Mohit Final Report by Doaba

8/10/2019 Mohit Final Report by Doaba

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SOLENOID VEHICLE

A PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIRMENT FOR

AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. U.S.KOONER

H.O.D MECHNICAL DEPARTMENT

SUBMITTED BY:-

MOHIT SHARMA (11 !""#$

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SOLENOID VEHICLE

A PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIRMENT FOR

AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. U.S.KOONER

H.O.D MECHNICAL DEPARTMENT

SUBMITTED BY:-

YADVINDER SINGH (11 !%!!$

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ACKNO&LEDGEMENT

We take this oppo t!"it# to e$p ess %# &eepest a"& si"'e e ( atit!&e to o!

s!pe )iso P o*+ U+S+,OONER- HOD- ME.HANI.AL DEPARTMENTL

DOABA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TE.HNOLOG/ *o his

i"si(ht*!0 a&)i'e %oti)ati"( s!((estio"s i" )a0!a 0e (!i&a"'e- he0p a"& s!ppo t

a"& s!''ess*!0 'o%p0etio" o* this p o e't a"& a0so *o his 'o"sta"t

e"'o! a(e%e"t a"& a&)i'e th o!(ho!t o! a'he0o p o( a%+

The i"3ti%e *a'i0ities p o)i&e& # &epa t%e"t th o!(ho!t a'he0o s p o( a% a e

e4!a00# k"o50e&(ea 0e+

We 5o!0& 0ike 'o")e# o! tha"ks to the tea'hi"( a"& "o"3tea'hi"( sta** o* the

&epa t%e"t o* %e'ha"i'a0 e"(i"ee i"(- a'e% *o thei )a0!a 0e he0p a"& s!ppo t

th o!(ho!t the &e( ee+ We a e ( ate*!0 to a00 o! '0ass%ates *o thei he0p a"&e"'o! a(e%e"t+

Fi"a00# #et %o e i%po ta"t0# I 5o!0& 0ike to e$p ess %# &eep app e'iatio" to

%# pa e"ts *o thei pe pet!a0 s!ppo t a"& e"'o! a(e%e"t th o!(ho!t the

&e( ee+

YADVINDER SINGH (11 !%!!$

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CONTENT

WOR,ING +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.ONSTRU.TION+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.OMPONENT USED++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.OMPONENT DETAIL++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++MAGNE.TI. FIELD OF SOLENOID+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ELE.TROME.HANI.AL SOLENOID+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++BEARINGS+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++D. MOTORS++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++POWER SUPPL/+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++RE.TIFI.ATION++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++TRANSFORMER++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++O=ER=IEW+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


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LIST OF FIGURES

ELE.TROMAGNETI. PISTON+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++SOLENOID .OIL+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.RAN, SHAFT-.HAIN ME.HANISM+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++LINE DIAGRAM++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++WOR,ING PATTERN++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++POWER SUPPL/+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.OMPONENT ASSEMBL/++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++SOLENOID+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ELE.TROME.HANI.AL SOLENOID+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++BEARINGS+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++D. MOTOR+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++TRANSFORMER++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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Working Principle of ElectromagneticPiston Engine

The electromagnetic piston engine according to the present invention inone aspect comprises a cylinder and a piston, each made of a magneticmaterial, a cylinder electromagnet having an inner wall of the cylinder magnetisable to a one magnetic pole, and a piston magnetization unit for magnetizing a portion of the piston engage able with the cylinder to asingle magnetic pole in a fixed manner, in which the piston is transferredin a one direction by creating a magnetic attraction force between thecylinder and the piston by exciting the cylinder electromagnet; and the

piston is then transferred in the opposite direction by creating a magneticrepellent force there between, followed by repeating this series of theactions of alternately creating the magnetic attraction force and themagnetic repellent force to allow the piston to perform a reciprocalmovement.The electromagnetic piston engine according to the present invention ina still further aspect is constructed by arranging a combination of thecylinder with the piston in -the aspects described above as a oneassembly, arranging the one assembly in plural numbers and operating

the plural assemblies in a parallel way, and converting a reciprocalmovement of the piston in each of the plural assemblies into a rotarymovement of a single cran shaft by a cran mechanism so that morecan be produce for propelling any heavy vehicle.

