE A VARIETY OF METHODS TO COMMUNICATE People respond differently to different stimuliThat variety prevents over familiarisation with one method and helps to reinforce the messageThe need to overcome language barriers and the inability of some employees to readThe need to motivate, stimulate interest and gain involvement and feedbackThe acceptance that different types of information require different methods of communication

COMMUNICATIONS WITHIN AN ORGANISATIONMeetingsTeam Briefings"Tool Box" talksPolicy, procedures, rules, standards etcTrainingSafety and health reports. Posters

THE HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION ON A NOTICE BOARD Information for Employees Regulations posterHealth and safety policyEvacuation proceduresFirst aid arrangementsContact details for safety representativesTargets set for reduction of accidents

TO MAXIMISE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NOTICE BOARDS Locate in common/prominent areaDedicating board to health and safety mattersInformation displayed relevant and currentKeep information in a neat and orderly stateMake notice boards eye catching by use of colour and graphics

ADVANTAGES OF POSTERSLow costFlexibilityBrevityReinforce verbal instructionsConstant messageInvolve Employees in selectionGraphic message

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DISADVANTAGES OF POSTERSNeed to be changed on regular basisMay become soiledMay become defacedMay become out of dateOver reliance May appear to trivialise important mattersEasy way to discharge Health and Safety responsibilitiesSafety Campaigns

TO ENSURE SAFETY CAMPAIGNS ARE UNDERSTOOD BY EMPLOYEES Everyone within the organisation knows the part they have to play Clear aims and objectives and targets Key responsibilities for aspects of the campaign are allocated Ensuring that the workforce are made fully aware of the campaign by means of tool box talks, team briefings, meetings, training sessions and notice boardsUse of clear language (no jargon etc.) to help understanding.Provide feedback to check employees understanding of the campaignShow that management is totally committed to the campaign.Giving ample time to ensure that everyone within the organisation is fully aware of and understands the needs for the campaign

FACTORS OTHER THAN COMMUNICATION THAT COULD AFFECT CAMPAIGN Lack of management commitmentProduction or other pressures take priority over health and safety Insufficient time, funds and resources are made availableA general poor safety culturalPoor working conditions create lack of interest among employeesPoor industrial relations and lack of confidence in managements abilityWork patterns (e.g. shift work) could mean some sections of the workforce are not considered or supported due to lack of key staff

When is training neededOn recruitment (Induction)Before starting work (Job specific)Refresher trainingNew equipmentNew technologyNew systems of work or system changesPromotion

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INDUCTION TRAINING PROGRAMME CONTENTManagement commitment to safetyHealth and safety policyConsultative proceduresRoles of safety representativesEmergency proceduresFirst aid arrangementsWelfare and amenity provisionsSpecific hazardsHealth surveillance proceduresWhat accidents to be reportedHow to report accidentsDrink and drugs policy

ADDITIONAL TRAINING MAY BE REQUIREDIncrease in accidents/incidentsAs a result of an accident investigationA reported dangerous occurrenceIntroduction of new technology/processesJob change/promotion/refresherChanges in working proceduresChanges in work patternsChanges in legislationEnforcement actionResult of risk assessmentResults of audits/inspectionsInsurance company requirements

YOUNG PERSONS AT RISK BECAUSEKeen to learn and be over enthusiasticHave no experience comparisonsMore likely to take risksOpen to influence and peer group pressureBody not fully developed

PRECAUTIONS FOR YOUNG PERSONS SHOULD INCLUDE:- Provide suitable work equipmentThe organisation of work and processesHealth and safety trainingMentoringSupervisionLimiting hours of work

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Levels of SupervisionThe age of the employeeHis/her experience of work in general & of the task to be performed in particular; The nature & complexity of the task & its inherent risks;The person’s skills & qualifications for the work;His/her attitude & aptitude;The systems of work & any specific safety requirements applying to the task;The employee’s communication skills & any special needs that he/she may have.

Benefits of training to employee Reduces personal suffering and painIncreases the opportunity for full life styleIncreases job satisfaction/earning capacityAllows employee to reach experienced worker standard more quicklyIncreases flexibility of staffImproves safety Attitude

Benefits of training to EmployerReduces accidentsReduces absenteeismReduces claims and insurance premiumsReduces the chance of prosecution/enforcement notices Improves moralLess product damageGreater productivity/improved efficiency

Factors to consider developing health and safety training programmes What employees need to know with what they do knowEmployees responsibilitiesActivities carried outRisks associated with activitiesActions required by Employees to minimise the risksEmployees existing knowledge and previous experienceType of training already receivedDifferent requirements for various levels of staffNumbers involvedResources needed (Cost, time, facilities)Competence of own staff to deliver training/External sourcesCommunicating to employees and getting their commitment

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To assess the effectiveness of the training post training evaluation by:-The TrainersThe delegatesTheir SupervisorsAccident ratesSickness absencesCompliance with proceduresConcerns raised by employees as result of trainingResults of attitude surveysQuality of suggestions made

COMPETENCE:- Sufficient Knowledge, Training, experience and any other qualities to carry out their functionsKnowledge of limitations

Checks to assess CompetenceQualificationsLevel of trainingMembership of professional/trade organisationsUndertaking written or practical assessmentsReferences or recommendations

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1 Outline the methods by which the health and safety culture of an organisation may be improved (8)

2 Outline the factors that might contribute towards a positive safety culture within an organisation (8)

3 Outline the practical means by which a manager could involve employees in the improvement of health and safety in the workplace (8)

4 Outline the personal factors that might place an individual at a greater risk of harm while at work (8)

5 Outline the ways in which employers might motivate their employees to comply with health and safety procedures (8)

6 Explain the meaning of EACH of the following terms:-1) Motivation2) Perception3) Attitude

Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the workplace

(3)(3)(3)

(11)

7 Outline the reasons why employees may fail to comply with safety procedures at work (8)

8 Describe the types of human error that can lead to an accident at work (8)

9 Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the workplace.

Give FOUR reasons why the seriousness of a hazard may be underestimated by someone exposed to it.

Outline ways in which managers can motivate employees to work safely.

(8)

(4)

(8)

10 Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods to communicate health and safety information in the workplace (8)

11 Outline the reasons that may prevent a verbal instruction being clearly understood by an employee (8)

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12 a)

b)

Identify Four types of health and safety information that might usefully be displayed on a workplace notice board

Explain how the effectiveness of notice boards as means of communicating health and safety information to the workforce can be maximised

(4)

(4)

13 Outline FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages of using posters to communicate health and safety information in the workplace (8)

14

a)

b)

Following a significant increase in accidents, a health and safety campaign is to be launched within an organisation to encourage safer working by employees.

Outline how the organisation might ensure that the nature of the campaign is effectively communicated to, and understood by the employees. Other than poor communication describe the organisational factors that could limit the effectiveness of the campaign.

(8)

(12)

15 Outline the main health and safety topics to be included in an induction training programme for new Employees (8)

16 Outline reasons why an employee might require additional health and safety training at a later stage of employment within an organisation (8)

17 Identify the factors that place young persons at greater risk of accidents at work

Outline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risk to young persons

(4)

(4)

18 a)

b)

Explain the meaning of the term “Competent Person”.

Outline FOUR checks that could be made to help assess a persons competence.

(4)

(4)

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IGC1 Element 5:- Health and Safety Risk Assessment

Hazard:- Something with the potential to cause harm

Risk:- Likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm

Suitable and SufficientBe proportionate to the level of risk Ensure that all aspects of work activity are covered Take account of the way the work is organised Identify the significant hazards and risks Evaluate the risksIdentify control measuresEnable priorities to be setResidual risk low

Competence of Risk AssessorExperience and training in risk assessment techniquesKnowledge of process or activityTechnical knowledge of the plant or equipmentGood communication and report writing skillsAbility to interpret legislation and guidancePossess right attitudeKnows limitations

5 STEPS TO RISK ASSESSMENTIdentify the hazardsDecide who might be harmed and howEvaluate the risks and the existing precautionsRecord the findingsReview the assessment and revise if necessary

IDENTIFYING HAZARDSWorkplace inspectionsTalking to the workforceNon–inspection techniquesExamination of documentsCombined techniquesAccident and ill health dataNear miss reports

Hierarchy of Control:- Definition:- A preferred series of measures to control risks in order of priority starting with elimination and ending with discipline (ERIC Prevents Death)

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROLEliminateReduceIsolateControlPPEDiscipline

WHEN ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE REVIEWEDAfter an accident/incidentNew equipmentChanges to equipment, plant, processChanges in personnelChanges in legislationResult of monitoring or auditAction by enforcing authorityNew information becomes available

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN CARRYING OUT RISK ASSESSMENT1. The hazards involved3. Likelihood and severity of harm / risk2. Number of employees involved2. Frequency of exposureX. Competence of persons carrying out activitiesX. Competence of person carrying out risk assessment3. Evaluation of existing control measuresX. Training / informing / instructing people on control measures

Risks to New and expectant mothersErgonomicManual handlingExtremes of temperaturePersonal protective equipmentRadiationChemical agentsBiological hazardsWorking conditions

Risks to disabled workersReduced mobility for access and egressAbility to access welfare facilitiesReduced sensory ability e.g. speech, hearing or eyesightReduced ability to lift, carry or move objectsErgonomic hazards___________________________________________________________________________ Page 25


IGC1 ELEMENT 5 – QUESTIONS

1 Outline the factors that need to be considered when carrying out a risk assessment (8)

2

3

4

5

a)

b)

c)

a)

b)

A factory manager intends to introduce a new work process for which a risk assessment is required.

Outline the factors that should be considered when carrying out the risk assessment

Explain the criteria that must be met for the assessment to be deemed “suitable and sufficient”

Identify the various circumstances that might require a review of the risk assessment.

Outline the specific factors that should be considered when assessing the risks to employees working on night shifts.

In relation to risk assessments explain the meaning of the term ‘Suitable and Sufficient’.

Outline the changes in circumstances that may require a risk assessment to be reviewed.

Outline the factors that may increase the risks to pregnant women

(8)

(4)

(8)

(8)

(4)

(4)

(8)

6 a)

b)

Explain the meaning of the term ‘hazard’

Outline the main hazards that may be present during the demolition of a building

(2)

(6)

7 Outline a hierarchy of control measures for controlling risk and give examples of EACH

(8)

8 a)

b)

Explain the meaning of the term ‘hazard’

Outline techniques for identifying hazards in the workplace

(2)

(6)

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IGC1 Element 6:- Principles of Control in Health and Safety

General Principles of PreventionAvoid the risk e.g. eliminate the hazard or task Evaluate risks which cannot be avoidedCombat risks at sourceAdapt the work to the individualAdapt to technical progressReplace the dangerous by the less dangerousDevelop a coherent prevention policyGive collective measures priority over individual measure

GENERAL HIERARCHY OF CONTROLEliminate:- Remove trailing cablesReduce:- Use low voltage electrical equipmentIsolate:- Cover dangerous machinery with guardsControl:- Limit time and frequency of exposurePPE:- Issue safety footwearDiscipline:- Enforce rules and procedures

Safe Systems of Work:- A step by step procedure for carrying out a task safely, identifying the hazards, assessing the risks and the precautions needed to eliminate or reduce the risks.

