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TRAVEL HEADQUARTERS Chapter 22, Section 3 The Enlightenment Spreads
Pages 636-639
Slide 2
MONDAY TO FRIDAY 9AM TO 5 PM 123 WEST MAIN STREET NEW YORK, NY
10001 WWW.BESTTRAVEL.COM 1.Explain how Enlightenment ideas spread
throughout Europe. 2.Describe changes in art, music, and literature
during the Enlightenment. 3.Show how Enlightenment ideas reformed
monarchies in Prussia, Austria, and Russia. Chapter 22---Section 3
Objectives
Slide 3
MONDAY TO FRIDAY 9AM TO 5 PM 123 WEST MAIN STREET NEW YORK, NY
10001 WWW.BESTTRAVEL.COM Discussion Enlightenment ideas spread
through discussion, printed materials, songs, and visual arts, as
well as laws and governmental decisions. How do you learn about new
ideas in the 21 st Century?
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MONDAY TO FRIDAY 9AM TO 5 PM 123 WEST MAIN STREET NEW YORK, NY
10001 WWW.BESTTRAVEL.COM A World of Ideas Remember the philosophers
of the Enlightenment got themselves in trouble many times by
criticizing the Catholic Church or the government. The
Enlightenment influenced everything from the art world to the royal
courts. 1700s- Paris was the cultural and intellectual capital of
western Europe. Young people came from all over Europe to study,
live the culture of the city, and philosophize. Salons: social
gathering places in large drawing rooms in mansions of wealthy
women. These gatherings attracted scientists, artists, writers,
philosophers, and other intellectuals. Diderots Encyclopedia: One
of the wealthiest and influential salon hostesses of the time was
Maria-Therese Geoffrin. She financed a project of a leading
philosophe Denis Diderot : this philosophe created a set of books
from contributions from scholars of Europe. These volumes were
published in 1751 and called Encyclopedia.
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MONDAY TO FRIDAY 9AM TO 5 PM 123 WEST MAIN STREET NEW YORK, NY
10001 WWW.BESTTRAVEL.COM Encyclopedia The views expressed during
the Enlightenment caused trouble and angered the French government
and the Catholic Church. Censors banned the work due to the fact it
undermined royal authority, encouraged revolt, and fostered moral
corruption, irreligion, and unbelief. Diderot continued to publish
his Encyclopedia. Salons and the published Encyclopedia helped to
spread the Enlightenment ideas to educate people throughout Europe.
Enlightenment ideas eventually spread through newspapers,
pamphlets, and political songs. The literate middle class was eager
for news, ideas, and entertainment, readily purchased popular
magazines that began to circulate. One of the most famous, The
Spectator, offered essays about social behavior, love, marriage,
and literature. Another, The Ladies Diary, was aimed at
middle-class women. By the 1780s, over 150 magazines were available
in England.
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MONDAY TO FRIDAY 9AM TO 5 PM 123 WEST MAIN STREET NEW YORK, NY
10001 WWW.BESTTRAVEL.COM New Artistic Styles Neoclassical Style
Emerges: 1600 and 1700 European art was dominated by a style called
baroque characterized by a grand, ornate design. The baroque style
was seen in elaborate palaces such as Versailles. Neoclassical-
(new classical) Artists and architects worked in a simple and
elegant style borrowed ideas and themes from Greece and Rome.
Changes in Music and Literature: Music styles were dominated by
composers Johann Sebastian Bach of Germany and George Friedrich
Handel of England. During the Enlightenment a newer, lighter, and
more elegant style of music known as classical. Three composers in
Vienna, Austria Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and
Ludwig van Beethoven. Books written in common language and
entertaining were very popular among the middle class. Examples of
these works were; Pamela, by Samuel Richardson, considered to be
the first English novel about a young servant girl who refused the
advances of her master. Tom Jones, by Henry Fielding, describes the
story of an orphan who travels all over England to win the hand of
his lady.
Slide 7
MONDAY TO FRIDAY 9AM TO 5 PM 123 WEST MAIN STREET NEW YORK, NY
10001 WWW.BESTTRAVEL.COM Enlightenment and Monarchy Enlightened
despots: despots means, absolute ruler. Voltaire believed that the
best form of government was a monarchy which the ruler respected
the peoples rights. Some monarchs embraced the new ideas and made
reforms. Monarchs had no intention of giving up power. The changes
were motivated by two desires: A. Wanted to make their countries
stronger; B. their own rule more effective. Frederick the Great:
Frederick II, king of Prussia committed himself to reforming.
Frederick granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, and
improved education. Also, he reformed the justice system and
abolished the use of torture. He did not believe in serfdom, but
did nothing to change it because he needed the wealthy landowners.
The social order in Prussia never changed. Frederick made it clear
that his goal was to serve and strengthen the country. Joseph II:
of Austria was the son and successor of Maria Theresa. He
introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press. He also
supported freedom of worship, even for Protestants, Orthodox
Christians and Jews. Joseph eliminated serfdom and ordered that
peasants be paid in cash for their labor. Catherine the Great: She
read the philosophes especially Voltaire. Catherine ruled with
absolute authority but was willing to seek reforms for Russia. She
proposed reforms based on Montesquieu and Beccaria. She put limited
reforms in place, but did little to improve the life of Russian
peasants. When the serfs started an uprising and Catherines
military put down the rebellion. Catherine knew that she needed the
nobles to keep her throne and gave nobles the absolute authority
over the serfs. Catherine gained the rights to the Black Sea and
the right to send ships through Ottoman controlled straits. She
also expanded her empire into Poland. Russia became an
international power as it expanded.