MomsAPChap9to11 Notes

8/12/2019 MomsAPChap9to11 Notes

1/32

1/5/2014

12[ Chapter 9

The Muscular System

3 ntroduction Skeletal muscles: movement in environment Smooth muscles: intestines ureters veinsand arteries Cardiac muscle: pumps blood through heart and blood vessels 40%- 50%of bodyweight

4 L_ The Types of Muscle5 1 The Types of Muscle (cont d.)

Skeletal: voluntary striated multinucleated Smooth: involuntary nonstriated anduninucleated Cardiac: involuntary striated and uninucleated6 I TheAnatomy ofSkeletal or Striated Musclezhe Anatomy of Skeletal or StriatedMuscle (cont d.)

8 he Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated Muscle (cont d.) Perimysium: surrounds each fascicle Epimysium: covers theperimysium Fascia: covers the epimysium Myosin: A bands Actin:I bands Z lines H zo neThe Anatomy of Skeletal or StriatedMuscle (contd.) Sarcomere: between two adjacent Z lines

Actual contraction processoccurs here Sarcotubular system

Tsystem and sarcoplasmic reticulum

The Physiologyof Muscle Contractioniintroduction

Motor unit: all muscle cells innervated by one motor neuron Muscle cell properties Ex c itability

ConductivityContractility Elasticity

Neuroelectrical Factors


2/32

1/5/2014

Na+ higher concentration outside muscle cell K+ higher concentration inside muscle cell Resting potential: charge outside positive and inside negative Electrical potential: rush of Na inside cell K moves outside cell attempting to balance

13L J Neuroelectrical Factors (cont d.) Action potential

Calcium releasedTroponin and tropomyosin action inhibitedActivated myosin links to actin filaments

14 1 1 7 Chemical Interactions Myosin heads contain ATP ATP releases energy upon myosin/action link Energy released used to pull action Sodium: potassium pump pumps out sodium Resting potential restored

15 El Energy Sources ATP: energy source for muscle contraction ATP production

GlycolysisKrebs citric acid cycle Electron transport

Alternate sources: fatty acids and phosphocreatine16 The Muscle Twitch17 he Muscle Twitch (cont d.)

Stimulus > latent period > contraction > relaxation Contraction strength depends onStrength, speed and duration of stimulus Weight of loadTemperature

All-or-none law18 p a Muscle Tone1.91L] Muscle Tone (cont d.)

State of partial contraction throughout whole muscle Maintains pressure on abdominal contents Helps maintain blood pressure Aids digestion Types

Isotonic, isometric2 0 L J i The Anatomy of Smooth Muscle2111 The Anatomy of Smooth Muscle (cont d.)

2


3/32

1/5/2014

Found in hollow structures Involuntary, uninucleated, nonstriated Arrangement (two layers)

Longitudinal (outer)Circular (inner)

22 EThe Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle23 El The Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle (cont d.)

Autonomic nervous system control Involuntary, uninucleated, striated Intercalated disks: coordinate contraction Cardiac muscles: contract, relax and contract 75

24ICIJ The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles25 I C I The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles

Action Shape Origin and insertion Location Direction of fibers

261C1 The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles Origin: more fixed attachment of muscle Insertion: movable attachment of muscle Tendons: attach muscle to bone Aponeurosis: wide flat tendon

27 The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles Flexors: bend limb at a joint Extensor: straighten limb at a joint Abductors: move limb away from midline Adductors: bring limb toward midline Rotators: revolve limb around axis

28 Li The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles Dorsiflexors: raise the foot Plantar flexors: lower the foot Supinators: turn palm upward Pronators: turn palm downward

29 Vii The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles Levators: raise a part of the body Depressors: lower a part of the body Prime movers or agonists: bring about an action Antagonists: oppose agonists Synergists: assist prime movers

30

times/minute

(cont d.)

(cont d.)

(cont d.)

(cont d.)

(cont d.)

The Function and Location of Selected Skeletal Muscles

3


4/32

1/5/2014

31 1 1 1 Superficial Muscles Superficial muscles of the body, anterior view

32 E Superficial Muscles (cont d.) Superficial muscles of the body, posterior view

33 E Muscles of Facial Expression Occipitalis Frontalis Zygomaticus Levator labii superioris Orbicularis oris and buccinator

34 E Muscles of Facial Expression (cont d.) Muscles of the head and neck, anterior view

351Lill Muscles of Facial Expression (cont d.) Muscles of the head and neck, lateral view

3611 Muscles of Mastication Masseter Temporalis Pterygoid

371E! Muscles of the Eye Supe r ior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus Superior and inferior oblique