FACTORS IN DEVELOPING A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK1) Select the task to be studied2) Identify the hazards3) Develop the safe system looking at:- Materials/Equipment/Environment/People4) Implement system5) Monitor the system

PERMIT TO WORK:- Is a formal written procedure requiring written confirmation that certain actions have been carried out to eliminate or control risks before a specific high risk activity is carried out

WHERE PERMITS NEEDEDConfined spacesElectricityHot workCold work

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OPERATION OF PERMIT TO WORKIdentify the task (Where and when)Identify the hazardsList the precautions to eliminate or reduce the hazardsAdditional precautionsTime limitsIssue by competent personReceipt by person in charge of workCompletionCancellation

Confined Space:- Is any space where there is a specified risk of serious injury from hazardous substances or conditions within the space

What are the hazards in a confined spaceFire or explosionLoss of consciousness due to increased body temperatureLoss of consciousness due to asphyxiationDrowningAsphyxiation due to free flowing solids

Confined space examples:- Cellars, Excavations, Sewers, Silos, Tanks, Vats

Avoiding entryModify confined space so entry not requiredHave work done from outside

Precautions for working in a confined spacePermit to workCompetent staffAppoint a supervisorIsolateEnsure suitable size of entryGas purgingVentilationRegular testing of the atmosphereSpecial tools and lightingPPECommunicationsLimit working timeEmergency procedures

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Benefits of PPEOften low costCan be used as short term measurePortable for worker away from baseDisposable PPE reduces risk of infection

WHY PPE USED AS LAST RESORTDoes not eliminate or reduce the hazardOnly protects the wearerAlways fail to dangerMay introduce new hazardsRelies on worker to use itMay not be worn correctlyIt may be uncomfortableWorn for only part of task of shiftWrong sizeUsed when damagedNot properly maintainedManagement may not enforce wearing

SELECTION OF PPEWhat are the hazardsType of equipmentMade to suitable standardsComfortCompatibilityStorageTrainingCost

Factors affecting the wearing of PPEFitHealth of workerPeriod of useComfortMaintenanceTrainingInterferenceManagement commitmentPeer pressure

Safety SignsProhibition (Circular, Red, white background)Warning (Triangular, Yellow black edging)Mandatory (Circular, Blue white symbols)Safe Condition (Green, White symbols)___________________________________________________________________________ Page 29


LONE WORKER (Working Alone) FACTORS TO BE CONSIDEREDWork locationType of workThe equipmentManual handlingSex of the workerEmergency facilitiesLack of TrainingLack of SupervisionLimited communication

PRECAUTIONS FOR LONE WORKERS Information on hazardsTraining to deal with hazardsRegular contactSupervisors regularly visitingAutomatic warning devicesCheck the worker has returned homePPEEmergency action if worker becomes ill

AIMS OF FIRST AID:- aim is to preserve life, prevent deterioration and promote recovery

ASSESSMENT FOR FIRST AID REQUIREMENTSThe nature of the work and the size of the organisationPast history and accident typeThe nature and distribution of the workforceRemoteness of site from emergency medical servicesThe needs of travelling, remote or lone workersEmployees working on shared sitesAbsence of first aiders due to holidays etc.Compliance with legal requirements

Factors to be considered in drawing up emergency procedures:- Type of emergency (Fire, Bomb, Chemical spillage) etc.Type/location of workplaceEmergency service contact and response timeAppointed persons to deal with the emergencyCommunication systemsFirst Aid/medical facilitiesEvacuation proceduresEffects on surrounding communityPost emergency action e.g. repairs, media, investigation

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IGC1 ELEMENT 6:- QUESTIONS

1 Outline the factors to be considered when developing a safe system of work (8)

2 Identify EIGHT sources of information that might usefully be consulted when developing a safe system of work (8)

3 Define a Permit to WorkOutline THREE types of work situation that may require a permit to work system giving reasons in EACH case.

(2)

(6)

4 Define the term ‘permit to workExplain the operation of a permit-to-work system for entry into confined spaces

(2)

(6)

5 Outline the factors to be considered when selecting personal eye protection for use at work.

(8)

6 Identify FOUR different types of hazard that may necessitate the use of special footwear explaining in EACH case how the footwear may afford protection (8)

7 An organisation uses various types of personal protective equipment (PPE). Outline the general issues relating to the requirements, benefits and limitations of PPE (8)

8 Outline the factors to be considered in the selection and use of personal head protection (8)

9 State the shape and colours of the following types of safety signs and give a typical example of EACH:

1) Prohibition2) Warning3) Mandatory4) Emergency escape and first aid

(2)(2)(2)(2)

10 Identify the factors to be considered to ensure the health and safety of persons who are required to work on their own, away from the workplace (8)

11 a)b)

Identify the TWO main functions of first-aidOutline the factors to consider when making an assessment of first-aid provision in a workplace

(2)

(6)

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IGC1 Element 7:- Monitoring, Review and Audit of Health and Safety Performance

The reasons for monitoringIdentify substandard H & S PracticesIdentify TrendsCompare actual performance against targetsTo BenchmarkIdentify use and effectiveness of control measuresMake decisions on suitable remedial measuresSet priorities and establish realistic timescalesAssess compliance with legal requirementsProvide information to Board, Committees etc. REACTIVE MONITORINGAccidentsIncidentsIll-health statisticsNear missesDangerous occurrencesComplaints by workforceEnforcement actionProsecutionsCivil claims

SAFETY AUDITA safety audit is a thorough, critical examination of an organisation’s safety management systems & procedures. It is normally a lengthy process carried out by a trained auditor, often someone from outside the organisation. It is a structured way of assessing the H&S performance of an organisation by supplying answers to a series of questions, & often involves a scoring system such that improvements can be made

DOCUMENTS LOOKED AT DURING AUDITS INCLUDE:- Safety policyRisk assessment proceduresSafety monitoring proceduresMaintenance recordsAccident and incident reportsHealth surveillance recordsSafety committee minutes etc.Training recordsStatutory inspectionsPrevious audit reports

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WORKPLACE INSPECTIONSA safety inspection involves the straightforward observation of a workplace &/or the activities or equipment within it. A safety inspection, usually carried out by a manager or employee representative & often aided by the use of a checklist, may be carried out routinely & has the aim of identifying hazards & assessing the use & effectiveness of control measures

Limitations of inspectionsSome hazards are not visibleSome hazards not always presentUnsafe practices not seen

Types of inspectionsGeneral workplace inspectionsStatutory inspections

People who carry out inspectionsManagersSupervisorsHealth and Safety advisorsEmployee safety representativesEnforcement agencies

Inspection ChecklistCondition of processes and plant ContractorsElectricalEnvironmental conditionsFire protectionFirst aidHand held toolsHazardous substancesHousekeeping/cleanlinessLifting equipmentManual handlingMachinery guardingNoise etc.

STRENGTHS OF CHECKLISTSEnables prior preparation and planning so inspection is more structured and systematic Reduces the chances of important areas or issues being overlooked Provides an immediate record of findings Ensures consistent approach Provides easy method of comparison and audit___________________________________________________________________________ Page 33


WEAKNESSES OF CHECKLISTSMay lead to blinkered approach meaning significant risks might be missed May not be reviewed or updated to take account of changes in work processes etc. Become routine with no follow up questions Too objective and restrictive no scope for peripheral issues Procedure subject to human error or abuse

SAFETY SURVEYFocus on particular activities e.g. major key areas revealed by safety audits and may be carried out by specialists

SAFETY TOURSAn unscheduled examination of a workplace to look for acceptable standards. A tour can be carried out by a Manager and demonstrates commitment to safety SAFETY SAMPLINGA random exercise in which assigned observers walk in allotted timescale noting incidence of health and safety defects on pre-prepared sheets

BenchmarkingTakes key performance indicators and compares them externally with similar organisations or industry standards

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1 Outline the methods that may be used to assess an organisations health and safety performance. (8)

2 Exp Explain how the following may be used to improve safety performance within an organisation:-

1) Accident data 2) Safety Inspections

(4)(4)

3 What areas should be looked at when undertaking a safety inspection (8)

4 Outline FOUR proactive monitoring methods that can be used in assessing the health and safety performance of an organisation

(8)

5 Outline the reasons why an organisation should monitor and review its health and safety policy (8)

6 State EIGHT measures that can be used to monitor an organisations health and safety performance (8)

7 Explain the main features of:-

a) A safety inspectionb) A safety audit

(4)(4)

8

a)

b)

c)

A production manager intends to implement a programme of regular workplace inspections.

Outline the factors that should be considered when planning the inspection programme

State the main health and safety issues that might be included on the inspection checklist

Other than inspections, outline THREE proactive methods of monitoring health and safety performance

(6)

(8)

(6)

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IGC1 Element 8:- Investigation, Recording and Reporting of Health and Safety Incidents

ACCIDENT DEFINITION An accident is an unplanned/unpremeditated event caused by unsafe

acts or conditions which results in a loss.

NEAR MISS(INCIDENT) A near miss is an unplanned/unpremeditated event that has the potential

to cause injury to people or damage to property.

Immediate/direct causesThe immediate/direct cause is the unsafe act or condition that results in an accident or incident.

Root/underlying causeThe Root (Underlying) cause is the failure of procedures, management systems that have resulted in the unsafe act or condition.

Principal causes of accidentsAttitude

Unsafe Acts

Unsafe Conditions

BENEFITS OF COLLECTING NEAR MISS DATATo Identify underlying causes which may allow preventative action to be taken before something more serious occurs Gives message to workforce that all failures are taken seriously not just those leading to injury Generally accepted near misses greatly outnumber accidents and can therefore produce more data from which a greater understanding of the deficiencies in management systems can be identified and rectified.

THE AIM OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IS:-To determine cause to prevent a recurrence Identify weaknesses in management systemsIdentify weaknesses in risk assessment procedureDemonstrate management commitmentTo comply with legal requirements To provide information for any subsequent criminal/civil actionProvide information to insurance company

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IMMEDIATE AND LONGER TERM ACTION AFTER AN ACCIDENTFirst Aid for Injured PartyCalling Medical assistance if necessaryIsolation of the Accident SceneReport to relevant enforcing authority if necessaryIdentification of witnessesSetting up Investigation TeamFull Investigation to determine root causeMaking RecommendationsImplementing Corrective Action

Preparation before investigationWho should be involvedIf possible the accident scene is left untouchedCollating relevant existing documentsIdentifying who are witnessesCheck that legal reporting requirements have been metWhat equipment is neededThe style to be adoptedThe style of report and who should receive itThe depth of the investigation

INVESTIGATION TEAMLine Manager:- He has knowledge of the processes involvedSupervisor:- also has knowledge of the processSafety Representative:- has legal rightSafety Practitioner:- to advise on health and safety implicationsEngineer:- to advise on technical mattersSenior Manager from different department:- Unbiased

INVESTIGATION REPORTWho – the injured personWhen – Date and timeWhere – Location detailsWhat – Type of accident and nature of injuryHow – Detail of eventsWhy – Analysis of causeRecommendationsDocumentationReference to possible breaches of law

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Reasons for reporting accidentsImplement initial controlsMonitoring Health and Safety performanceStarting point for investigationTo comply with legal requirements To prevent recurrences and further injuries/lossesTo provide information for any subsequent civil claimReview of Risk Assessments.