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Proposed model of Electromagnetic Piston Engine

Single cylinder engine

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Working of engine !"#. shows an appearance of the cylinder andpiston portion of the electromagnetic piston engine. "n !"#., referencenumeral $ stands for a piston, reference numeral % for a cylinder,reference numeral & for an outer cylinder, and reference numerals ' and

( each for a connecting portion, each made of a silicon steel plate. Thecylinder % and the outer cylinder & are each of a shape having its topportion closed. )n outer wall at the top portion of the cylinder % is formedintegrally with a connecting portion '. The cylinder % is disposed in theinterior of the outer cylinder & with the connecting portion ' arranged soas to come into abutment with an inner wall at the top portion of theouter cylinder &. The connecting portion ' is fixed to the top portion of the outer cylinder & with a mounting screw $*. )n exciting coil + iswound about the connecting portion '. n an outer side of the top

portion of the outer cylinder & are mounted two electrodes * which inturn pass over the entire length to the inner wall side of the outer cylinder & and are connected to lead wires at the both ends of the exciting coil +,respectively, to excite the exciting coil + through the electrode .

The piston $ is of a hollow shape which has an opening on a one sidethereof and has a permanent magnet fixed on a base end side thereof so as for the pole side to be directed to the base end surface of thepiston. To the surface of the / pole side of the permanent magnet isfixed a connecting portion (. )n axial hole (a of the connecting portion (is supported axially with a cran shaft of a connecting rod $0 which inturn is axially supported at an axial hole $0a on its other end with a cranmechanism 1not shown2. The connecting portion ( is wound with anexciting coil 3 for a booster 1herein referred to as 4booster coil42. Thelead wires on the both sides of the booster coil 3 are connected each toa copper plate electrode $% embedded extending in the axial directionon the outer wall side surface of the piston.

The piston $ is supported in the interior of the cylinder % with a bearing$+ to enable a smooth reciprocal movement 1vertical movement2 in theaxial direction of the cylinder. The piston $ is arranged to reciprocallymove in the distance indicated by 454 in the drawing. The bearing $+ isdisposed each in the upper and lower positions along a circumferentialdirection of the inner wall of the cylinder % 1i.e. the outer wall of thepiston $2 and is made of ceramics so as for the piston $ to fail to beconnected magnetically to the cylinder %. The bearing $+ may bereplaced with as called roller.

The cylinder % has a brush electrode $' 1hereinafter referred to simplyas 4a brush42 pass therethrough over its whole length from its outer wall

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drawing2. n the other hand, the current is fed in the direction of magnetizing the cylinder % to the / pole and the outer cylinder & to the pole during a period of time during which the piston is being directed tothe top dead center from the bottom dead center 1from to the top from

the bottom in the drawing2. The feeding of the exciting current isperformed repeatedly in a periodical way.

6y exciting the exciting coil + in the manner as described hereinabove,the pole of the piston $ and the / pole of the cylinder % becomeattracting each other during the time during which the piston $ movestoward the top dead center from the bottom dead center, thereby raisingthe piston $ toward the top dead center by the attracting force. )s thepiston $ has reached the top dead center, the exciting current of the

exciting coil + is inverted. The inversion of the exciting current thenexcites the cylinder % to the pole to repel the pole of the piston $ andthe pole of the cylinder % from each other and the repellent forcepushes down the piston $ downwardly toward the bottom dead center.

)s the piston $ has reached the bottom dead center, the exciting currentof the exciting coil + is inverted again. This repetitive actions create areciprocal movement of the piston $ in the cylinder % and the reciprocalmovement is then converted into a rotary movement of a cran shaft $$through the connecting rod $0.

1:


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Co' )r*+),o'

S) -1

We a e !si"( a' so0e"oi& 'oi0 i" o! p o e't to (i)e a"(!0a %otio" to o! ' a"k sha*t+

Co,/ 0 ) ,/:

Br '0: IDEAL 32+:k(?1;%% at-'o"t- a+' 22:)

Whe" 5e p o)i&e '! e"t to the 'oi0 it 'o e+

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S) -!

