Monitoring Carbon Storage and Enhanced Gas Recovery ...€¦ · Monitoring Carbon Storage and Enhanced Gas Recovery Projects in Central Appalachia. A. Kyle Louk. Research Associate

Monitoring Carbon Storage and Enhanced Gas Recovery Projects in Central Appalachia

A. Kyle LoukResearch Associate - Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research

Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

2016 Virginia Coal and Energy Alliance PE SeminarLebanon, VA, USA

Collaborators• Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research• Cardno• Jerry Hill, Ph.D.• Southern States Energy Board• Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy• Geological Survey of Alabama• Sandia Technologies• Det Norske Veritas (DNV)• CONSOL Energy (Research Group)

• Schlumberger• Global Geophysical Services• Oak Ridge National Laboratories• British Geological Survey• University of Nottingham• University of Tennessee – Knoxville• University of Virginia• Southern Illinois University• Oklahoma State University

Industrial Partners• CONSOL Energy• Harrison-Wyatt, L.L.C. & Emory River , L.L.C.• Alpha Natural Resources• Dominion Energy• FloCO2

• Praxair

Research Partners

Financial Assistance for this Project was Provided by:

The U.S. Department of Energy through theNational Energy Technology Laboratory’s

Program under Contract No. DE-FE0006827

Presentation Outline

• Project Background and Objectives• CO2 Injection Tests

• Shale CO2 Injection Test in Morgan County, TN• Coalbed Methane CO2 Injection Test in Buchanan County, VA

• Conclusions and Discussion

Motivation

• Geologic sequestration of CO2 can not only mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, but enhance gas recovery in unconventional formations

• Enhancing gas recovery can increase reserves throughout America and Central Appalachia while extending the life of mature fields

CO2 Sequestration

• Conventional Reservoirs• Permanent Storage• Enhanced Oil Recovery

• Unconventional Reservoirs• CO2 preferential adsorption• Enhance Coalbed Methane

Recovery (ECBM)

Unconventional Gas in the U.S.

• U.S. is World leader in Natural Gas Production• Eastern U.S. with over 6,000 Tcf of GIP• Oakwood and Nora CBM Fields

• Technological Advances in:• Horizontal Drilling• Hydraulic Fracturing

• ‘Huff-and-Puff’ Injection Test in a Horizontal Chattanooga Shale Gas Well• Well Stimulation Permit from TDEC• Injection Well Converted (March, 2014)• CO2 Injected: March 19th – 31st, 2014• Shut-In: March 31st – July 29th, 2014• Flowback: July 29th – Present • Post-Injection Monitoring (Currently Ongoing)

Shale CO2 Injection Test in Morgan County, TNProject Overview

• 14 Well Program• Injection Well: HW-1003• 13 Offset Monitoring Wells

• 3 Horizontal / 10 Vertical• 11 In-Formation / 2 Out-of-Formation

• Gas and Water Sampling• Perfluorocarbon Tracer Study• Monitoring for:

• Injection Phase: % Composition, Tracer Arrival• Soaking Phase: % Composition, Pressure, Downhole Liquid Levels• Flowback Phase: % Composition, Flowrate, Pressure, Tracers

Shale CO2 Injection Test in Morgan County, TNMonitoring, Verification, and Accounting (MVA)

Storage Vessel

Injection Skid

Propane Heater

HW-1003

Shale CO2 Injection Test in Morgan County, TNOperations Overview

• 510 tons CO2 injected• Avg. Flow Rate: 41.5 tons/day

• Avg. Temp.: 48.5º F• Max Wellhead Press.: ~500 psig

Shale CO2 Injection Test in Morgan County, TNInjection Summary

• Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)• 0.574 kg at 50 tons of CO2

• Booster Pump and Air Compressor• Perfluoromethylcyclopentane (PMCP)

• 0.854 kg at 50 tons of CO2

• Syringe Pump• Perfluoromethylcyclohexane (PMCH)