Accident Data can:-Show patterns and trendsIdentify weaknesses in procedures and policiesPrioritise safety measuresIdentify areas for improvementsSet targets for reduction

Employees can be discouraged from reporting accidents because of:-Ignorance of proceduresPeer pressureRetribution by ManagementPreserve Departments safety recordOver complicated reporting proceduresLack of Management response to reports

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IGC1 ELEMENT 8– QUESTIONS

1 Outline the reasons for reporting accidents at work. (8)

2 Outline the immediate and longer term actions that Management should take following a serious injury at work. (8)

3 Outline the information that should be included in an accident investigation report (8)

4 a)

b)

Explain why an organisation should have a system for the internal reporting of accidents

Give TWO reasons why one department may have more reported accidents than another department over a specified period of time

(6)

(2)

5 a)

b)

Give FOUR reasons why an organisation should have a system for the internal reporting of accidents

Outline factors that may discourage employees from reporting accidents at work

(4)

(4)

6

a)

b)

A driver of a fork truck has been seriously injured after the vehicle overturned.

Outline the possible immediate causes of the accident in terms of BOTH the behaviour of the driver AND the conditions of the workplace and work equipment

Describe the underlying factors that may have led to the unsafe acts or conditions identified in a)

(4)

(4)

7

a)

b)

c)

An employee has been seriously injured after being struck by a reversing vehicle in a loading bay.

Give FOUR reasons why the accident should be investigated by the persons employer

Outline the information that should be included in the investigation report

Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and FOUR possible underlying root causes of the accident

(4)

(8)

(8)

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Mock Paper P1 a1 a)

b)

c)

Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the workplace.Give FOUR reasons why the seriousness of a hazard may be underestimated by someone exposed to it. Outline ways in which managers can motivate employees to work safely.

(8)

(4)

(8)

2 Outline the measures that an employer might consider to minimise the risk of violence against workers (8)

3 Outline the Main features of:-a) A safety inspectionb) A safety audit

(4)(4)

4 a)b)

Explain with an example the meaning of the term riskOutline the key stages of a risk assessment

(2)(6)

5 Outline the items that may be included in the “arrangements section of a health and safety policy (8)

6 a)

b)

Explain the health and safety benefits of restricting smoking in the workplaceOutline the ways in which an organisation could implement an effective no smoking policy

(4)

(4)

7 Outline a procedure designed to ensure the safety of visitors to work premises (8)

8 Explain why an organisation should have a system for the internal reporting of accidentsIdentify the reasons why workers might not report accidents at work

(4)

(4)

9 Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a cost an organisation may face following a workplace accident.List EIGHT other possible costs to and organisation when an employee has been seriously injured in such an accident (8)

10 Explain the meaning of the term competent personOutline the organisational factors that may cause a person to work unsafely even though they are competent

(2)

(6)

11 Outline EIGHT sources of information that might usefully be consulted when developing a safe system of work (8)

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Mock Paper P1b1 a) Explain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a

health and safety policy document:1) Statement of intent2) Organisation3) ArrangementsOutline the items that may be included in the “arrangements” section of a health and safety policyOutline the circumstances that may require a policy to be revised

(2)(2)(2)

(8)

(6)

2 Outline the factors to considered when developing a safe system of work (8)

3 Outline the information that should be included in an accident investigation report (8)

4 a)b)

Explain the meaning of the term “Hierarchy of Control”Outline with examples the standard hierarchy of control to be used for controlling risks in the workplace

(2)

(6)

5 List EIGHT sources of information that may be consulted when dealing with a health and safety problem at work (8)

6 Outline FOUR proactive monitoring methods that may be used to assess health and safety performance of an organisation (8)

7 Identify FOUR types of health and safety information that might usefully displayed on a workplace notice boardExplain how the effectiveness of notice boards as a means of communicating health and safety information to the workforce can be maximised

(8)

8 An employee has been struck by a fork truck in the workplace.Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and FOUR possible root causes of the accident (8)

9 Outline ways in which the safety culture of an organisation may be improved (8)

10 Outline the reasons/benefits to the employer of maintaining good standards of health an safety in the workplace (8)

11 List the factors to consider when assessing the health and

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Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate safety competence of a contractor (8)

Mock Paper 1c1 a) Explain the difference between the objectives of a criminal law

system and a civil law systemOutline the typical actions that might be brought against an employer who has breached criminal law in relation to health and safetyOutline the three standard conditions that are usually required to be met to prove a case of alleged negligence against an employerExplain why health and safety legislation might be enforced to different standards in different countries

(2)

(6)

(6)

(6)

2 a)b)

Give FOUR reasons why accidents should be reported.Identify reasons why employees might not report accidents at work

(4)

(4)

3 Identify TWO main features of first aidOutline the factors to consider when making an assessment of first aid

(2)

(6)

4 Outline the practical means by which a manager could involve employees in the improvement of health and safety in the workplace.

(8)

5 Outline how an organisation can ensure that safety campaigns are effectively communicated to and understood by employees (8)

6 Explain why personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used as a last resort in the control of occupational hazards (8)

7 Give TWO situations where permit to work systems should be used and give reasons whyExplain the operation of a permit to work system

(2)

(6)

8 Outline the issue that should be addressed in a training programme for employees on the emergency action in the event of fire

(8)

9 Outline the main components of a health and safety management system (8)

10 Outline the factors that can cause the safety culture of an organisation to decline

(8)

11 Identify the factors to consider for employees who are required

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to work on their own away from the workplace (8)Mock Paper P1d

1 a)b)

c)

Explain the benefits of the training of staff to the employerOutline reasons why employees might require additional health and safety training at a later stage of employment within an organisationOutline the main health and safety issues to be included in an induction training programme for new employees

(4)

(8)

(8)

2 a)

b)

Explain why it is important for an organisation to set targets in terms of health and safety performanceOutline the various targets that an organisation might set for health and safety issues

(2)

(6)

3 Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of employees in the workplace.

(8)

4 List the written information that is likely to be examined during a health and safety audit. (8)

5 Explain the purpose and benefits of collecting near miss data (8)

6 Other than poor communication, describe the organisational factors that could limit the effectiveness of safety campaigns (8)

7 Employers may have requirement under health and safety law to involve their employees in health and safety mattersExplain the difference between consulting and informing.Outline the health and safety matters on which an employer should consult his employees. (8)

8 Outline the specific factors that should be considered when assessing the risks to employees working on night shifts (8)

9 a)b)

Explain using an example the meaning of the term riskOutline the factors that should be considered when selecting individuals to assist in carrying out risk assessments in the workplace

(2)

(6)

10 Give reasons why a verbal instruction may not be clearly understood by an employee (8)

11 Outline the key points that should be covered in a training session for employees on the reporting of accidents/incidents (8)

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Mock Paper P1e1

a)

b)

c)

An employee has been seriously injured in an accident with a vehicle in the workplace.Outline the immediate and longer term actions that should be taken following the accidentGiving reasons in EACH case identify FOUR categories of persons who may be considered a useful member of an internal accident investigation teamIdentify the measures an employer could take in order to ensure that the drivers of internal transport are, and remain competent

(8)

(8)

(4)

2 Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to a long distance lorry driver (8)

3 Outline FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages of using posters to communicate health and safety information to the workforce

(8)

4 Outline the topics that may be typically included on the agenda of a safety committee (8)

5 Explain the meaning of the term “hazard”Outline techniques for identifying hazards at work

(2)(6)

6 Explain the reasons why young persons may be at greater risk of accidents in the workplaceOutline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risks to young persons

(4)

(4)

7 Outline the specific factors that should be considered when assessing the risks to employees working on night shifts

(8)

8 Explain how accident data can be used to improve health and safety performance within a organisationOutline TWO proactive methods that can be used when assessing an organisations health and safety performance.

(4)

(4)

9 Identify EIGHT measures that could be used by an organisation in order to monitor its health and safety performance (8)

10 Outline the strengths and weaknesses of using a checklist to complete a health and safety inspection of the workplace (8)

11 Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods to

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communicate health and safety communication to the workforce (8)

IGC2 Element 1:- Movement of People and Materials

The factors that contribute slip, trip accidents are:-The floor surface:- Slippery surface, holes, uneven surface etc.Contamination:- Spillages, Leaks etc.Obstructions:- Rubbish, Trailing cables, Rugs etc.The Task:- Carrying loads, space to workEnvironment:- LightingFootwear:- unsuitable footwearThe People:- Unaware of the dangers

Precautions be taken to prevent slips and trips should include:- The design and layout of the workplace, with designated walkways and non-slip floors Maintenance procedures to ensure quick repair of floor defects such as holes and bumps Procedures to avoid spillages and deal quickly with them if they occurThe provision of adequate lighting and highlighting strips if necessary to warn of a difference in levels Good housekeeping including the suitable management of cables etc. Procedures for reporting defects and incidents.Eliminate need to carry loadsMake employees aware of the hazards and provide footwear

THE HAZARDS OF STAIRS ARE:-Inadequate design (dimensions, treads, no handrails)Poor Housekeeping (obstructions, trailing cables)Poor lightingSlippery surfaces (Oil/water/Ice) or unsuitable footwearDamaged flooring or coveringsManual handlingHurrying on stairs

ACTION NEEDED TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS ON STAIRS Adequate width of walkways/stairs and handrails fittedRemove obstructions/trailing cablesImprove lighting levels and install emergency lightingNon-slip surfaces/spillages procedures/covered walkwaysMaintain/report and repair defectsUse lifts for loads/sites rules

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Employers who have employees who work at height should ensure that:- All work at height is properly planned and organisedThose involved in work at height are competentThe risks are assessed and appropriate work equipment is selectedThe risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlledEquipment for work at height is properly inspected and maintained

A suggested hierarchy of control for working at height is:- Avoid working at height wherever possibleUse work equipment or other measures to prevent falls where they cannot avoid working at heightWhere they cannot eliminate the risk of falls use work equipment/other measures to minimise the distance and consequences of a fall

Poor housekeeping can cause:-Someone could slip or fallIncreased risk of fireFire exits could be blockedA risk of infection where chemicals are being usedInfestationVehicle collisions if traffic routes are blockedFalling materials

PRECAUTIONS FOR VEHICLES AND PEOPLESegregated systems for vehicle and pedestrian traffic, barriers etc. Appropriate road markings, Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc) and audible warnings on vehicles. Drawing up and enforcement of site rules, The provision of refuges, (Safe places)The wearing of high-visibility clothing, Good standard of housekeeping,Training of and supervision of all concerned.

Reversing of VehiclesOne-way systemsDrive through systemsTurning circlesSeparation of vehicles and pedestriansSuitable workplace designAudible reversing alarmsMirrors on blind cornersAdequate lightingUse of banksmen (men guiding the lorry when reversing)__________________________________________________________________________ Page 46


High visibility clothingSite rulesTraining

Driver SelectionReliable and matureSubject to Pre-employment medical checkPhysically fitRoutine medicals e.g. every 5 years or if suffering from:- Limited limb movement, Heart problems, Vision difficulties, Hearing problemsLicensedTrained and competentSupervised and monitoredGiven refresher training

Training programmes for drivers of vehicles in a workplace:-Personal responsibilitiesSafe working load estimationPre-use vehicle inspection and maintenanceSafe parking and security of vehicleSpeed restrictionsSafety rules and signs – sounding horn/no passengers etc.Floor conditions – pot holes/housekeeping etc.Vehicle reversing – audible warning/banksmen etc.

Hazards of Battery ChargingRelease of Hydrogen gas during charging (Fire and explosion)Electrical short circuitsCorrosive and burning effect of battery acidManual Handling of batteries etc.