We &esi(" spe'ia0 ' a"k sha*t a''o &i"( to the so0e"oi& 'oi0+ We !se th ee i o" &i'ks a"& pass

i o" o&e * o% it as sho5" e0o5 &ia( a%+

Use ea i"( @7:8 o" oth si&e o* ' a"k sha*t *o s!ppo t it o" ase a"& 5e !se 'hai" a"&

sp o'ket *o t a"s%it po5e to (ea o$+

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S) -#

We atta'h so0e"oi& 'oi0 5ith ' a"k sha*t as sho5" e0o5+

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S) -

We p! 'hase& o"e (ea o$ o* 1 < atios a"& *i$ i" et5ee" ' a"k sha*t a"& 5hee0 sha*t *o

p o)i&i"( to 4!e to 5hee0+

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1;


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S) -2

We &esi(" o! p o e't as < sto k so0e"oi& e"(i"e+ Fo &ist i !tio" &i**e e"t *o! sto k po5e

5e !si"( si%p0e te'h"i4!e- 5e !se %eta0 sheet a"& '!t it i" 'i '!0a *o % the" 5e &i)i&e that

'i '0e i" to < &i**e e"t po tio"s as sho5" e0o5 a"& paste o" 5oo&e" 'i '!0a pie'e+

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S) -3

We %ake o"e ho0e i" 'e"t e o* that 5oo&e" pie'e a"& i"se t o"e &' (ea %oto i" it+ We

p o)i&e a' '! e"t to the %oto sha*t 5ith he0p o* i"s!0ato a"& atta'h o"e i o" *oi0 5ith that

sha*t this *oi0 is 'o""e'te& 5ith o" the othe si&e as sho5" e0o5 &ia( a% .

We a e !""i"( &' %oto 5ith he0p o* &' s!pp0# a"& &' %oto sha*t is 'o"t o00i"( a' '! e"t

5ith he0p o* i"s!0ato a"& t a"s%it po5e s!pp0# to so0e"oi& 'oi0 *o ' a"k sha*t %o)e%e"t+

Po4 r * /5 of 0+ 6o)or: 5e a e !si"( *a" e(!0ato *o i"' ease a"& &e' ease o* po5e

s!pp0# 5hi'h t a"s%it to the 12) step &o5" t a"s*o %e + No5 5e e'ei)e 12 ) a' s!pp0# a"&

5e "ee& 12&' s!pp0# so- 5e !se i&(e e'ti*ie to 'o")e t a' to &'+ As 5e i"' ease *a"

e(!0ato spee& o! &' %oto %o)e *ast- i* 5e &e' ease its spee& it %o)e s0o5+ A''o &i"( to

this o! &i'k t a"s%its po5e s!pp0# to so0e"oi& 'oi0 a"& 'oi0 otate to ' a"k sha*t+

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S) -3

Fi"a0 0ook o* %o&e0

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CONPONENT USED

1+ + Gea o$

8+ .hai" a"& sp o'ket

9+ Whee0

1:+ Whee0 sha*t

11+ Wi e

12+ Bo * a%e

CONPONENT DETAILUse& a' so0e"oi& 'oi0

So/ 'o,0

A o/ 'o,0 is a +o,/ 5o!"& i"to a ti(ht0# pa'ke& 7 /,8 + I" 75 ,+ - the te % o/ 'o,0 e*e s to

a 0o"(- thi" 0oop o* 5i e- o*te" 5 appe& a o!"& a 6 ) //,+ 'o e- 5hi'h p o&!'es a 6 9' ),+

f, /0 5he" a" / +)r,+ +*rr ') is passe& th o!(h it+ So0e"oi&s a e i%po ta"t e'a!se the# 'a"

' eate 'o"t o00e& %a("eti' *ie0&s a"& 'a" e !se& as / +)ro6 9' ) + The te % so0e"oi&

e*e s spe'i*i'a00# to a %a("et &esi("e& to p o&!'e a !"i*o % %a("eti' *ie0& i" a )o0!%e o*

spa'e @5he e so%e e$pe i%e"t %i(ht e 'a ie& o!t +

19
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil


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I" '9,' r,'9 - the te % o/ 'o,0 %a# a0so e*e to a )a iet# o* )r ' 0*+ r &e)i'es that

