Monetary Remedies in Judicial Review

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  • 7/27/2019 Monetary Remedies in Judicial Review

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    "#$%&$' "(&) *+(, &$ (-.&/$

    0/$1.(), )101%&12 &$ 3#%&-&(+ )14&15

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    ( :;== AH 7@KI=GA> AH

    +@L< ML;?I 8ABAC> QRRS

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    !"#$%&'()*(+($,-

    !" $% &'()*+,&"* -*".)&&"* /0'1*0 234)*&"35 ."* %"'* ,3+16'176) 8',4139)5

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    3)*+ '3+ B+%+0$' 20 $##/%$'$+& '3)' )(+ %2' )-&2 +%

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    !"#$%&'( *+" ,$-".%/"%* !+$0'& %$* 1" !012"#* *$ '3413'3*3"! *+4* #3*35"%! 4."

    %$* 4'!$ !012"#* *$67

    Diceys equality principle resulted in tort law being the predominant method

    $8 #$%*.$''3%, "9"#0*3-" :$;"..$;% 4#*3$% 3! 3''",4' 3* /4( #$%!*3*0*" 4

    *$.* 3% :.3-4*" '4;7 =* 3! 3% *+3! 4."4 *+4* *+" >.$;% #4% 1" "9:$!"& *$ &4/4,"!

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    ?0* 3* 3! #'"4. *+" @3#"(4% *+"$.( &3& %$* :."!"%* 0! ;3*+ *+" ;+$'" :3#*0."7 =*

    assumed...that exercise of broad discretionary power was absentAB7 =* 3,%$."&

    *+" 84#* *+4* :01'3# 40*+$.3*3"!C 0%'3D" :.3-4*" #3*35"%!C 4." -"!*"& ;3*+

    "%$./$0! #$".#3-" :$;".!C 4%& *+"!" :$;".! /3,+* 1" 410!"& 3% ;4(! *+4*

    &$ %$* 3%-$'-" 4%( 4#*3$%41'" ;.$%, 3% :.3-4*" '4;AA7

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    $8 4 #$/:'"*"'( !":4.4*" .",3/" $8 '3413'3*( *+4* 3! %$* 4::'3#41'" *$ :.3-4*"

    #3*35"%! 20&3#34' ."-3";AG7 =* +4! 1""% "9:."!!'( ."#$,%3!"& *+4* 20&3#34'

    ."-3"; ;4! 4% 3%-"%*3$% *$ "%!0." *+" .0'" $8 '4; $-". 4#*3$%! $8 *+"

    "9"#0*3-"AH7 I.4&3*3$%4''(C 4! :4.* $8 *+" @3#"(4% +4%,$-".C 3* ;4! *+$0,+* *$

    1" -3*4' *$ D"": *+" .",3/" $8 :01'3# '4; '3413'3*( &3!*3%#* 8.$/ :.3-4*" '4;AJ7

    K$. *+3! ."4!$%C 4&/3%3!*.4*3-" '4; ."/"&3"! 4%& :.3-4*" '4; &4/4,"! "93!* 3%

    6Peter Cane, Damages in Public Law, !"#$% '#( )*+,*(LA

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    parallel universes!"# %& '( ')*+,( -,./ (,* ),(/*+*0*. ' *,1*2 *3.( *3.1. )'( 4.

    (, 1.),5.16 ,& -'7'8./ *31,083 904:+) :';2 .5.( +& *3'* ')*+,( +/ +::.8':#

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    !"#$%&'&!( '* !"#$%&'() + ,-./&'.(0$'- 1&2%34 1&2%5$6+,-$!.! % #.'/%0! 1%-

    2%3&! 45 %20'4* -%& &%'( 04 %.'&!

    if it can be shown, as a matter of construction of the statute, that the

    &0%0304.6 (306 -%& '"#4&!( 54. 0$! #.40!20'4* 45 % 1'"'0!( 21%&& 45 0$!

    #371'28 %*( 0$%0 9%.1'%"!*0 '*0!*(!( 04 24*5!. 4* "!"7!.& 45 0$%0 21%&& %

    private right of action for breach of that duty+:

    ;0 $%& %1&4 7!!* .!24$!

    .!?3'.!"!*0 0$%0 % (306 45 2%.! !@'&0& -4.A& %& % 24*0.41 5%204.= ;0 %114-& 0$!