Precautions for charging batteries should be:-Well ventilated area to prevent build up of hydrogenNo sources of ignition near refuelling/recharging points.Suitable PPE (Acid resistant gloves, eye protection etc.Insulated tools/procedure for connecting chargerLifting equipment for removing batteries

OFF SITE VEHICLESThe Job, The Driver, The Vehicle, The Load

Hazards of fork trucksOverturning OverloadingLoss of loadsCollision with other vehicles___________________________________________________________________________ Page 47

Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate Collision with pedestriansExplosions and fire

Why can trucks overturnTravelling on gradients that are too steepTravelling forwards when descending slopesOverloaded or unevenly loadedTravelling over soft or uneven groundTravelling over slippery surfacesTravelling too fastStriking kerbs or other edgesNot suitable for the taskCarrying loads at a dangerous heights

Pre-use check on fork trucksCondition and pressure of tyresFunctioning of lights, horns, brakesWarning devices working Suitable mirrorsEngine for oil leaksWater leaksSeat securely fixed and suitable restraints where fittedSigns of damage to bodywork and lifting mechanismsSecurity of equipment fitted i.e. LPG tank

PARKING OF FORK TRUCKSPut in neutralPut on handbrakeSwitch off engineRemove keyGive key to appropriate personForks on floorMast slightly forwardParked in suitable locationNo blocking of exits

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1 Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when pedestrians are required to work in vehicle manoeuvring areas. 8)

2 Outline the factors that should be taken into account when planning traffic routes for internal transport. (8)

3 a)

b)

Identify the types of hazard that may cause slips or trips at work

Outline how slips and trip hazards in the workplace might be controlled

(4)

(4)

4 Outline the precautionary measure to be taken to avoid accidents involving reversing vehicles within the workplace. (8)

5 List Eight design features and /or safe practices intended to prevent to reduce the risk of accidents on staircases used as internal pedestrian routes within a work premises. (8)

6 Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in areas where fork-lift trucks are operating.

(8)7 Outline the health and safety considerations when a fork-lift

truck is to be used to unload palletised goods from a vehicle parked in a factory car park. (8)

8 Outline the hazards and corresponding precautions to be taken when charging batteries for fork lift trucks. (8)

9 Diesel powered fork-lift trucks are used in a wide range of organisations and can introduce additional hazards into the working environment.

Identify FOUR hazards associated with such vehicles that may pose a risk to the health of drivers.

Describe the various circumstances that may cause such a vehicle to overturn.

Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in areas where fork-lift trucks are operating.

(4)

(8)

(8)

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10 List EIGHT rules to follow when leaving a fork-lift unattended in the workplace. (8)

11 Outline the main precautions to be taken to ensure the safe transport of hazardous substances by road. (8)

12 Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to a long distance delivery driver. (8)

13 Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in vehicle manoeuvring areas in a busy distribution depot working a 24 hour operation. (8)

14 A fork-lift truck has overturned in a busy warehouse. Identify EIGHT ways this may have occurred. (8)

15 List EIGHT items to be included on a checklist for the routine inspection of a fork-lift truck at the beginning of a shift. (8)

16 Outline the possible causes of a dumper truck overturn.

Identify TWO design features of the vehicle intended to minimize the consequences of an overturn.

(6)

(2)

17 Outline the precautionary measures that may be needed to prevent slip and trip hazards in an office environment (8)

18 Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to an overnight delivery driver.

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IGC2 Element 2:- Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards

MANUAL HANDLING INJURIESExternal:- Cuts, bruises, abrasions, crush injuriesInternal:- Strains, Tears, Hernias

LOADWeight Size ShapeRigidityDifficult to graspUnstable Sharp, hot, cold etc.

INDIVIDUALSexStatureIndividual capabilityTrainingPersons assessment of own capability

TASKHolding away from trunkTwistingStoopingReaching upwardsLarge vertical movementLong carrying distances Strenuous pushing or pullingUnpredictable movement of loadsRepetitive handlingInsufficient rest or recoveryWork rate imposed by the process

ENVIRONMENTConstraints on posturePoor floorsVariations in levelsHot/Cold/ humid conditionsPoor lighting

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PRACTICAL MEASURES TO AVOID MANUAL HANDLING INJURIESAvoid manual handlingRisk reductionAutomation and MechanisationTeam handlingTrainingSmaller lighter loadsSelectionGood environmental working conditions

CORRECT KINETIC HANDLING TECHNIQUEAssess the loadPosition feet as close to load as possibleBend the knees and keep back straightSecure gripLift using thigh musclesLoad close to the bodyAvoid jerking make a smooth movement avoid twistingPut down slide to desired position

Types of CranesMobileTowerGantryOverhead

SAFE USE OF MOBILE CRANESSuitable craneSuitable ground conditionsUse of outriggersAvoidance of obstructionsCare near overhead power linesDesignated and protected areaSuitable and tested lifting tackleCorrect slinging techniqueCompetent personnelLoad near ground if travellingGood visibilityGood communicationsSuitable storage for fuels etc

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Cranes may fail because ofOverturningOverloadingUnsuitable support or inadequate bases for craneLoss of loadFailure of loadLack of maintenanceFailure of load bearing partHigh winds

EMPLOYEE SAFETY DURING LIFTINGNot exceeding safe working loadTrained personnel (Crane operator, Slinger, Banksman(Signaller))Good communication between all operativesProperly maintained equipmentEquipment has undergone statutory inspectionsCorrect lifting accessories free from defect Ensuring load is secureWarning of lift taking placeEnsuring load is securePath free from obstacles Avoid overhead power linesAll personnel clear of the loadLoad lifted verticallyLifted to correct heightMoved at appropriate speedPut down in a safe position and tension releasedSafety helmetsAdequate supervision

. Precaution when using AccessoriesAll accessories properly certificated and testedProperly inspected by a competent person at regular intervalsSafe Working Load (SWL) clearly markedInspection prior to useNo repair to accessories on siteNot used be used purposes not intendedPacking between accessory and loadProperly stored after useTraining provide for staff in safe use

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The hazards of hoists are:- Failure of the chains, slings etc. Being struck by moving parts of the hoist Being hit by materials falling from the platforms Falling down the hoist way from a platform Striking against landing levels riding goods hoists

Precautions when using hoists

Controls only operated from one position Clear visibility of landings Clear signals Secure objects being carried on goods hoists Do not overfill items being carried on goods lifts Do not carry loose items on goods lifts No passengers on goods lifts Safe working load clearly marked Hoist properly examined and tested Suitable fencing and gates at all levels Training in use of hoists

Conveyors

Hazards PrecautionsTrapping in drive mechanisms Guards, No loose clothingTraps, Nips, Drawing in Pop out rollers, nip guardsSharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edgesItems jamming conveyor Adequate designFalling objects Edge guards, barriersRiding or crossing conveyor Bridges, complete enclosureImpact with objects Helmets, paddingNoise Hearing protectionManual handling Mechanical handlingElectrical hazards Suitable electrical equipment

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1 Outline a procedure for the safe lifting of a load by the use of a crane having ensured that the crane has been correctly selected and positioned for the job. (8)

2 Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes. (8)

3 Outline the factors to be considered when undertaking a manual handling assessment of the work undertaken by baggage handlers at a large, busy airport (8)

4 With respect to manual handling operations:-

Identify ways in which the nature of the load may present a risk of injury

State FOUR factors relating to the individual that may increase the risk of injury

(4)

(4)

5 In an assessment of manual handling operations, outline the factors that should be considered when assessing:-

a) The taskb) The load

(4)

(4)6 Outline the factors that should be considered in an assessment

of manual handling activities (8)

7 Outline the issues to consider when undertaking a manual handling assessment of a task that involves lifting buckets of water out of a sink (8)

8 A storeman is required to place boxes of metal components by hand onto shelved racking.

List FOUR types of injury to which the employee may be at risk when carrying out this task

Outline the factors in relation to the task and the load that will affect the risk of injury

Outline a good manual handling technique that could be

(4)

(10)

___________________________________________________________________________ Page 55

Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate adopted by the employee when required to lift one of the boxes from ground level (6)

9 Outline FOUR hazards and the corresponding precautions when using conveyor systems for moving materials within a workplace

(8)

10 An office employee is required to replace 20 litre (20Kg) water bottles located on top of water coolers

Identify FOUR factors specific to the employee that might increase the risk of injury when carrying out the task

Outline a good handling technique that could be used when lifting a full bottle from the floor

(4)

(4)

11 Outline the precautions to be taken to prevent accidents to employees working at ground level in a workshop where heavy loads are lifted and transported by means of an overhead gantry crane (8)

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IGC2 Element 3:- Work Equipment Hazards and Control

Factors to consider prior to installing new machinery

What are the hazards i.e.1. Are there heat or cold problems2. Chemicals3. Biological

Is it suitably guarded The location of the equipment Is it capable of being Isolated/locking off Is there safe access and egress Are personnel trained and competent Any other Specific Risks

The Hierarchy of Controls for Machinery GuardingFixed enclosing guardsOther guards or protection devices such as interlocked guards and pressure matsProtective appliances such as jigs, holders, push sticks, etc.The provision of information, instruction training and supervision

Mechanical Hazards of MachineryEntanglementTrapsImpactContactEjection

ENTICE

NON MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERYElectricityHot surfacesDust and fumes Fire/explosionNoiseVibrationBiologicalHazardous chemicalsRadiationAccess and egressObstructions and projectionsManual handlingNoiseSplinters___________________________________________________________________________ Page 57


FIXED GUARDS:- A physical barrier not connected to machine controls which has no moving parts and requires a tool to remove it

FIXED GUARDSAdvantages Disadvantages

Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controlsOnly defeated by deliberate act No protection when removedOnly visual inspection Access to dangerous parts

when removedMay protect against other hazards e.g. noise, dust, ejection of materials

More difficult to remove not practical when frequent access requiredTends to be left unfixed when frequent access requiredMay hamper visibility

Interlock Guard:- Linked to the machine controls so that when the machine is in a dangerous condition the guard cannot be opened or opening the guard causes the machine to become safe

Interlock GuardAdvantages Disadvantages

Allow safe access for feeding materials

Increase the complexity of the machine

Convenient to use Difficult to test and maintainLess likely to be deliberately defeated

May need a brake or time delay

Speeds up operations Components could fail in serviceRegular maintenance requiredMay not fail to safety

Pedestal drill

Mechanical hazardsPEDESTAL DRILL

Entanglement with hair, clothing, jewellery etc.Contact (Stabbing/puncture)Impact from an unsecured workpieceCutting from swarfEjection of a broken bit or materials

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Precautions using portable power toolsNever carry a tool by the cord or hoseNever pull the cord to disconnect itKeep cords and hoses away from heatDisconnect tools when not in useKeep observers at a safe distanceSecure work with clampsAvoid accidental startingUse RCDs etc. With electrical toolsEnsure good footingWear appropriate PPEMaintain toolsRegular inspection and defect reportingRemove damaged tools from use

Hazards of machineryUnintentional starting of machineryRelease of stored energy e.g. pressure, electricity.Movements due to gravityResidual high or low pressureRestricted access/egressResidues e.g. Toxic, Flammables, CorrosivesMechanical hazardsHeat or coldBiological hazards

CONTROL OF MAINTENANCE HAZARDSIsolate Electrical powerPermit to workIsolate pipelinesAllow hot machinery to coolRelease loadsProvide barriersProvide adequate lighting, means of access etc.Provide suitable PPEVentilate work areaAdequate supervisionCompetent staffSegregate

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1 Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery.