'o")e t ' r95 i"to 0i"ea %otio"+ The te % is a0so o*te" !se& to e*e to a o/ 'o,0 / -

5hi'h is a" i"te( ate& &e)i'e 'o"tai"i"( a" e0e't o%e'ha"i'a0 so0e"oi& 5hi'h a't!ates eithe

a ' *6 ),+ o 750r */,+ )a0)e- o a so0e"oi& s5it'h- 5hi'h is a spe'i*i' t#pe o* r / 5 that

i"te "a00# !ses a" e0e't o%e'ha"i'a0 so0e"oi& to ope ate a" e0e't i'a0 s5it'hC *o e$a%p0e- a"

*)o6o;,/ ) r) r o/ 'o,0 - o a 0i"ea so0e"oi&- 5hi'h is a" e0e't o%e'ha"i'a0 so0e"oi&+

M 9' ),+ f, /0 of o/ 'o,0

I' ,0

This is a &e i)atio" o* the 6 9' ),+ f, /0 a o!"& a so0e"oi& that is 0o"( e"o!(h so that * i"(e

e**e'ts 'a" e i("o e&+ I" the &ia( a% to the i(ht- 5e i%%e&iate0# k"o5 that the *ie0& poi"tsi" the positi)e &i e'tio" i"si&e the so0e"oi&- a"& i" the "e(ati)e &i e'tio" o!tsi&e the

so0e"oi&+

A so0e"oi& 5ith 6 A6


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'o%po"e"ts o* the %a("eti' *ie0& "ot poi"ti"( !p5a &s 'a"'e0 o!t # s#%%et #+ O!tsi&e- a

si%i0a 'a"'e00atio" o''! s- a"& the *ie0& is o"0# poi"ti"( &o5"5a &s+

No5 'o"si&e i%a(i"a # the 0oop ' that is 0o'ate& i"si&e the so0e"oi&+ B# A6


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A 192: e$p0a"atio" o* a 'o%%e 'ia0 so0e"oi& !se& as a" e0e't o%e'ha"i'a0 a't!ato

E0e't o%e'ha"i'a0 so0e"oi&s 'o"sist o* a" e0e't o%a("eti'a00# i"&!'ti)e 'oi0- 5o!"& a o!"& a

%o)a 0e ) / o ,ro' s0!( @te %e& the a %at! e + The 'oi0 is shape& s!'h that the r6 )*r

'a" e %o)e& i" a"& o!t o* the 'e"te - a0te i"( the 'oi0 s ,'0*+) '+ a"& the e # e'o%i"( a"

/ +)ro6 9' ) + The a %at! e is !se& to p o)i&e a %e'ha"i'a0 *o 'e to so%e %e'ha"is%

@s!'h as 'o"t o00i"( a ' *6 ),+ / + A0tho!(h t#pi'a00# 5eak o)e a"#thi"( !t )e #

sho t &ista"'es- so0e"oi&s %a# e 'o"t o00e& &i e't0# # a 'o"t o00e 'i '!it- a"& th!s ha)e

)e # 0o5 ea'tio" ti%es+

The *o 'e app0ie& to the a %at! e is p opo tio"a0 to the 'ha"(e i" i"&!'ta"'e o* the 'oi0 5ith

espe't to the 'ha"(e i" positio" o* the a %at! e- a"& the '! e"t *0o5i"( th o!(h the 'oi0 @seeF r 0 5= / 4 of ,'0*+),o' + The *o 'e app0ie& to the a %at! e 5i00 a05a#s %o)e the

a %at! e i" a &i e'tio" that i"' eases the 'oi0 s i"&!'ta"'e+

E0e't o%e'ha"i'a0 so0e"oi&s a e 'o%%o"0# see" i" e0e't o"i' ,'); // 6 r> r - ,'; //

6 +7,' - 0o) 6 )r,8 r,') r a"& f* / ,'? +)or +

Ro) r5 o/ 'o,0

The ota # so0e"oi& is a" e0e't o%e'ha"i'a0 &e)i'e !se& to otate a at'heti"( %e'ha"is%