38[l Muscles Moving the Head Sternocleidomastoid

Contraction of both causes flexion of neckContraction of one causes rotation to left or right

39 1 j Muscles Moving the Shoulder Girdle Levator scapulae Rhomboids Pectoralis minor Trapezius Serratus anterior

4o1] Muscles Moving the Humerus Pectoralis major

4


5/32

1/5/2014

Latissimus dorsi Teres minor Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus

41 IL Muscles Moving the Elbow Brachialis Biceps brachii Brachioradialis Triceps brachii Anconeus

42 Muscles Moving the Wrist Flexor carpi Extensor carpi

431E Muscles Moving the Hand Supinator Pronator teres Pronator quadratus

44 E P Muscles Moving the Thumb Flexor pollicis Extensor pollicis Adductor pollicis Abductor pollicis Opponens pollicisMuscles Moving the Fingers Flexor digitorum Extensor digitorum Interossei

461; Muscles of the Abdominal Wall External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis

47 Q 1 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall contd)48111 Muscles of Respiration or Breathing

DiaphragmMain muscle

External and internal intercostals

5


6/32

1/5/2014

Expand the ribs4911 MusclesMoving the Femur

Psoas Iliacus Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia lata

so [Li Muscles Moving theKnee Joint Bicepsfemoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Popliteus Gracilis Sartorius Quadriceps femoris

51 uscles Moving the Foot Gastrocnemius Tibialis posterior Soleus Peroneus longus Plantaris Tibialisanterior Peroneus tertius

52;11 MusclesMovingthe Toes Flexor hallucis Extensor hallucis Flexor digitorum Extensor digitorum Abductor hallucis Abductor digiti minimi

-53 i nimation ccessory MuscleUse The following animation illustrates how the accessory muscles assist withthe

breathing process

saj ummary Described the gross andmicroscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Contrastedskeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle anatomy Described muscle contraction and therole of neuroelectrical and chemical factors and

energysources Named major muscles of the body

6


7/32


8/32

8/14/2013

Homeostasis: balanced internalenvironment Control led by nervous and endocrine systems

owa

DELMAR CENGAGELearn~ng'

Central nervous system: brain and spinalcord Peripheral nervous system

er ipheral systemnso ry neu rons

Efferent peilpheral system Somat ic )431AluAvt--- Autonomic - sympattibtic and parasympathetic

DELMAR CENGAGEEeaming

2


9/32

;PF . 1 1 1 L . i . ,

Astrocytes: support, connection,bloodbrain barrier bittLus.. ct iA CAA-Oligodendroglia: support, myelin sheathformationMicroglial:phagocytosis ro-i-eckrr 4 2 {

0 OEpendymal: linethe_e ntr ice s the b r inSchwann: myelin s h e th s in perip h e r lnervous system ouf = 1

Of/177.;fflr; IL 711:1 Or 7II

8/14/2013

Ateicu

Nom s 444edify


10/32

8/14/2013

Cell body Dendrites: receptive areas Axon: extension of cell body

Schwann cellsNodes of Ranvier

;' DELMAR (ENGAGE Learning

Multipolar: several dendrites coming offcell body (1 -cott 14. 6 J c A

Bipolar: one dendrite and one axon Unipolar: one process extending from cellbody

;:f P EEMIL4


11/32


12/32

8/14/2013

e olarization: Na+ rush inside cell olarization: K rush out to restore

balance Depolarization: Repolarization moves inone d i rec t ion Myelinated vs. unmyelinated All-or-none lawDELMARCENGAGE Learning'

Synapse: axon terminal branches close tonext dendrites Impulse reaches axon terminals Triggers neurotransmitter release into

synaptic cleft

;-. DELMARCENGAGE learning

6


13/32

0Atovtbutt

NeurotransmittersAcetylcholine

Most co mmonEpinephrine f WNorepinephrine SerotoninDopamine S-A-144Alittf4 VAMPEndorphins

? k J : 1 T ,

8/14/2013

tgiktdtt.w i t b a e l s

This animation illustrates the physiology of thenerve impulse

Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters nimation

; 5R E N V : 1 1 .