(1) Entanglement(2) Cutting(3) Drawing in(4) Stabbing/puncture

(2)(2)(2)(2)

2 Outline the sources and possible effects of FOUR non-mechanical hazards commonly found in a woodworking shop. (8)

3 Identify FOUR mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills and outline in EACH case how injury may occur. (8)

4 Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery

(1) Entanglement(2) Crushing(3) Drawing in(4) Shear

(2)(2)(2)(2)

5 Outline the practical precautions that might need to be taken prior to the repair of a large item of process equipment (8)

6 Outline the practical precautions that to be taken prior to the maintenance of machinery (8)

7 A company is to carry out essential repairs to a large item of process machinery. Outline the practical precautions that should be taken prior to commencement of the work. (8)

8 Outline the precautions that should be taken in order to ensure the safety of employees undertaking maintenance work in an underground storage vessel (8)

9 a)

b)

Outline the principles of the following types of machine guard:-

1) A fixed guard2) Interlock guard

Identify TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of a fixed machine guard

(2)(2)

(4)

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IGC2 Element 4:- Electrical Hazards and Control

Main Hazards of ElectricityElectric shockArcing Fire/ExplosionsBurns

Factors Influencing severity of electrical shockCurrent in amperesLength of contact timeCurrent path through the bodyConductivity/resistance of the bodyThe voltageConductivity of the environmentThe nature of the contactAge and health status of the victim

Action on finding someone in contact with electricityIsolate the supply if possibleSummon helpGive first-aid if capableRemain with casualty until emergency services arrive

Causes of Electrical FireInadequate circuitsOverloaded circuitsIncorrect fusesDamaged wiring and insulationLoose connectionsOverheating of cables on coilsOverheating due to thermal insulationOverheating due to lack of ventilation Flammable materials too close to electrical equipment

Health effects of Electricity on the bodyDamage to nervous systemIrregular heartbeat (Fibrillation)Internal burnsExternal burnsMuscular contractionsStopping breathingStopping of the heart

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Secondary Effects of ElectricityThrown backwardsFalls from heightUnintentional movement of machine

Fuse:- A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive currents

Circuit Breakers:- Electromagnetic device which perform the same function as fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster

Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means providing a path to earth lower than the human body

Isolation:- The disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from every source of electrical equipment in such a way that the disconnection and separation is secure

Reduced voltage systems:- By reducing the voltage present system the consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced

Residual Current Devices (RCD):- It compares the current flowing into the system with the current flowing out. When the level differs by a preset value the RCD will open rapidly and interrupt the supply

Double Insulation:- Covering live parts by two separated layers of insulation

Safety of Portable Electrical AppliancesThe appliance:-Battery operatedChecked before useSuitable selected equipmentProperly maintained equipmentThe Lead:-Ensure not run over by vehiclesDragged over rough servicesTrapped in machineryExposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicalsContinuous flexingJoints, Connections and plugs:-Makeshift temporary connectionsLeads getting pulled outPoor made connectionsFuse being replaced__________________________________________________________________________ Page 62


Battery operatedThe precautions required when using portable equipment are:-Reduced voltage operationUse of residual current circuit breakersApparatus and cables should be protected against overload All cables should be insulated and protected against mechanical damageSufficient socket outlets to minimise the need for trailing cablesThe use of cable drums wherever possibleCorrect maintenance and repairCorrect connectionsRegular inspections and checks to remove damaged equipmentProperly trained operators

User checksEquipment is of an approved standardWiring and casing are free from damageCables are correctly routedSystem not overloadedCorrect fusesPlug properly wired and grippedCompetent usersUsing reduced voltage in wet conditionsUsing RCDs

ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN OFFICE ENVIRONMENTSEquipment manufactured to appropriate standards e.g, BS/ENThere is a means of isolation and system protected by RCDsSystem of pre use checks on leads, plugs etc for damageEquipment positioned close to suitable socketsNo extension cables which can cause tripping hazardsAvoid multi-socket extension boards which can lead to overloadingControl private electrical equipment brought from homeSystem for reporting defective and damaged equipmentDisconnect or switch off electrical equipment overnightTest appliances at regular intervals

Safety precautions for working on live electrical equipmentPeople who are properly trained and competentAccompanied by another personProvision of adequate informationSuitable insulated toolsInsulated barriers and screensSuitable instruments and test probesPersonal protective clothingRubber matsPermit to work___________________________________________________________________________ Page 63

Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate Restricted access


1 a)

b)

Outline:-

(1) The effects on the human body caused by electric shock

(2) The emergency action to take if someone suffers a severe electric shock.

Outline practical measures to reduce the risk of electric shock when using portable electrical appliances

(4)

(4)

(12)

2 In relation to electrical safety, explain the meaning of the following terms:

(1) Isolation(2) Earthing(3) Reduced low voltage(4) Over current protection

(2)(2)(2)(2)

3 Outline the measures that should be taken to minimise the risk of fire from electrical equipment. (8)

4 Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when using a portable electrical appliance on a construction site. (8)

5 a)

b)

Describe the function and limitations of a fuse as an electrical protection device.

Explain ONE advantage that a residual current device (RCD) has over a fuse

(6)

(2)

6 a)

b)

Outline the dangers associated with electricity

Outline the emergency action to be taken if a person suffers a severe electric shock

(4)

(4)

7 Outline a range of checks that should be made to ensure electrical safety in an office environment (8)

8 a)

b)

Describe the possible effects of electricity on the body

Outline FOUR factors that may affect the severity of injury

(4)

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from contact with the body. (4)

IGC2 Element 5:- Fire Hazards and Control

The fire triangle:- Fuel, Source of ignition, Oxygen

SOURCES OF IGNITIONNaked flamesElectricity (Overheating/Arcing)Smoking materialsHot work (welding, burning)Chemical reactions (Giving off heat)Heating appliances (Hot surfaces)Friction (Inadequate lubrication)Static electricityLighteningImproper Storage of Flammable MaterialsLack of Inspection and Supervision

Ways in which persons can be harmed in fires are:-being burntInhaling toxic fumesAffects of smokeDepletion of oxygen supplyCollapse of the buildingGetting crushed or suffering some other type of injury in attempting to escape.

Flash point:- The temperature at which a vapour given off by substance will ignite when brought to a source of ignition

PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF THE SPREAD OF FIRECONDUCTION:- Heat travels within a solid material from hotter to cooler partsCONVECTION:- Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another. CONVECTION:- Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another. DIRECT CONTACT:- The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and the fuel heats up and eventually ignites.

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Causes of fireDeliberate (Arson)Electrical faultsMisuse of electrical equipmentSmokers materialsSmoking in prohibited areasLoss of control over the firing of rubbishOil/gas heating equipment and portable heatersUnsafe storage of materialsUse of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areasWelding/hot workMechanical heat (Sparks/friction)

Classes of fireA Combustible solids (Coal, paper etc.)B Flammable liquids (Alcohol, Petrol)C Flammable gases (Butane, hydrogen,propane)D MetalsF Cooking media (Vegetable oil or animal fats)

To minimising the risk of electrical equipment starting fire Pre-inspection by usersSuitability of equipment for taskFrequent inspection and maintenance by competent personsAvoid misuse of equipmentPrevent overloading of circuitsCorrect design and rating for tasksIsolate if not in useImproved means of protection, e.g. RCDHigh standards of housekeepingStaff awareness training

Fire Risk AssessmentIdentify the Hazards:- The hazards are the three elements of the fire triangle the fuel, ignition and oxygen sources.Identify who could be harmed and how:- Who are the persons at risk and consider especially vulnerable people such as the disabledEvaluate the risks and the adequacy of the control measures:- This should consider the prevention, protection and precautions measures.Record findings and actionsReview:- If no longer valid

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factors to be considered in fire risk assessmentConstruction and use of buildingFlammable materials Sources of ignitionWork activities generating heatMethods of controlMeans of fire detectionMeans of raising alarmMeans of fighting fire and maintenance of equipmentEvacuation routes/Protection of evacuation routesNumbers of persons/Specially at riskFire prevention training/Fire drills

PREVENTION OF FIREEliminate or reduce the storage of flammable materialsControl of ignition sourcesControl smoking and smoking materialsGood housekeeping (Preventing accumulation of rubbish)Lubrication of machinery to prevent frictionNo overloading of electrical systemsRegular inspection of electrical systemsVentilation outlets not obstructedControlling hot work with permits etc.Proper storage of flammable liquids Segregation of incompatible chemicals Security to prevent arsonRegular inspection and supervision

Storage of flammable gases and liquidsMinimum quantities (50 litres maximum in workrooms)Suitable fixed storage tanksKeep upright in well ventilated storage areaClear marking of containersClearly marked storage areaSpillage controlsAdequate ventilationSuitable fire fighting equipmentTrained competent staffAdequate Warning signs

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The main requirements of a safe means of escape will be:-If necessary 2 routes in opposite directionsFire resistant walls & ceilingsAdequate size relative to numbers of personsWithin travel distance guidelinesClearly marked/direction arrowsEmergency lightingExit route free from obstructionsFinal exit door opening outwardsFire/smoke doors on route/self closingFixed stairs to upper floorsExit to safe place/assembly point

A FIRE TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR EMPLOYEES SHOULD INCLUDEMeans of raising alarm/sound of alarmContact the emergency servicesFire evacuation routes/Fire evacuation signsWho are and the role of fire marshalsAssembly points/Places of safety/role callWhen not to tackle fireTypes of fire extinguishers to be used to maintain escapePrevention of spread of fire/fire doors/close windowsNot to use liftsEvacuation in orderly manner/no runningPrevention of return/Disabled evacuation procedure

REGULAR FIRE DRILLS SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN TOSatisfying a legal requirement, or one specified in a fire certificate Checking that the alarm can be heard in all parts of the premises; Testing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures Familiarising employees (particularly those new to the undertaking) with the alarms, evacuation procedures, escape routes & assembly points so that, in the case of a real emergency, they would know the actions to be taken; Providing an opportunity for fire wardens & others with specific functions to practice their designated roles

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1 Explain the methods of heat transfer that can spread fire in a building. (8)

2 Outline the main requirements of a safe means of access from a building in the event of a fire. (8)

3 a)

b)

Identify FOUR different types of ignition source that may lead to a fire in the workplace.

For EACH type of ignition source identified in a), Outline the precautions that could be taken to prevent a fire starting.

(4)

(4)

4

5

Outline reasons for undertaking regular fire drills in the workplace

Outline the issues that should be included in a training programme for employees on the emergency action to be taken in the event of fire.

(8)

(8)

6 a)

b)

With reference to the fire triangle Outline TWO methods of extinguishing fires.

State the ways in which persons could be harmed by a fire in work premises.

(4)

(4)

7 a)

b)

Explain with a suitable sketch the meaning of the term “Fire triangle”.

List FOUR types of ignition source that may cause a fire to occur giving an example of EACH type.

(4)

(4)

8 a)

b)

c)

What are the principal reasons for the spread of fire in buildings?

Explain the mode of operation of:

1) A dry powder fire appliance: and

2) A foam appliance

What practical measures must be taken to ensure a safe means of escape?.

(6)

(4)

(4)

(6)___________________________________________________________________________ Page 69


9 List EIGHT ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in a workplace (8)

10 Give reasons that may delay the safe evacuation of employees from a workplace during a fire (8)

11 Identify the FOUR methods of heat transfer and explain how EACH can cause the spread of fire (8)

12 Outline TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of using hose reels as a means of extinguishing fires

Outline the main factors to consider in the siting of hose reels

(4)

(4)

13 Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of persons from a building in the event of fire. (8)

14 In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a material (Fuel) that falls within EACH of the classes A, B, C, D

Identify TWO methods of heat transfer and explain how EACH method contributes to the spread of fire.