5he" po5e is app0ie&+ These 5e e !se& i" the 19;:s *o ota # s"ap3s5it'h a!to%atio" i"

e0e't o%e'ha"i'a0 'o"t o0s+ Repeate& a't!atio" o* the ota # so0e"oi& a&)a"'es the s"ap3

s5it'h *o 5a & o"e positio"+ T5o ota # a't!ato s o" opposite e"&s o* the ota # s"ap3s5it'h

sha*t- 'a" a&)a"'e o e)e se the s5it'h positio"+

The ota # so0e"oi& has a si%i0a appea a"'e to a 0i"ea so0e"oi&- e$'ept that the 'o e is

%o!"te& i" the 'e"te o* a 0a (e *0at &isk- 5ith t5o o th ee i"'0i"e& ( oo)es '!t i"to the

!"&e si&e o* the &isk+ These ( oo)es a0i(" 5ith s0ots o" the so0e"oi& o- 5ith a00 ea i"(s

i" the ( oo)es+

Whe" the so0e"oi& is a'ti)ate&- the 'o e is & a5" i"to the 'oi0- a"& the &isk otates o" the a00

ea i"(s i" the ( oo)es as it %o)es to5a &s the 'oi0 o+ Whe" po5e is e%o)e&- a sp i"(

o" the &isk otates it a'k to its sta ti"( positio"- a0so p!00i"( the 'o e o!t o* the 'oi0+

Ro) r5 o,+ +o,/

22
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_valve&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_law_of_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintball_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintball_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinball_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinball_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection#Typical_EFI_componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_valve&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_law_of_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintball_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinball_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinball_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection#Typical_EFI_components


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This is a otatio"a0 )e sio" o* a so0e"oi&+ T#pi'a00# the *i$e& %a("et is o" the o!tsi&e- a"& the

'oi0 pa t %o)es i" a" a ' 'o"t o00e& # the '! e"t *0o5 th o!(h the 'oi0s+ Rota # )oi'e 'oi0s

a e 5i&e0# e%p0o#e& i" &e)i'es s!'h as 0, > 0r, +

P' *6 ),+ o/ 'o,0 /

A ' *6 ),+ o/ 'o,0 / is a s5it'h *o o!ti"( ai to a"# p"e!%ati' &e)i'e- !s!a00# a"

+)* )or - a00o5i"( a e0ati)e0# s%a00 si("a0 to 'o"t o0 a 0a (e &e)i'e+ It is a0so the i"te *a'e

et5ee" e0e't o"i' 'o"t o00e s a"& p"e!%ati' s#ste%s+

H50r */,+ o/ 'o,0 /

H50r */,+ o/ 'o,0 / a e i" (e"e a0 si%i0a to p"e!%ati' so0e"oi& )a0)es e$'ept that

the# 'o"t o0 the *0o5 o* h#& a!0i' *0!i& @oi0 - o*te" at a o!"& 6::: psi @21: a - 21 MPa- 21

MN?% +H50r */,+ 6 +7,' r5 !ses so0e"oi&s to 'o"t o0 the *0o5 o* oi0 to a%s o a't!ato s

to @*o i"sta"'e e"& sheets o* tita"i!% i" ae ospa'e %a"!*a't! i"(+ So0e"oi&3'o"t o00e&

)a0)es a e o*te" !se& i" i i(atio" s#ste%s- 5he e a e0ati)e0# 5eak so0e"oi& ope"s a"& '0oses

a s%a00 pi0ot )a0)e- 5hi'h i" t! " a'ti)ates the %ai" )a0)e # app0#i"( *0!i& p ess! e to a

pisto" o &iaph a(% that is %e'ha"i'a00# 'o!p0e& to the %ai" )a0)e+ So0e"oi&s a e a0so i"

e)e #&a# ho!seho0& ite%s s!'h as 5ashi"( %a'hi"es to 'o"t o0 the *0o5 a"& a%o!"t o* 5ate

i"to the & !%+

Tr ' 6, ,o' o/ 'o,0 'o"t o0 *0!i& *0o5 th o!(h a" a!to%ati' t a"s%issio" a"& a e

t#pi'a00# i"sta00e& i" the t a"s%issio" )a0)e o+

A*)o6o;,/ ) r) r o/ 'o,0

I" a 'a o t !'k- the sta te so0e"oi& is pa t o* a" *)o6o;,/ sta ti"( s#ste%+ The sta te

so0e"oi& e'ei)es a 0a (e / +)r,+ +*rr ') * o% the + r ; )) r5 a"& a s%a00 e0e't i' '! e"t