• 0.894 kg at 350 tons of CO2

• Syringe Pump

Shale CO2 Injection Test in Morgan County, TNTracer Overview

• Injection Phase• No increased concentration of CO2

at offset wells• No detection of tracers at offset

wells

• Soaking Phase• Wellhead pressure leveled at 260

psig for 3 months• No downhole liquids (all gas phase

in wellbore)• Wellbore composition = +98% CO2

Shale CO2 Injection Test in Morgan County, TNResults to Date

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600

3/15/14 3/30/14 4/14/14 4/29/14 5/14/14 5/29/14 6/13/14 6/28/14 7/13/14 7/28/14

Wel

lhea

d Pr

essu

re (p

sig)

Date

HW-1003 Wellhead Pressure during Soaking

Soaking Phase

*Indications of a Closed System• Consistent with modeled predictions

• CO2 confinement → viable storage option

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Flow

Rat

e (M

CF/

Day

)

Date

Flowback Production vs. Historical Production

Historical Production Projected Injection & Soaking Flowback (with CO2) Flowback (Hydrocarbons)

Historical

Inje

ctio

n&

Soa

king

Flowback

Flowback Results

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Flow

Rat

e (M

CF/

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)

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Flowback Production vs. Historical Production (zoomed)

Historical Production Projected Injection & Soaking Flowback (with CO2) Flowback (Hydrocarbons)

His

tori

cal

Inje

ctio

n&

Soa

king

Flowback

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% C

ompo

sitio

n(N

2)

% C

ompo

sitio

n(C

H's

, CO

2)

CO₂ & N₂ vs Total Hydrocarbons

CO2 CH's N2

Soak

ing

Phas

e


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% C

ompo

sitio

n(E

than

e, P

ropa

ne, B

utan

e)

% C

ompo

sitio

n(C

O2,

Met

hane

)

Individual Hydrocarbon Composition

CO2 Methane Ethane Propane Butane

Soak

ing

Phas

e


• Production of heavy hydrocarbons elevated from baseline values• Role of pressure, viscosity, and adsorption/desorption processes• Enhanced gas recovery → implication for other shale plays

• Oakwood coalbed methane field• Stacked coal reservoir. 15-20 seams• Sandstone and shale confining units• 20,000 tonne CO2 injection in three legacy

wells over a 1 year period• CO2 storage and enhanced gas recovery• CO2 Injection: July 3rd – Present• 8,607 tonnes to date

CBM CO2 Injection Test in Buchanan County, VAProject Overview

CBM CO2 Injection Test in Buchanan County, VASite Overview

DD-7 DD-8

DD-7A

Monitoring Focus Area• Injection wells

• CBM production wells

• MVA boundaries

CBM CO2 Injection Test in Buchanan County, VAMonitoring, Verification, and Accounting (MVA)

DD-7 DD-8

DD-7AM1

M2

C1



• MVA boundaries

• Roads

• Monitoring and

characterization wells


DD-7 DD-8

DD-7AM1

M2

C1



• MVA boundaries

• Roads

• Monitoring and


• Microseismic array (28

stns)


DD-7 DD-8

DD-7AM1

M2

C1



• MVA boundaries

• Roads

• Monitoring and


• Microseismic array (28

stns)

• GPS array (20 monuments)

+ InSAR


• Surface and Downhole Pressure and Temperature Gauges

CBM CO2 Injection Test in Buchanan County, VAMonitoring and Characterization Wells

DD-7 DD-8

DD-7A

¼-mile boundaryTerraSAR-X Satellite

CBM CO2 Injection Test in Buchanan County, VAMVA Program

• Tracer Plan• 3 perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs) in water prior

to injection (PMCH, PECH, PMCP)

• SF6 in DD-8 gas stream before water is expelled

• 3 Refrigerants at 15% injection (CF4, CHF3, C3F8)

• 3 PFTs at 30-40% injection (PEP, PMP, PDMCH)

CBM CO2 Injection Test in Buchanan County, VATracer Program

Data Analysis• All gas samples

collected and analyzed in-house

• Gas Chromatography• 2 GC/MS• 2 ECD• 1 Portable

Natural Gas GC• 1 Mine Gas

Analyzer

Gas Sample

Portable Chromatograph

Totalflow Software

MSGC

Any [email protected]

Documents

Monitoring Carbon Storage and Enhanced Gas Recovery ...€¦ · Monitoring Carbon Storage and Enhanced Gas Recovery Projects in Central Appalachia. A. Kyle Louk. Research Associate