(4)

(4)

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Element 6:- Chemical and biological health hazards and controls

Classification of Hazardous Substances

Irritant:- Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g. PetrolCorrosive:- Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy it by burning e.g. acidsHarmful:- Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may cause damage to healthVery Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or chronic damage to healthToxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or chronic damage to healthCarcinogenic:- Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that may lead to cancer

ROUTES OF ENTRY INTO BODYInhalationIngestionAbsorptionDirect entryInjection

ACUTE EFFECTS DEFINITION:- Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure which is usually reversible

ACUTE EFFECTS OF EXPOSUREHeadachesDizzinessNauseaInflamationEye irritationUnconsciousness/Death

CHRONIC EFFECTS:- Adverse health term effects resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure leading to a gradual often irreversible effects e.g. liver disease caused by Alcohol

Target Organs:- A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is exposed to or by contaminated by a particular harmful agent

Examples:- Mercury, Lead the brain, Asbestos, Ammonia the Lungs

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ASBESTOSMAIN TYPES:- Blue, Brown and White DISEASES:- Asbestosis, Lung cancer, MesotheliomaUSESPipe laggingWall and roof panelsCeiling tilesTextured coatingsInsulation materialsGasketsBrake linings

Health hazards Organic solvents irritation of the eyes, skin, throat, and lungs. Headachesnausea and dizzinessloss of consciousness (narcosis) and even death.

Dermatitis Symptoms:-inflammation of skin, usually on the hands, wrists and forearms. The skin turns red and in some cases may be itchy.

Dermatitis can be prevented by:-Substitution/change processClean working conditions and properly planned work systemsCareful attention to skin hygiene principlesPrompt attention to cuts, abrasions, and spillages onto the skinUse of protective equipmentBarrier cream can helpPre-employment screening for sensitive individuals

Control measures for Biological HazardsCleaning and disinfectionWater treatmentVermin controlContainment of the biological agentAvoidance of sharp implementsProper disposal of contaminated wasteImmunisationPersonal hygienePPE

Total inhalable dust is defined as:- The total dust that will enter the nose and mouth and lungs during breathing.

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Respirable dust is defined as:-Airborne dust of such a size that it is able to enter the lungs during normal breathing.

Dust can cause respiratory diseases such as Asbestos, Silicosis, Asthma, Bronchitis, Lung Cancer, Farmers Lung

BODIES DEFENCES AGAINST DUSTThe hair and wetness of the noseThe change of direction of the larynxSneezing and coughingThe hair cells in the respiratory tractTears and blinking of the eyes

INDICATION OF DUST PROBLEMVisual signs of dustComplaints by employeesMonitoringHealth problems possibly detected by health surveillanceEquipment problems such as blocked filters

TO ASSESS LEVELS OF DUST Carry out visual examination Use a dust lamp Measuring levels of dust using:- Sampling:- Personal or Area sampling.

CONTROL MEASURES FOR DUSTEliminate source e.g. outsourcingSubstitution e.g. pellets instead of powdersChange processUse liquid process as opposed to dry/damping downEnclosure of the processLocal exhaust ventilationVacuuming instead of sweepingLimiting time of exposureLimiting numbers exposedRespiratory protective equipmentEnsuring suitable maintenance

INFORMATION ON MANUFACTURERS SAFETY DATA SHEETSIdentification of substance/preparationThe manufacturer/supplierHealth effectsFirst Aid measuresFire fighting measuresAccidental release measuresHandling and storage___________________________________________________________________________ Page 73

Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate Personal Protective EquipmentEnvironmental/Disposal considerations

Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal

Control of health hazardsEliminateReduce by substitutionIsolate:-Total EnclosureSegregate the peopleControlEngineering Control (LEV)Maintenance of controlsChange the work pattern or methodHygiene and housekeepingPPE/Discipline

Emergency Procedures deal with emergencies:- First aid facilitiesRelevant safety drills and warning devicesSuitable training for staffAvailability of personal protective equipmentProvision of emergency showers and eye-wash facilities;Spillage and leakage procedureEvacuation procedures. Warnings to other people

Procedure to deal with a major spillage:- Isolation of the areaEvacuation of employees at riskIssue of appropriate PPE to those dealing with the spillageProvision of spillage booms and absorbent materialsContact with emergency services The safe disposal of the spilled substance and absorbent material used.

Main Parts of LEV:- Hood, Ducting, Filter, Fan, Exhaust (Draw it)LEV becomes inefficient because of:-Hood positioned to far away from contaminantHood incorrectly positionedIncreases in level of contaminantBroken or blocked ductingFilters blocked or wrong filters usedWear or corrosion of fan bladesLack of maintenanceUnauthorised alterationsIncorrect settingOperators failing to use it correctly__________________________________________________________________________ Page 74


USER checks on LEV Checking hood positions and repositioning if necessaryclean of ductingCheck the condition and correct installation of filtersExamine fan blades to ensure there is no build up of contaminantTightening and cleaning of drive beltsGeneral lubrication of moving parts.Repair physical damage;

Grab Sampler (Chemical stain detector tube) (Draw it)Advantages Disadvantages

Low cost InaccurateTakes little time Positioning of tubeImmediate result Only a snap shotLittle training InefficientInformation during spillage Chemical use onlyGood for coarse indication Substance specific

WASTE STORAGEStorage area of a sufficient sizeStorage area suitable located away from drains etc.Storage area clearly labelledIndividual containers clearly labelledDifferent types of waste stored separatelyIncompatible wastes never stored togetherAppropriate containers for type of wasteStorage of waste kept to a minimumProtect waste from the elements if necessaryIf necessary protect storage area with bunds etc.Do not dispose of hazardous waste in general waste skipsEnsure storage area is secure

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1 a)

b)

c)

List THREE respiratory diseases that could be caused by exposure to dust at work.

Describe the bodies respiratory defence mechanisms against atmospheric dust.

Outline with practical examples where appropriate the control measures that may be used to reduce levels of dust in a workplace.

(3)

(7)

(10)

2 State the effects on the body of the following types of hazardous substance giving a relevant example of EACH

(1) Irritant(2) Corrosive(3) Toxic(4) Carcinogenic

(2)(2)(2)(2)

3 a)

b)

Define the term ‘Target Organ’ with the context of occupational health.

Outline the personal hygiene practices that should be followed to reduce the risk of ingestion of a hazardous substance

(2)

(6)

4 a)

b)

State TWO respiratory diseases that may be caused by exposure to asbestos.

Identify where asbestos is likely to be encountered in a building during renovation work.

(2)

(6)

5 List FOUR classifications of dangerous substances and sketch their associated warning signs. (8)

6 a)

b)

List FOUR respiratory diseases that could be caused by exposure to dust at work

Identify the possible indications of a dust problem in a workplace

(4)

(4)

7 a)

b)

Define the term ’Target Organ’ within the context of occupational health.

Describe the bodies respiratory defence mechanisms against atmospheric dusts.

(2)

(6)

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8 a) Describe the aid of a labelled sketch, a chemical indicator (Stain detector) suitable for atmospheric monitoring.

List the main limitations of chemical indicator (Stain detector) tubes.

(4)

(4)9 a)

b)

Give TWO examples of a disease resulting from biological hazards at work.

Outline the control measures that could be used to reduce the risk of infection from ONE of the biological hazards given in (a).

(2)

(6)

10 Outline with examples, the appropriate control measures for dealing with exposure to a hazardous chemical, ranging from the most effective to the least effective. (8)

11 a)

b)

Explain the term respirable dust

Outline methods for measuring airborne dust in the workplace

(2)

(6)

12 a)

b)

Identify possible routes of entry of biological organisms into the body

Outline the control measures that could be used to reduce the risk of infection from biological organisms

(4)

(4)

13 Identify the information that should be included on a manufacturers hazardous substance safety data sheet (8)

14 List TWO substances that can cause occupational dermatitis and describe how this occurs

Outline specific measures designed to prevent the occurrence of occupational dermatitis.

(4)

(4)

15 State the principles of EACH of the following methods used to control airborne contaminants at work.

1) Dilution ventilation2) Local exhaust ventilation

Draw a labelled sketch of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system clearly showing the main components

(1)(1)

(6)

16 Outline the factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a local exhaust system 8)

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Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC2 Element 7:- Physical and psychological hazards

Frequency:- The number of wave fronts assign a point in one second measured in Hertz

Intensity:- The loudness of the noise

Decibel:- The sound pressure level

“A” Weighting:- A filter in the noise meter that equates the noise to how the human ear perceives the noise

Hearing DamageAcute Chronic

Stress Noise induced hearing lossTemporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shiftTemporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitusBlast deafness Prebyacusis

Noise Control

Practical measures to reduce noise at source on plantTighten loose guards and panelsMaintenance with regular lubrication for both oil and greaseEliminate unnecessary compressed air and steam leaksMachinery properly adjusted Use damped or rubber lined containers for catching componentsSwitch off plant not in use, especially fansUse rubber or plastic bushes in linkages, use plastic gears.

PathMoving the source away from the noise sensitive area. EnclosureSilencersAbsorptionDampinguse of rubber/cork, springs etc in noise path Isolationsound proofed rooms LaggingScreens

Person/Recieverissue hearing protectionlimit the time of exposure.

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Practical measures to reduce exposure to excessive noise:-Lubrication and maintenanceChange the processReduce energyIsolationSilencingEnclosureInsulationAbsorptionDampingPPEReduce time of exposure

Radiation

Non-IonisingType Use in Industry

Infrared Heating and brazingLasers Cutting, Bar code readersMicrowaves Food preparation, Signal transmissionUltra-violet Welding

Health effectsBurnsReddening of the skinCataractsArc eyeTemporary sterility

Ionising RadiationType Use in Industry

Alpha Smoke detectorsBeta Thickness testingGamma Non-Destructive testing X-Ray MedicalNeutron By product nuclear fission

Acute effects from high dose Chronic EffectsReddening of the skin CancersRadiation sickness, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhoea

Sterility

Hair loss Hereditary defectsDeath Effects on unborn children

Death

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Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate CONTROL MEASURES FOR IONISING RADIATIONTimeDistanceShieldingPPEEnvironmental and personal monitoringCorrect disposal of radiation materialsGood hygiene practicesTraining and supervision

CONTROL MEASURES FOR NON-IONISING RADIATION ShieldingDistance between source and the personReducing duration of exposurePersonal protective equipmentProtective creams

Health effects of poor lightingEye strain/HeadachesPoor postureTripping over unseen objectsIncreased likelihood of human errorIncreased time to vacate work area

Factors to consider when assessing adequacy of lightingThe tasks being undertakingThe size and layout of the work areaThe equipment usedAvailability of natural lightShift times/work patternsSuitable number of artificial lightContrast levelsGlareAreas in shadowNeed for localised lightingMaintenance of lightingAdequate emergency lighting

Work in a Hot EnvironmentHealth effectsSkin burnsCataractsDehydrationHeat crampsHeadachesFainting

Precautions__________________________________________________________________________ Page 80


Medical pre-selectionAcclimatisationLimit time of exposureCold drinksPPE

Work in Cold EnvironmentHealth effectsHypothermiaLoss of concentrationShiveringFrost bitePrecautionsMedical pre-selectionAcclimatisationLimit time of exposureHot drinksInsulated clothing

HEALTH EFFECTS OF BEING SEATED FOR LONG TIMEVertebral and muscular damageHigh blood pressureCirculation problems

SUITABLE SEAT FOR SEDENTARY WORKERSGood lumbar supportGood width and depthAbility to adjust seat back and heightStable baseAbility to swivelProvision of arm rests

WelfareSufficient toilets and washing facilitiesEating and changing facilitiesClothing storageSeatingRest areasArrangements for non-smokers

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Working environment factors that can cause stress Inadequate lightingCramped/dirty working conditionsUntidy working conditionsPoor layout leading to lack of privacy or securityProblems of glareExtremes of temperature/humidityInadequate ventilation/stale airNoiseVibrationInadequate welfare facilitiesBad weather conditions

ErgonomicsThe study of the relationship between workers and their environment, work equipment and work task.