* o% the ,9',),o' 4,)+7 + Whe" the i("itio" s5it'h is t! "e& o" @i+e+ 5he" the ke# is t! "e& to

sta t the 'a - the s%a00 e0e't i' '! e"t *o 'es the sta te so0e"oi& to '0ose a pai o* hea)#

'o"ta'ts- th!s e0a#i"( the 0a (e e0e't i' '! e"t to the ) r) r 6o)or +

Sta te so0e"oi&s 'a" a0so e !i0t i"to the sta te itse0*- o*te" )isi 0e o" the o!tsi&e o* the

sta te + I* a sta te so0e"oi& e'ei)es i"s!**i'ie"t po5e * o% the atte #- it 5i00 *ai0 to sta t the6o)or - a"& %a# p o&!'e a api& '0i'ki"( o '0a'ki"( so!"&+ This 'a" e 'a!se& # a 0o5 o

26
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Solenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Solenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine


24/51

&ea& atte #- #+orro0 0 o 0oose 'o""e'tio"s i" the 'a 0e- o # a oke" o &a%a(e&

positi)e @ e& 'a 0e * o% the atte #+ A"# o* these 5i00 es!0t i" so%e po5e to the so0e"oi&-

!t "ot e"o!(h to ho0& the hea)# 'o"ta'ts '0ose&- so the sta te %oto itse0* "e)e spi"s- a"&

the e"(i"e &oes "ot sta t+

G r ;o8

U 0 9 r ;o8

Tr ' 6, ,o' (6 +7 ',+ $

A T a"s%issio" o (ea o$ p o)i&es spee& a"& to 4!e 'o")e sio"s * o% a otati"( po5e

so! 'e to a"othe &e)i'e !si"( (ea atios+ I" B itish E"(0ish the te % t a"s%issio" e*e s to

the 5ho0e & i)e t ai"- i"'0!&i"( (ea o$- '0!t'h- p op sha*t @*o ea 35hee0 & i)e - &i**e e"tia0

a"& *i"a0 & i)e sha*ts+ The %ost 'o%%o" !se is i" %oto )ehi'0es- 5he e the t a"s%issio"

a&apts the o!tp!t o* the i"te "a0 'o% !stio" e"(i"e to the & i)e 5hee0s+ S!'h e"(i"es "ee& to

ope ate at a e0ati)e0# hi(h otatio"a0 spee&- 5hi'h is i"app op iate *o sta ti"(- stoppi"(- a"&

s0o5e t a)e0+ The t a"s%issio" e&!'es the hi(he e"(i"e spee& to the s0o5e 5hee0 spee&-

i"' easi"( to 4!e i" the p o'ess+ T a"s%issio"s a e a0so !se& o" pe&a0 i'#'0es- *i$e&

%a'hi"es- a"& a"#5he e e0se otatio"a0 spee& a"& to 4!e "ee&s to e a&apte&+

O*te"- a t a"s%issio" 5i00 ha)e %!0tip0e (ea atios @o si%p0# (ea s - 5ith the a i0it# tos5it'h et5ee" the% as spee& )a ies+ This s5it'hi"( %a# e &o"e %a"!a00# @ # the

2


25/51


26/51

THE BASICS

The 'o"'ept ehi"& a ea i"( is )e # si%p0e Thi"(s o00 ette tha" the# s0i&e+ The 5hee0s o"

#o! 'a a e 0ike i( ea i"(s+ I* #o! ha& so%ethi"( 0ike skis i"stea& o* 5hee0s- #o! 'a

5o!0& e a 0ot %o e &i**i'!0t to p!sh &o5" the oa&+That is e'a!se 5he" thi"(s s0i&e- the * i'tio" et5ee" the% 'a!ses a *o 'e that te"&s to s0o5

the% &o5"+ B!t i* the t5o s! *a'es 'a" o00 o)e ea'h othe - the * i'tio" is ( eat0# e&!'e&+