14/32

Knee-jerk ref lex Maintain homeostasis

Heartbeat/breathing ratesDigest ionCoughing S neez ingSwal lowing V omiting

Involuntaryreact ion toexternalst imulus

8/14/2013

8


15/32

8/14/2013

White matterGroups of myelinated axons 9Ite 4 Forms nerve tracts in CNS

Gray matter uovu'Nerve cell bodies and dendrites Unm elinated axon bundles ortex: gray matter on surface of brain

lkt. S

Nerve: bundle of fibers outside CNS Gangli nerve cell bodies outside CNS Trat : bundle of fibers inside CNS Nucleus: nerve cell bodies and dendritesinside CNS tAL Horns: areas of gray matter in spinal cord

; 1 1 : P E T 1 1 [ ' . . ,

e\13

9


16/32


17/32

8/14/2013

All 31 pairs arise from union of dorsal andventral roots Mixed nerves consisting of motor andsensory fibers Most exit vertebral column betweenvertebrae

DELMAR.mir.g.

Named and numbered according to regionand level of spinal cordCerv ical : 8 pai rsThoracic: 12 pairs umb ar: 5 pairsSacral : 5 pai rs Coccygeal : 1 pai r

CENGAGE learning-


18/32

8/14/2013

Named the majordivisionofthe nervoussystem

lassified neurons and neuroglial cellsDiscussed thephysiology of the nerveimpulse andtransmission at synapsesNamed thedifferent types of neural tissueDiscussedthe structureofthe spinal cordNamed the s inal nerves

DELM RCENG GE Learning

2


19/32

Chapter 11The Nervous System

The Brain Cranial Nervesutonomic Nervous Systemand the Special Senses

8/16/2013

14,14/41Arts C1144 ;#14A P bU/s4ATiAlliAi) Brain is divided into four mainparts

Brainstem: controls breathing, heartbeat ratesto auditory and visual stimuli

Diencephalon: ntrols homeostasis 4-Cerebrum: controlsintellectual processes andemotions Cerebellum: maintains body posture andbalance

bca.424A-a 014-AltA41-


20/32

8/16/201

Main parts: brainstem, diencephalon,cerebrum and cerebellum

Protec t ionCranial bonesMeninges Dcurn_iy ia l e6 avuliwid pia.- Cerebrospinal fluid

Vent r ic les nterventricular foramen

D E L M A RCENG GE Writing

2


21/32

The Anatomy and Functions ofthe Brainstem

Pon s varol i i :)0 nr-f " *The (Connects spinal cord with brainConnects parts of brain with each other He lps cont ro l b reathing

: II . DELM ARENCAGEINanter

8/16/2013

Medulla oblongata (430/1-4- 0-6 imittm,Ascending and descending tracts Cr\ey\Je_Connect spinal cord with the brainSome tracts cross over in medullaReticular formation: controls consciousness (51Ref lex centers

ManittLin g

pu,l5e)

ea cy"The_ 13re4L+-11( A g :)

3


22/32

Optic tracts Mamillary bodies: memory and t motionair esponses Thalamus

- Relay station for sensory impulses Interpretation center for pain, temperature and

touch 64,01.) Epithalamus: contains pineal gland

DELMARC

8/16/2013

MidbrainVentral cerebral peduncles: convey impulses

from cortex to pons and spinal cord Dorsal tectum: reflex center Controls movement of head and eyeball

(visual stimuli)Controls movement of head and trunk

(auditory stimuli)

ginr

atkk ect vtepA_;PS V

L A /Mktrm- 9 1 / Q . U . 4 ( t

0e4 i) rod Pit rhjhad i tew 4-


23/32

Hypothalamus: homeostasis ontrols and integrates autonomic nervoussystem -Receives ensory impul s from internalorgansontrols pituitary gland and linksendocrine

and nervous systems

4. D E L M A Rter cuicass sterner

Frontal lobeerebral caner

gr ay matter)Longduclinal fissure,entral swats

Corpus cattosurn-Partelal lobeInsula

Lateral WaterOCCfi l i tatlobe

Lateralven lrrcleThalamus"

GemsSulcusGrayMatterWhilematter

rucAr.i Ba salruum n.: worn nucleiInterior M vr

oene etureeWan:SWMSmailer of cerebrum

Sub.

terE-1 1n,

8/16/2013r Asiatc .1-14A,-11not 4441nicAl

gr KO1144k tri c t tirtu Q a mAk.t.