Symptoms of WRULDsNumbness in fingersPains in hands or armsRestriction of joint movementSoft tissue swelling

Activites causing of WRULDsRepetitive finger, hand or arm movementsTwisting movementsSqueezingHammeringPushing, pulling or reaching movements

Control Measures (Precautions) for WRULDsIdentify job involving frequent hand and arm movementsReduce the force required and the frequency and durationDesign or redesign the task.Design or redesign the equipment.Design or redesign the work station.Automate or mechanise the process.Job rotation.Regular breaks.Training employers in correct use of tools.Training workers in safe posturesMedical surveillance.Assessment of individuals for task.

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Display Screen Equipment (DSEs) Health effectsUpper limb pains and discomfortEye and eyesight effectsEpilepsyRadiation effects on pregnant womenFatigue and stress

Workstation requirementsGood lighting with Adequate contrast, no glare or distracting reflectionsDistracting noise minimisedLeg room and clearances to allow postural changesWindow covering if necessary to minimise glareSuitable software appropriate to the taskScreen:- stable image, adjustable, readable and glare freeKeyboard:- usable, adjustable, detachable and legibleWork surface:- Space for flexible arrangement of equipment/documentsChair:- Stable and adjustableFootrest if user needs oneSuitable environment e.g. temperature

Hand-Arm Vibration

Health EffectsTingling in the hands and extremitiesNumbness and blanching of the fingersSwollen painful jointsReduction in manual dexterityReduction in the sensation of touch

Control MeasuresEliminationReduce the degree of vibrationSelect low vibration equipmentSelect ergonomically designed equipmentMaintenance of equipmentReduce grip and push force with work equipmentReduce the time workers exposedIntroduce health surveillanceGloves and heated padsInformation and training on the nature of risks

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StressPhysical Effects Psychological effects

Headaches Increased anxietyDizziness Reduced concentrationAching neck and shoulders IrritabilitySkin rashes Sudden mood changesProne to infections Inability to copePanic attacks Reduced work outputRaised heart rate Increased use of alcohol, etcIncreased blood pressure Poor sleep patternsHeart diseaseStomach ulcers

Causes of StressCultureDemandsControlRelationshipsChangeRoleIndividualEnvironment

Control measures for stressSelecting suitable employeesTrainingClearly defined rolesClearly work objectivesComfortable working environmentGood lines of communicationRealistic work schedulesEmployee involvementGrievance procedureImpartial investigation of stressManagement support

Violence at work

Occupations at riskTaxi driversHospitalsSchoolsCash transactionsDelivery/collection of money

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CONTROL MEASURES FOR REDUCING VIOLENCEVideo cameras, alarm buttons, visible security staffProtective screens and coded security locksWider counters and higher floor on staff sideQueue Management and informationChange the job to give less face to face contactUse cheques, credit cards, tokens instead of cashCheck identity of “clients” and suitability of meeting locationsAvoid lone working in high risk areasCall in system for lone workersArrangements to get staff home if working lateTraining employees to deal with aggressionChanging public waiting areasProvide staff at risk with escape routes

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IGC2 ELEMENT 7 – QUESTIONS

1 What THREE main factors must be considered when protecting a worker from the effect of a noise environment?. Use typical practical examples to explain your answer. (8)

2 A pneumatic drill (chisel) is to be used during extensive repair work to the floor of a busy warehouse.

Identify by means of a labelled sketch, THREE possible transmission paths the noise could take

Outline appropriate control measures to reduce the noise exposures of the operator and warehouse staff

(3)

(5)

3 a)

b)

Explain the meaning of the following terms in relation to noise:-

1) Frequency2) Intensity

Outline TWO acute and TWO chronic health effects from exposure to noise

(2)(2)

(4)

4 Explain the meaning of the following terms in relation to noise control:-

1) Silencing2) Absorption3) Damping4) Isolation

(2)(2)(2)(2)

5 A pneumatic drill (chisel) is to be used to remove a concrete wall located within a factory.

Identify by means of a labelled sketch THREE possible transmission paths the noise from the chisel could take.

Outline the means by which noise exposures of both chisel operator AND factory employees might be minimised.

Explain the limitations of personal protection used in these circumstances.

(6)

(8)

(6)

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6 a)

b)

c)

Identify TWO workplace sources of ionising radiation.

Describe the effects of Ionising radiation on the body.

Outline the measures that may be used to protect workers from exposure to Ionising Radiation.

(2)

(2)

(4)

7 a)

b)

For EACH of the following types of Non-ionising Radiation identify a source and state the possible health effects on exposed individuals.

(1) Infrared Radiation(2) Ultraviolet

Identify the general methods of protecting people against exposure to Non-ionising Radiation.

(2)(2)

(4)

8 a)

b)

Outline the possible health risks associated with working in a seated position for prolonged periods of time

Outline the features of a suitable chair for sedentary work

(4)

(4)

9 Outline EIGHT factors in the physical environment that may cause a person to feel stressed at work (8)

10 Identify the possible effects on health that may be caused by working in a hot environment such as a foundry.

Outline the measures that may be taken to help prevent the health effects identified in a)

(4)

(4)

11 A group of production line workers are required to check the operation of padlocks manually as the last stage of a manufacturing process. A number of cases of work related upper limb disorders (WRULDs) have been reported amongst the employees.

1) Identify the typical symptoms that the affected employees would have shown

2) Outline the specific causal factors that may have contributed to the condition

3) Outline the measures that should be considered in order

(4)

(4)

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Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate to minimise the risk of WRULDs to these employees (12)

12 Outline the factors to be considered when assessing risks to the health of a user of display screen equipment

13 Outline the possible risks to health associated with the use of display screen equipment (DSE)

Identify the features required for a suitable chair for use at a DSE workstation

(4)

(4)

14 Outline the measures an employer might consider to minimise the risk of violence to employees (8)

15 State the health and safety risks associated with welding operations (8)

16 A glassworks produces covers for streetlights and industrial lighting. The process involves molten glass being blown by hand and shaped into moulds.

Identify FOUR health effects that may be caused by working in the hot conditions of the glass factory

Describe measures that could be taken in order to minimise the health effects of working in such hot environments

Outline the factors relating to the task and the load that may affect the risk of injury to an employee engaged in stacking the finished product on to racking

(4)

(6)

(10)

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IGC2 Element 8:- Construction Activites Hazards and Control

SITE PRECAUTIONS FOR CHILDRENFencing, Hoardings, Warning SignsSecurity Patrols, Visiting schools,Viewing panels.Covering or fencing excavationsRemoving laddersImmobilising plant and machineryLocking away chemicals and toolsReducing the height of materialsIsolating servicesClearing away rubbish and debris

The main hazards associated with roof work include:-Fragile roof materialsRoof edgesSlippery sloping roof surfacesMaterials falling from roofContact with overhead electricity cablesManual handling

PRECAUTIONS FOR PITCHED ROOFSCarry out roof survey prior to work startingSafe means of access to roofRoof edge barriersRoof ladders or crawling boards providedIdentifying and covering roof lightsFacilities to raise and lower materials safelyProtection for persons belowProvision of safety harnesses if necessaryAvoid working in severe adverse weather conditionsCompetent workers and supervisors

Flat roof precautions As above plus:-Safe use of bitumen boilersSafe use of burning gasesTraining in manual handling

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Ladders main hazards in useOver-reaching from ladderUn-secured/unstable ladderLadder at wrong angleLadder not extended above step off pointUsing a damaged/worn ladderMetal ladder contact with overhead electrical cablesFalling material being carried up ladderVehicle collision with base of ladderManual handling – carrying out and erecting

HAZARDS OF LADDERS CAN BE MINIMISED BY:- The ladder is of the correct length/typeIt is in good condition (e.g. not painted or damaged).The ladder must be placed the right way upLadder rested on a firm level baseUse of stabilization devices or otherwise footed Correct angle 75% or 1:4 ratio. Tied off at top to avoid over-reaching Extend suitable distance above step off point (1.05metres min)The top of the ladder should be rested against a solid surfaceUse wooden ladders near overhead power linesProtect the base of the ladder from collision with vehiclesProvide equipment to raise materialsProvide holsters to carry toolsOnly one person at a time on a ladderUsers of the ladder should have suitable footwearRungs should be clear of grease, oil or other slippery substance.Use of ladder by only trained usersAssistance when moving/erecting ladderInspection and maintenance of ladders/ladder register

Precautions when using stepladdersSuitable for taskNo work carried out from top stepWorkers maintain three point contactStep ladder in good conditionProperly erected and legs fully extendedPositioned on even groundClose to work avoid overreachingNot overloadedFooted if necessary

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Scaffolding

Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold

Inspection checking the above are correct PlusStaggered jointsNot overloadedSuitable access

Show how scaffold is attached to the building

When should scaffolding be inspectedAfter erection and before useEvery seven daysAfter adverse weather conditionsBeing struck by vehicleAfter substantial alteration

Reasons for scaffolding collapse Wrong materials Unstable foundationsImproperly designedImproper erectionOverloadingModified incorrectlyUndermined by excavationsHit by machineryExcessive winds/Rain

Carrying out scaffolding inspectionBase – Firm ground and sole platesLine of standards and ledgersSpacing of transoms to support boardsBoards good conditionGuardrails and toeboardsBracingMeans of accessTies – number and positionCorrect couplersJoints staggered

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PRECAUTIONS USING A MOBILE TOWER SCAFFOLDOnly to be used on firm, stable level groundTo be moved only by pulling or pushing at the base.Working platforms should be clear of men and materials when being moved.Wheels should be turned outwards to provide maximum base dimensionsWheel brakes must be “on” and locked when the scaffold is being used.Correct height to width ratioDiagonal bracingWorking platform properly boarded and evenly supportedWorking platform properly fitted with guardrails and toeboardsNot overloadedProperly secured access extending above landing placeAccount taken of overhead obstructions/power linesCorrect fittings and materials used and inspected every 7 days

Precautions using MEWPs Competent staffGuard rails and toeboardsErected on firm level groundNot overloadedClear of obstructionsWork area is cordoned offOutriggers are extendedProcedure if machine failsGood lighting

Precautions for suspended access cradles and platformsRegular inspectionsSafe working loadCompetent staffSafety equipment workingPlatform edge protectionAdverse weather rules not used in strong windsGuard rails and toeboards fittedProtected electricity suppliesSafety harnesses wornCommunicationEmergency procedures

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Excavations main hazardsUndermining existing foundationsCollapseUnderground servicesPersons falling inVehicles close to edgeAccess and egressHazardous atmospheresFloodingContaminationType of soilRemoval of soil/type of soil and conditions

HAZARDS OF DEMOLITIONFalling debris, masonry.Premature collapse of building.Falls from a height or on the same level.Services (electricity, gas and water).Explosion and fire.Chemical contamination e.g. splash, dust, fumes.Asbestos.biological e.g. weils (stagnant water); hepatitis (syringes).Manual handling e.g. strains fractures.The use of explosives.Collisions with heavy plant, plant toppling over.Noise e.g. heavy plant, pneumatic drills, power tools.