    243.0& 04 (!*6 % (306 45 2%.! '* &'03%0'4*& -$!.! 04 5'*( &32$ % (306 -431(

    $%"#!. 0$! #371'2 %30$4.'06 5.4" #!.54."%*2! 45 0$!'. (30'!&=

    B'&5!%&%*2! '* #371'2 455'2e is the only specific public law tort. B'&5!%&%*2!

    '* #371'2 455'2! .!?3'.!& 0$%0 0$! (!5!*(%*0 '& % #371'2 455'2!.8 -$4 %20!( -'0$

    "%1'2! 04-%.(& 0$! #1%'*0'558 4. -'0$ A*4-1!(

    3*1%-531 %*( 1'A!16 04 '*C3.! 0$! #1%'*0'55= >$!.! "3&0 %1&48 '* "4&0 2%&!&8 7!

    #.445 0$%0 0$! #1%'*0'55 &355!.!( (%"%

    D00!"#0'*< 04 5'0 3*1%-531 %("'*'&0.%0'/! %20'4* '*04 % #.!E!@'&0'*< 04.0 %20'4*

    '& 450!* 1'A! 0.6'*< 04 5'0 % .43*( #!< '*04 % &?3%.! $41!= 72%6&8 + 9&&66:0':+F

    '113&0.%0!& 0$'& #4'*0= ;* 0$'& 2%&! 0$! %##!11%*0 $%( #3.2$%&!( #.4#!.06 -'0$

    0$! '*0!*0'4* 45 470%'*'*< #1%**'*< 24*&!*0 04 !.!20 !'

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    !"#$%!& ()*+%,-!+"* -.$- %!/!-)& -.) ",/0)( +1 *-+()2* -.$- 3+,%& 0) 0,!%- $"&

    !/4+*)& $ 0,!%&!"5 %!") ()*-(!3-!+"6

    7.) 4%$!"-!11 8$* *,33)**1,% !" +0-$!"!"5 &)3%$($-!+"* -.$- -.) ()*+%,-!+"*

    8)() ",%% $"& #+!&6 9" 0)-8))" -.) ()*+%,-!+"* 0)!"5 /$&) $"& -.)

    *,0*):,)"- &)3%$($-!+"* 02 -.) 3+,(-; -.)() .$& 0))" $ *%,/4 !" -.) 4(+4)(-2

    /$(

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    !"#$% "' '()$*(+ ,$%)-#. -% /.#($%. "! (' -01"*)(') 2.3.+"10.') -' "$* +(4

    '(0.+5 )6. 7.4 8.(+('2 9-++ "! :-;6)% >? ('2 !"#$%&' 2(0(;.%@ A6.

    !"#$%&' *.0.25 1*"3-2.% $% 4-)6 )6. "'+5 testing ground in which public

    law damages have been developed. A6. -%%$. 4-)6 )6-% ).%)-'; ;*"$'2 -% )6.

    9-++ "! :-;6)% -% 1*-0(*-+5 #"'#.*'.2 4-)6 ()*"& ,#$('-@ B*"#.2$*(+

    -01*"1*-.)5 -% )6. "'+5 6.(2 "! *.3-.4 )6() 6(% ( #"**.+()-'; *-;6) -' )6. 9-++ "!

    :-;6)% )6*"$;6 %.#)-"' CDE=F@

    B*"#.2$*(+ -01*"1*-.)5G "* '()$*(+ ,$%)-#. (% -) 4-++ /. ).*0.2 -' )6-%

    2-%%.*)()-"'G .'#"01(%%.% )4" H.5 #"'#.1)% ").# "/'%,"* 0",'%G )6() ('

    -'2-3-2$(+ 0$%) /. ;-3.' (2.I$(). '")-#. "! )6. #(%. (;(-'%) )6.0 ('2 ('

    (2.I$(). 6.(*-';G ('2 &%*1 2).%3 #& 4")-" -)" 46-#6 *.I$-*.% )6() )6.

