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A REVIEW OF ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING SYSTEMS IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES: IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPLOSION PREVENTION Kray Luxbacher Kenny Griffin, Edmund Jong, Erik Westman Wednesday, March 2 nd , 2011

monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

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Page 1: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

A REVIEW OF ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING SYSTEMS IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES: IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPLOSION PREVENTION

Kray Luxbacher

Kenny Griffin, Edmund Jong, Erik WestmanWednesday, March 2nd, 2011

Page 2: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Outline

• Introduction and Motivation• Select international regulation

– China and Australia• US Regulation• Regulatory Atmosphere in the U.S.• AMS Technology

– Continuous Monitoring– Tube Bundle Systems

• Developing Technology and Recommendations

Page 3: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Introduction

April 5th, 2010The Upper Big Branch Mine Explosion occurred in Montcoal, WV resulting in 29 fatalities.November 19th, 2010The Pike River Mine Explosion occurred in New Zealand resulting in 27 fatalities.Numerous other explosions occurred in developing countries.

Page 4: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Motivation

“If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it.”

AMS SystemsReal‐timeComprehensiveContinuous

Page 5: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Current US Regulation30 CFR §75.156 AMS Operators

30 CFR §75.350 Installations in Belt Air

30 CFR §75.351 Monitoring of Returns

30 CFR §75.362 Monitoring of Returns maintained under 1.5%

30 CFR §75.323 Allows intrinsically safe AMS to be energized

30 CFR §75.352 Actions taken

Page 6: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Select International Regulations

Australia • Continuous AMS Systems (typically major return nodes and other areas.)

China• Gassy underground mines must monitor immediate returns in addition to working face.

Page 7: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Regulatory Atmosphere in the US

April 5, 2010An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV.  29 Miners die.

May 6, 2010: SenateByrd (D‐WV) and Rockefeller (D‐WV) propose new disclosure regulations.

July 1, 2010: HouseMiller (D‐CA) proposes Robert C. Byrd Safety and Health Act of 2010 (HR 5663, 55 co‐sponsors)

July 20, 2010: HouseCapito (D‐WV) proposes a mine safety and health act (HR 5788, 0 co‐sponsors)

July 29, 2010: SenateRockefeller (D‐WV) introduces the Robert C. Byrd Mine and Workplace Safety and Health Act of 2010 (S 3671, 3 co‐sponsors)

December 3, 2010: HouseMiller (D‐CA) proposes The Robert C. Byrd Mine Safety Protection Act of 2010 (HR 6495, 1 co‐sponsor)

December 8, 2010: HouseThe Robert C. Byrd Mine Safety Protection Act of 2010 fails under a suspended vote (yeas‐214, nays‐193)

January 25, 2011: SenateRockefeller (D‐WV) introduces the Robert C. Byrd Mine and Workplace Safety and Health Act of 2011 (S 153, 3 co‐sponsors)

Page 8: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Robert C. Byrd Mine and Workplace Safety and Health Act of 2011Atmospheric Monitoring

Section 503• 6 months after enactment of the Robert C. Byrd Mine and 

Workplace Safety and Health Act of 2011, NIOSH will issue recommendations‐– Ensuring best utilization of AMS for health and safety– “the implementation of redundant systems, such as the bundle tubing 

system, that can continuously monitor the mine atmosphere following incidents such as fires, explosions, entrapments, and inundations.”

• 270 days after recommendations are received regulation will be promulgated requiring AMS:– protect miners where the miners normally work and travel;– provide real‐time information regarding methane and carbon 

monoxide levels, and airflow direction, as appropriate, with sensing, annunciating, and recording capabilities; and

– can, to the maximum extent practicable, withstand explosions and fires.

Page 9: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

AMS Technology

• Continuous Monitoring– Barometric Pressure– Gas and velocity sensing

• Tube Bundle Systems• Developing Technology

– Fiber optics– Wireless monitoring

Page 10: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Barometric Pressure

‐0.25

‐0.2

‐0.15

‐0.1

‐0.05

0

0.05

0.1

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Relativ

e Pressure (in. Hg)

Hours prior to incident

Page 11: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Velocity Sensing

• Ultrasonic Sensing• Thermal Mass Flow• Vortex Shedding • Differential Pressure Measurement

Page 12: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Gas Sensing

Primary InterestMethane, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, OxygenAlso:Fire Gases 

(Acetylene, Ethane, Ethylene, Hydrogen) 

Nitrogen and ArgonOthers such as Hydrogen Sulfide

Page 13: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Tube Bundle Systems

Page 14: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Tube Bundle Systems

Page 15: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Best Practice

• Multiple levels of detection1. Personal detection2. Fixed detection3. Continuous real time monitoring4. Remote monitoring (tube bundle systems)5. Bag sampling and analysis by GC

Page 16: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Weaknesses of Current Technology

• Interference from dust and other gases• Measurement is often only 0 to LEL (or small range)

• Frequent calibration required• Maintenance intensive

Page 17: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Developing Technology

Optical Fiber Sensing• Self‐calibrating• Excellent sensitivity and resolution over a 

full range• No interference from other gases• Safe

Page 18: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Fiber Optic Sensing

Courtesy of the Center for Photonic Technology.  Anbo Wang and Evan Lally, 2010.

Page 19: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Explosion Prevention

• Must bring multiple system/sensors together and display data in real time in a useful format.

• An attractive investment• Systems must be intelligent

– Able to assess multiple parameters and give timely warning of the development of dangerous atmospheres

Page 20: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Recommendations

• Thorough review of recent explosions– What would have been necessary to sense the development of an explosive atmosphere?

– How far in advance can that development be forecast?

– Could a system withstand or partially withstand the incident?

– Development of novel sensing technology.– Full scale field trials.

Page 21: monitoring coal mines · 2020-03-31 · April 5, 2010 An explosion occurs at the Massey Energy Upper Big Branch Mine in Montcoal, WV. 29 Miners die. May 6, 2010: Senate Byrd (D‐WV)

Acknowledgements

• Morgan MasseyNumerous operators, engineers, vendors, professors