1 rJ

The Cerebrum: Structure and

Function

P N M

iy \ y _b

\ Q - 0 4 1 1 1

5


24/32

8/16/2013 Cerebral cortex: gray matter surface Longitudinal fissure separates two

hemispheres Gyri: folds CpiltvGd Sulci: grooves Corpus callosum:bridge connecting two

hemispheres

PEr.VL

Chi r e t r A rnerN,do net- P A ( IlS6-tAle ILLP3 Pm* (1,(011.Ve 1 --

G . A n C t . will A_es 1 9,4--tAA /n e A A _ UAL r Y t t y e _ Li hotr..braiA /L,

9 7P

CY -ifj5 emu Jrc b44 S6441t ,

Surface ofthecortexMotorareas control muscular movements

Sensoryareas interpret sensory impulsesAssociation areas process emotions andintellect

Cerebral hemispheres- Frontal lobe: muscle movement, moods,

aggression, smell, motivation --Parietal lobe: touch, pain, balance, taste,

temperatureTemporal lobe: hearing, smell, memory,abstract thought, judgmentOccipital lobe: vision

DELMARCENG GE ummr

6


25/32

TheCerebellum:Structureand Function

8 16 2013

Butterfly shaped Twopartially ted hemispheresconnected

unctionsCoordinating muscular movementsMaintainingpostureMaintaining balance

DELM RMGAGf Learning

The Autonomic Nervousystem


26/32

8/16/2013

Subdivision of efferent PNSFunctions without consciouseffortRegulates functionsof4nternal organsAssists-iii-maintaining-homeostasisHelps dealwith emergencysituations...

:: Mil/Lt.

ympathetic-EneF9Y-daatzef igul.situation.s-

Increases_heartbeat and breathing ratesCLNeurotransma setylcholine and

Thlireptrtephrtne

PEENLP.T. th g

ParasympatheticRestores body to nonstressful state Neurotransmitter: acetylcholineStimulates digestion,urination a nd defecation

R E N V IT.. .

8


27/32

The 12Cranial NervesandTheirFunctions

II . DELMA R alIGAGE mimic

8/16/2013

I) Olfactory: smell II) Optic: s ight Ill )Oculomotor: movement ofeyeball,constrictionof pupil ,vAtt-6.e? ..: at, / IV) Trochlear:movement ofeyeball

V) Trigeminal: chewing, sensations inteeth 4RxA e 2 - VI) Abducens: movement of eyeball VII)Facial: facialexpression, ta ste, tearan dsaliva ry glands VIII) Vestibulocochlear: equilibrium,hearin g CI z 41 4k 4 e L.7 4 4 4 - 1 1 . - -

i E 1 2 1 1 b/14EJ 61-14i,c -


28/32

8/16/2013

IX) Glossopharyngeal: swallowing, taste,salivary glands

X) Vagus: certain muscle movements,sensory impulses J11 t/iti

XI) Accessory: swallowing, headmovement XII) Hypoglossal: swallowing, speech

i:f gam,'

Molecules in air dissolve in nasal mucus Bipolar sensory neurons transfer chemical

impulse Olfactory bulbs receive impulse Impulse sent to olfactory cortex Odor variety dependent on braininterpretation

e2 , E 0 . 1 1 , n ,

10


29/32

ece aa-tc-txja 4/

Pmairs dare.no l wows lure

1 G14.54 4 ah4t c

4/ed.44 66; fr

v e z t _ . Cerutiet16

8/16/2013

wI

Taste depends on chemicalsdissolvVinsaliva

Tasteinfluenced byolfactory sensations

DELMARa [ENGAGE learrilar

Taste buds on tongue palateand pharynx Taste bud cell types

Exterior capsule: epithelial cells nterior: taste cells 60 ut

4

Eyes protected by eyelids andeyelashes Tears

Lubricate the eyes r saitkei- ontain beriolyticlysozyme enzymeContai dgamma globulin

C L A e ft

4. DELMAR


30/32

OytpT ear, u rk lteex ternal, visible, flexible part

yy - External auditory meatus RAM Lined with hair and cerum inol is glands

j_ Tympanic membrane: vibrates in response tosound

DE L M A RCENG GE learning

i

MiddleAudit ryossicles malleus, incus and stapes Openirigs oval and roundwindowsEustachian tube: equalizes pressure5e-rot 2S o+ .4 15 mfa ex.

*M a n e

8/16/2013

0 A . a ed 9l mad de1 1 - ) e a i r - e 5 1555+ a)/ Wev);L r\./ el a (1

let e d e a e d_ria-1Y1

1 2


31/32

8 16 2013

Structures of the ear shown in crosssection

Inner earCochlea: hearing

- Equilibrium Static: vestibule Kinetic: semicircular canals

11 &t/Vienski)...v -}

I.:O DEL M ARaGAGE teaming

Click Here to Play Hearing Animation

13


32/32

8/16/2013

Named the principal parts of thebrain Discussed the functions of the major parts

of the brain Named the 2cranial nervesDiscussed the role of the autonomic

nervous system and its divisions Described the special senses andthe

organs involvedO . D E L M A RCE N G G E laeorder

Documents

MomsAPChap9to11 Notes