    (2,$2-#()"* /. $'/-(%.2@ A6-% 0(5 1*.%.') ( %"0.46() 0-%+.(2-'; 1-#)$*.G (%

    .(#6 "! )6.%. 1*-'#-1+.% 6(3. %$/ *$+.% )6() *.%$+) -' )6. 1*-'#-1+. "! '()$*(+

    ,$%)-#. 6(3-'; ( 3.*5 4-2. %#"1.@

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    !"## %# &'"(")%'* +,&-& #")&"(& ,.# /&&( 0&(%&0 1,& ',.('& 1" )%1%2.1& 1,&%-

    #&(1&('&3 1,& !"## /&'") ,.-0&- 1" 45.(1%67* 8(0 !.#1!73 1,& 45%"( )%2,1

    .-%#& .# 1" 9,&1,&- '"5-1# 9"5!0 &:&- '");&(#.1& 6"- :%"!.1%"( "6 1,& -%2,1 1"

    (.15-.! ( !"#$%& ( )%%$$*+,*?@1,& A"5-1 '"('!50&0 (" 0.).2 9"5!0 /& ;.7./!& 6"-

    .("1,&- -&.#"(* B,& &66&'1 "6 1,& 6.%!5-& 1" ;-":%0& .( .0&45.1& ,&.-%(2

    -&(0&-&0 1,& &C&-'%#& "6 1,& ;"9&- (%-. */ -#-0-%* B,%# )&.(# 1,& 0&'%#%"( 9.#

    %('.;./!& "6 .66&'1%(2 !&2.! -%2,1#3 .# %1 9.# %(:.!%0 6-") 1,& "51#&13 .(0

    1,&-&6"-& 1,& ;!.%(1%66 9.# 6-&& 1" %2("-& 1,& -"!51%"(#* B,5#3 1,& 0.).2&

    #566&-&0 /7 1,& ;!.%(1%66 '"5!0 ("1 /& #.%0 1" ,.:& 6!"9&0 6-") 1,& 0&'%#%"(

    /51 -.1,&- 9.# '.5#&0 /7 1,& ;!.%(1%66 ,%)#&!6*

    >1 %# ("9 2&(&-.!!7 .''&;1&0 . 0&'%#%"( ).0& '"(1-.-7 1" (.15-.!

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    !"# %&'()(&* ')+)#, (* !"#$%& ( )%%$$*+,*)"+) )"# -+.'# &/ )"# (*0.12 -+**&) 3#

    1#4+1,#, +' /5&6(*4 /1&7 )"# &1(4(*+5 ,#-('(&* 3#-+.'# )"+) ,#-('(&* &.4") )&

    3# (4*&1#,8 (' (*-&11#-)9

    !"$%&'()*+, !-' .)%&+$/%'

    :&1 ,#-+,#' )"(' %1&35#7 "+' 3##* -&77#*)#, &* 6()"&.) 1#+-"(*4 +*2 ;(*,

    &/ '+)('/+-)&12 -&*-5.'(&*9 ?@8 )"# A.35(- +*, B,7(*(')1+)(C# D+6 E#/&17

    F&77())## -&*-5.,#, )"+) )"# -&77&* 5+6 -+**&) 3# #G%#-)#, )& #C&5C# )&

    produce a '+)('/+-)&12 %1(*-(%5# &/ %.35(- 5(+3(5()2based as it is on concepts

    of private liabilityHI9 !"# F&77())## 1#-&77#*,#, + /1+7#6&1; /&1 .*5+6/.5

    +,7(*(')1+)(C# +-)(&* 3+'#, &* )"# %1(*-(%5# &/ #J.+5()2 3#/&1# %.35(-

    3.1,#*'K

    [E]xceptional losses should not be borne by the individual on whom they

    "+C# 3##* (*/5(-)#, 32 )"# 4&C#1*7#*) &1 4&C#1*7#*)+5 +4#*-2 (* %.1'.() &/

    )"# %.35(- 4&&,9 ?@S8 %H9HM

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    "#$ %$&'($ )* &$)+, -$./0$+$% &1 (#$ -$2$+( 2/+*34('()/+ 0'0$- 03&4)*#$% &1

    (#$ 5'6 7/88)**)/+ 9/- :+,4'+% '+% ;'4$*< "#)* 2/+*34('()/+ 0'0$- *$(* /3(

    ' 0-/0/*'4 9/- -$9/-8 /9 03&4)2 4'6 4)'&)4)(1 '+% ($+('()=$41 *3,,$*(* (#$

    2-$'()/+ /9 ' +$6 %'8',$* -$8$%1 9/- >3%)2)'4 -$=)$6 0-/2$$%)+,*< "#)* 6)44

    &$ %)*23**$% 93-(#$- )+ 7#'0($- ??LONOP "#$%&'()&* $%+ ,'%)-$&.) ( /.$01QGOOGR 4>J GLD;DS;DJoined cases C-46/93 and C-48/93Brasserie du Pcheur SA v Federal Republic of Germany andR v

    Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd[1996] ECR 1-1029

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    !"#$ #$ &'()&*'* )$ '$+',#)--. +&/0-'1)2#, #3 ,)$'$ 4"'&' ) -#,'3$' ")$ 0''3

    *'3#'* /& &'5/6'* 4&/3(78--. )3* 2"' +-)#32#77 ")$ -/$2 #3,/1' #3 2"' #32'

    0'24''3 2"' 83-)478- *',#$#/3 )3* 2"' ,/8&2$ )*98*#,)2#/3 /3 2"' ,)$':;/11#$$#/3 7/& J3(-)3* )3* I)-'$B )0/5' 3K;B +)&) G

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    !"#"$!%$& ($ )($*+!",%&+($ (- &." /(!0 +&*"1-2 &%3+$4 +$&( %))(5$& &."

    #5,#(*" %$! -5$)&+($* (- &." /(!02 %$! &." #%,&+)51%, %)&+($* (- &.%& /(!0678

    !"#$%&&'( "$ ' *%#%$+, ,%-,The conferral of a benefit test is modelled on the conferral of rights

    %##,(%). (- &." 95,(#"%$ :(5,& (- ;5*&+)"6" +$&"$!"! &( #,(>(&" (, #,(&")& &."

    +$&","*&* (- % )1%** (- #",*($* &( ?.+). &." )1%+>%$& /"1($4* &( %$! &." .%,>

    *5--","! /0 &." +$!+A+!5%1 ?%* (- % *+>+1%, $%&5," &( &." /"$"-+& &.%& &."

    ,"4+>" )($-",,"!6B8

    @- % )1%+>%$& )%$ "*&%/1+*. &."," ?%* % )($-",,%1 (- % /"$"-+&2 &."$ &."0 >5*& 4(

    ($ &( *.(? the right was infringed in a manner that meets the serious fault

    &.,"*.(1!8

    .%&+"/- $'/(, ,%-,

    =." C%? :(>>+**+($ ,")(>>"$!* %!(#&+$4 &." )($)"#& (- -%51& /%*"!

    1+%/+1+&0 -,(> $"41+4"$)" 1%? ?+&. *(>" >(!+-+)%&+($*668 D.%& +* ,"E5+,"! .","

    +* %$ %44,%A%&"! 1"A"1 (- -%51&6F8 =.+* ,"-1")&* &." /%1%$)+$4 "G",)+*" &.%& >5*&

    /" *&,5)3 +$ #5/1+) 1%? 1+%/+1+&0 /"&?""$ &." +$&","*&* (- &." #1%+$&+-- %$! &."

    !">%$!* #1%)"! ($ #5/1+) /(!+"*6H8

    67@/+!82 #%,% 6877B6>+**+($ -(, 9$41%$! %$! D%1"*2 %/(A" $

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    !"# %&' ()**+,,+)- .+,/, ,#0#1&. 2&3/)1, /"&/ 3)4.5 .#&5 /) & 2+-5+-6 )2

    fault789

    : .+;#.+"))5 )2 "&1* +-0).0#5 +- /"# 3)-543/: ,#1+)4,-#,, )2 "&1*: ;-)'.#56# )2 /"# &/ /"# /+*# /"# "&1* '&, 3&4,#5 /"&/

    /"#+1 &3/+)-, 3)4.5 3&4,# "&1*

    : 3),/ &-5 )2 &0)+5+-6 /"# "&1*: ,)3+&. 4/+.+/> )2 /"# &3/+0+/>: #?/#-/ &-5 541&/+)- )2 5#

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    19

    ! "#$ &'()*"+ (,- .)$&*/*0, 01 "#$ )2'$ 3)$($-! 4$(/2)$ 01 -*/&)$"*0, '$1" 3+ "#(" )2'$ "0 ,("*0,(' (2"#0)*"*$/! 5#$"#$) "#$ *,1)*,6$4$," 5(/ *,"$,"*0,(' 0) *,70'2,"()+! 5#$"#$) (,+ $))0) 01 '(5 5(/ $8&2/(3'$ 0) *,$8&2/(3'$! 5#$"#$) 0) ,0" "#$ .0/*"*0, "(9$, 3+ ( &0442,*"+ *,/"*"2"*0, 4(+