Construction health hazardsNoiseVibrationDustsAsbestos/Lead/Silica/SawdustCementSolvents and cleanersBiological hazards

Storage of Flammable MaterialsKeep quantities to a minimumSecure storage areasStorage area properly ventilatedContainers and cylinders returned to storage at end of dayProhibit smoking and other ignition sources from storage areaSuitable and properly labelled containers for decanted materialsProtection of storage area from vehicle impactInspection of gas cylinders to ensure valves fully closedCorrect and right number of fire extinguishers___________________________________________________________________________ Page 93


Precautions using SkipsObtained from reputable supplier i.e. licensed if necessaryHazardous wastes stored separatelySkip in good condition i.e. no holesSkip not overloadedSkip properly sited on level groundAdequate room for delivery and removalChutes for fillingNetting or sheeting for removalPPE for staff

Suitable precautions using electrical equipment on site:-Ensuring suitable equipmentUsing reduced voltage 110V supply.Extra low voltage for wet locationsUse of RCDsDouble insulated toolsBattery operated toolsSuitable connectionsPre-use inspectionsRegular maintenance and frequent testingAvoid working in wet conditions if possibleCompetent staff.

Precautions for underground servicesPlan jobLocate cables Avoid cablesSafe digging procedures

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1 Mobile tower scaffolds should be used on stable, level ground.

List EIGHT additional points that should be considered to ensure safe use of a mobile tower scaffold. (8)

2 a) What are the main hazards connected with the use of ladders at work.

Explain how such hazards can be avoided.

(3)

(5)

3 Outline the precautions to be taken when using a mobile elevated work platform (MEWP) to reach a high point such as a streetlight. (8)

4 Outline the hazards and corresponding precautions when working on the flat roof of a building. (8)

5 Outline FIVE factors that may contribute to the collapse of an independent tied scaffold

Outline precautions that could be taken to prevent materials falling from a scaffold whilst work is being carried out.

(5)

(3)

6 Outline the main dangers and the corresponding precautions that should be taken with the use of ladders. (8)

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Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate 7 Outline the precautions that might be taken to reduce the risk

of injury when using stepladders (8)

8 Describe options for reducing the risk of electric shock when using a portable electric drill on a construction site. (8)

9 Outline the precautions to take to protect against electrical contact when:-

1) Excavating near underground cables

2) Working in the vicinity of overhead power lines

(4)

(4)

10 a) Explain the meaning of the term hazard

Outline the main hazards that may be present during the demolition of a building

(2)

(6)

11 Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure the safety of children who might be tempted to gain unauthorised access to a construction site. (8)

12 a)

b)

Outline four ways in which a person may be injured when using a ladder at work

List the precautions that should be taken to ensure the safe use of ladders

(4)

(4)

13 A contractor is to be selected to drain and clear a section of canal.

Identify the information that might be required to establish the suitability of the contractor.

Describe the hazards associated with the draining and clearing operation.

Outline suitable controls to minimise the risk from the hazards

(4)

(8)

(8)

14 Outline the precautions to be taken when carrying out repairs to the flat roof of a building (8)

15 Identify ways in which accidents may be prevented when using ladders as a means of access. (8)

16 Outline the possible risks to health and safety associated with __________________________________________________________________________ Page 96


laying paving slabs in a busy high street (8)

17 Outline the precautions to be taken to reduce the risk of injury when work is carried out on a pitched (sloping) roof (8)

18 Outline the main precautions to be taken when carrying out excavation work (8)

19 Outline the main dangers associated with excavations on a construction site. (8)

Practice Examination Paper P2 A1

a)

b)

c)

Battery powered fork lift trucks are used to move palletised goods within a warehouse.Describe FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery powered for lift trucks Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in the areas where the fork lift trucks are operatingOutline Eight rules to follow when a fork lift truck is left unattended

(4)

(8)(8)

2 Outline the factors that may lead to unacceptable levels of occupational stress amongst workers (8)

3 a)

b)

Explain with a suitable sketch the meaning of the triangle of fire List FOUR sources (types) of ignition that may cause a fire to occur giving a typical workplace example of EACH

(4)

(4)

4 a)

b)

For each of the following types on non-ionising radiation identify an occupational source and state the possible ill-health effects on exposed individuals

1) Infra-red radiation2) Ultra-violet radiation

Identify the general methods for protecting against exposure to non-ionising radiation

(2)(2)

(4)

5 Outline the particular hazards that might be encountered by staff working in a busy kitchen (8)

6 Outline a range of checks that should be made to ensure electrical safety in an office environment (8)

7 a) Outline the principles of the following types of machine guard

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b)

1) A fixed guard2) An interlocking guard

Identify TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of a fixed machine guard

(2)(2)

(4)

8 Outline the factors to be considered in the selection and use of personal head protection (8)

9 a)

b)

List TWO types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect manual handling of loadsOutline a good manual handling technique that could be adopted by a person required to lift a load from the ground

(2)

(6)

10 a)b)

Explain the meaning of the term hazardOutline the main hazards that may be present during the demolition of a building

(2)

(6)

11 Identify ways in which accident may be prevented when using ladders for means of access (8)

Practice Examination Paper P2 B1

a)

b)

c)

Employees working for a specialist shoe manufacturer are engaged in trimming soles by hand prior to using a solvent based adhesive to glue them on to the shoes.

Describe FOUR possible adverse health effects that may be experienced by these employeesIdentify the information that should be included on the manufacturers material safety data sheet that has been supplied with the adhesiveOutline measures to minimise health and safety risks both from the trimming and gluing operations

(4)

(8)

(8)

2

a)b)

In relation to the ill health effects from the use of vibrating hand held-held tools:-Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected individualsOutline the control measures that may be used to minimise the risks of such effects

(4)

(4)

3 A storeman is engaged in placing boxes of metal components by hand onto shelves:

a) Outline FOUR types of injury to which the storeman may be at risk whilst carrying out this operation

b) Outline the factors in relation to the task that will affect the risk of injury

(4)

(4)

4 a)b)

Describe the possible health effects of electricity on the bodyOutline four factors that may affect the severity of injury from contact with electricity

(4)

(4)

5 Outline the measure that should be taken to minimise the risk of fire from electrical equipment (8)

6 Identify the possible indications of a dust problem in the workplace (4)

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Describe how the body may defend itself against the harmful effects of airborne dust (4)

7 Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when pedestrians are required to work in vehicle manoeuvring areas. (8)

8 Outline the measures and employer might consider to minimise the risk of violence against workers. (8)

9 Identify FOUR mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills and in EACH case outline how injury may occur (8)

10 Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of persons from a building in the event of fire (8)

11 Outline a procedure for the safe lifting of a load by the use of a crane having ensured that the crane has been correctly selected and positioned for the job. (8)

Practice Examination Paper P2 C1

a)

b)

c)

A group of production line workers are required to check the operation of padlocks manually as the last stage of a manufacturing process. A number of cases of work related upper limb disorders (WRULDs) have been reported amongst the employees.

Identify the typical symptoms that the affected employees would have shown Outline the specific causal factors that may have contributed to the conditionOutline the measures that should be considered in order to minimise the risk of WRULDs to these employees

(4)

(8)

(8)

2 Identify FOUR methods of heat transfer and explain how EACH can cause the spread of fire (8)

3 Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery:

a) Entanglementb) Crushingc) Drawing ind) Shear

(2)(2)(2)(2)

4Outline the factors that may affect the risk from manual handling activities in relation to:

a) The loadb) The individual

(4)(4)

5 Outline with practical examples where appropriate the control measures that may be used to reduce levels of dust in a working environment (8)

6 A large item of process equipment is being cleaned manually with a flammable solvent before being partially dismantled for repair

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Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate a)b)

Identify FOUR possible health effects from exposure to the solventOutline the safety precautions that should be taken when using such solvents

(4)

(4)

7 A computer user has complained of neck and back pain.Outline the features associated with the workstation that might have contributed towards the condition (8)

8 a)b)

Describe the possible health effects of electricity on the bodyOutline the emergency action to be taken if a person suffers a severe electric shock

(4)

(4)

9 Outline FOUR types of engineering control that may be used to reduce noise exposure in the workplace giving an example of each (8)

10 Outline the precautions to be taken when repair work is being carried out on a sloping roof (8)

11 List EIGHT ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in the workplace (8)

Practice Examination Paper P2 D1

a)

b)

c)

A contractor is to be selected to drain and clear a section of canal.

Identify the information that might be required to establish the suitability of the contractorDescribe the hazards associated with the draining and clearing operationOutline suitable controls to minimise the risk from the hazards

(8)

(6)

(6)

2 Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery

a) Entanglementb) Cuttingc) Drawing ind) Stabbing/Puncture

(2)(2)(2)(2)

3 Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure the safety of children who might be tempted to gain unauthorised access to a construction site. (8)

4 Outline the possible health and safety risks associated with welding operations (8)

5 Outline the precautionary measures to be taken to avoid accidents involving reversing vehicles within a workplace. (8)

6 Outline reasons for undertaking regular fire drills in the workplace (8)

7 Outline the precautions to be taken to ensure the safety of employees carrying out maintenance work on process equipment (8)

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8 An essential raw material for a process is delivered in powdered form and poured by hand from bags into a mixing vessel.

Outline the control measures that might be considered in this situation in order to reduce employee exposure to the substance (8)

9 Outline the issues to consider when undertaking a manual handling assessment of a task that involves lifting buckets of water out of a sink (8)

10 Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when using a portable electrical appliance on a construction site. (8)

11 Identify the possible effects on health that may be caused by working in a hot environment such as a foundry.

Outline the measures that may be taken to help prevent the health effects identified in a)

(4)

(4)

Practice Examination Paper P2 E1 a)

b)

c)

Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery:

(i) entanglement (ii)crushing(iii)drawing-in.(iv)Shear

Outline a hierarchy of measures that may be used to eliminate the risk of injury from dangerous parts of machinery.Identify FOUR non-mechanical hazards to which woodworking machine operators may be exposed & outline the possible health & safety effects in EACH case.

(2)(2)(2)(2)

(4)

(8)

2 Outline the precautionary measures that may be needed to prevent slip and trip hazards in an engineering factory (8)

3 Outline the factors that could contribute towards the development of work-related upper limb disorders (8)

4 A company is to carry out essential repairs to a large item of process machinery. Outline the practical precautions that should be taken prior to commencement of the work. (8)

5 Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes. (8)

6 Outline the possible effects on health from exposure to high levels of noise (8)

7 a) Describe the differences between acute and chronic health effects (4)

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Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate b) Identify the factors that could affect the level of harm experienced by an employee exposed to a toxic substance (4)

8 Outline the issues that should be considered by an organisation when developing a system for the safe collection and disposal of its waste (8)

9 Outline the factors that that may reduce the effectiveness of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system (8)

10 In relation to occupational dermatitis(i) Identify TWO common causative agents (ii) Describe the typical symptoms of the condition (iii) State the sources of information that may help identify dermatitic substances in the workplace

(2)(3)

(3)

11 Outline the possible health risks associated with working in a seated position for prolonged periods. Outline the features of a suitable seat for sedentary work.

(4)(4)

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Documents

MONITORING HEALTH AND SAFETY PERFORMANCE · Web viewCorrosive and burning effect of battery acid Manual Handling of batteries etc. Precautions for charging batteries should be:-Well