    #(7$ &0,")*32"$- "05()-/ "#$ 04*//*0,

    ! (-0."*0, 0) )$"$,"*0, 01 ,("*0,(' 4$(/2)$/ 0) .)(&"*/$/ &0,")()+ "0&0442,*"+ '(5

    !"#$"%&'(

    :, -$"$)4*,*,6 &(2/("*0,; "#$

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    !"#$ &'(&)*+ ,#-- '*)./+) /$ / 0/1'. -#0#+/+#'( 2'. -#/3#-#+45 /$ ('+ /-- *63-#&

    *',).$ /.) 7./(+)8 34 $+/+6+)9:;

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    23

    !"#$# &' () (##* +) ",-# +"&' .&/&+&(0 1,2+)$ )( *)/#'+&2 345.&2 .,6 .&,5&.&+78

    5#2,4'# 345.&2 ,4+")$&+' '")4.*8 &( ,(7 .&,5&.&+7 $#0&/#8 5# ,5.# +) 3.#,* +",+

    +"# &/3)'&+&)( )1 .&,5&.&+7 6)4.* ",$/ +"# 345.&2 &(+#$#'+9:;

    !"$%&$'()*%&

    !"# ,*-,(+,0#' )1 +"#

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    24

    !"#$%&' )))*!"#$%&'+)#,)+)%-

    #*.&/&+0$1&2% 03 # 2&4 $04&' %0 #4#'. .#1#5&6

    !"#$%&' ) *++&,'-. /-'-,01!" $%&'()*%+$, *- .$/ 0$')'-, &+$ '1'*)'(*)*&2 34

    ,'5'6$% '% ' 7$5$,2 437 ' (7$'8+ 34 &+$ .$/ 0$')'-, 9*)) 34 :*6+&% ;8&

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    !"#$%& () *#+!,&)-)& .! #+) -)/)&,.% *"#,*)0 1./.2)! 3")-)4#-) .-) +#3

    .5.,%.(%) #4 -,2"3 ($3 .-) &,!*-)3,#+.-60

    !"$%& '$()*(+* ,- ./(!/./$0

    7") 8#$-3 ,+ !"#$%&'9: &,& +#3 *#+!,&)- ;")3")- .%% (-).*")! #4 3") %).&,+2 2##& 4.,3" ;#$%& +#3 >-#5,&) . &)4)+*)09KMQUUVP N RST= CQO WD8X099B(,&0? >.-. MQHKP0

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    26

    !"#$ #$ & '&()*&+ ,-'$./).',. -0 (". '-(#-' #' !"#$%&'12("&( &+("-)3" & 4)53.

    "&$ 5#$,*.(#-' #' *.6.5#&+ ,"-#,.7 (". 0-,)$ #' $.+.,(#'3 ("&( *.6.58 #$ -'

    9*-:#5#'3 (". 9+'(#00 ;#(" & 9*-9-*(#-'&(.7 &99*-9*#&(. &'5 .00.,(#:.

    *.6.58'. -0 (". -*5#'&*8 6.&'#'3$ ;"#," (- :#'5#,&(. B.&*$7 (". &9(.$( '-; #(

    seems to me, is to defend against encroachment or interference. C-,#.(8 "&$

    &' #'(.*.$( #' (". 5.0.',. ("&( #$ *./)#*.5 ".*.< D#-+&(#-'$ -0 ,-'$(#()(#-'&++8

    9*-(.,(.5 *#3"($ "&*6 '-( -'+8 (".#* 9&*(#,)+&* :#,(#6$ B)( #( &$ & ;"-+. (-->T@ BB?U=V?OUF@ B?OU1HOClayton Damage Limitation: the Courts and the Human Rights Act Damages, @>A"$9 B!5

    ECUUT@ BB?C>V?O>F@ B?C>1

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    !"#$% #$'()*'+$, -$*.+ * /(0*0.(*$ 1#2%+0 "0 '3+ '*4 -*,+2 '3*' -*2$(*)+0'

    %(% 0"' (0'+0%5567

    8($$(*) 9"#0: ; 2++0 (0 .*=+=

    '3*' )">+ 1+,"0% * )+2+ 12+*.3 "/ 0*'#2*$ + (' '" + 05MN? -*2* O5M5P7

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    !"# %&'(#) *+ ,"# -%*.# /0-%0/0,1 02 3/-4#( *) ,"# -(50)02,'-,0*) ,* %-/-)4#

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