Bea i"(s e&!'e * i'tio" # p o)i&i"( s%ooth %eta0 a00s o o00e s- a"& a s%ooth i""e a"&

o!te %eta0 s! *a'e *o the a00s to o00 a(ai"st+ These a00s o o00e s ea the 0oa&- a00o5i"(

the &e)i'e to spi" s%ooth0#+

B r,'9 Lo 0

Bea i"(s t#pi'a00# ha)e to &ea0 5ith t5o ki"&s o* 0oa&i"(- a&ia0 a"& th !st+ Depe"&i"( o"

5he e the ea i"( is ei"( !se&- it %a# see a00 a&ia0 0oa&i"(- a00 th !st 0oa&i"( o a

'o% i"atio" o* oth+

27


27/51

The ea i"(s that s!ppo t the sha*ts o* %oto s a"& p!00e#s a e s! e't to a a&ia0 0oa&+

The ea i"(s i" the e0e't i' %oto a"& the p!00e# pi't! e& a o)e *a'e o"0# a a&ia0 0oa&+ I"

this 'ase- %ost o* the 0oa& 'o%es * o% the te"sio" i" the e0t 'o""e'ti"( the t5o p!00e#s+

T7 ; r,'9 ,' )7, )oo/ r *;? +) )o )7r* ) /o 0.

The ea i"( a o)e is 0ike the o"e i" a a stoo0+ It is 0oa&e& p! e0# i" th !st- a"& the e"ti e

0oa& 'o%es * o% the 5ei(ht o* the pe so" sitti"( o" the stoo0+

2>


28/51

The bearings in a car wheel are subject to both

thrust and radial loads. The ea i"( a o)e is 0ike the o"e i" the h! o* #o! 'a 5hee0+ This ea i"( has to s!ppo t

oth a a&ia0 0oa& a"& a th !st 0oa&+ The a&ia0 0oa& 'o%es * o% the 5ei(ht o* the 'a - the

th !st 0oa& 'o%es * o% the 'o "e i"( *o 'es 5he" #o! (o a o!"& a t! "+

T#pes o* Bea i"(s

The e a e %a"# t#pes o* ea i"(s- ea'h !se& *o &i**e e"t p! poses+ These i"'0!&e a00

ea i"(s- o00e ea i"(s- a00 th !st ea i"(s- o00e th !st ea i"(s a"& tape e& o00e th !st

ea i"(s+

B // B r,'9

Ba00 ea i"(s- as sho5" e0o5- a e p o a 0# the %ost 'o%%o" t#pe o* ea i"(+ The# a e

*o!"& i" e)e #thi"( * o% i"0i"e skates to ha & & i)es+ These ea i"(s 'a" ha"&0e oth a&ia0

a"& th !st 0oa&s- a"& is !s!a00# *o!"& i" app0i'atio"s 5he e the 0oa& is e0ati)e0# s%a00+

.!ta5a# )ie5 o* a a00 ea i"(

28


29/51

I" a a00 ea i"(- the 0oa& is t a"s%itte& * o% the o!te a'e to the a00- a"& * o% the a00 to

the i""e a'e+ Si"'e the a00 is a sphe e- it o"0# 'o"ta'ts the i""e a"& o!te a'e at a )e #

s%a00 poi"t- 5hi'h he0ps it spi" )e # s%ooth0#+ B!t it a0so %ea"s that the e is "ot )e # %!'h

'o"ta't a ea ho0&i"( that 0oa&- so i* the ea i"( is o)e 0oa&e&- the a00s 'a" &e*o % o s4!ish-

!i"i"( the ea i"(+

DC MOTORS

DC GEAR MOTOR

Br '0 HOSIDEN 6o)or (J '$

R.P.M: "2-1@@

VOLT: 1!-1%V. DC

O"e o* the *i st e0e't o%a("eti' ota # %oto s 5as i")e"te& # Mi'hae0 Fa a&a# i" 1821 a"&

'o"siste& o* a * ee3ha"(i"( 5i e &ippi"( i"to a poo0 o* %e '! #+ A pe %a"e"t %a("et 5as

p0a'e& i" the %i&&0e o* the poo0 o* %e '! #+ Whe" a '! e"t 5as passe& th o!(h the 5i e- the

5i e otate& a o!"& the %a("et- sho5i"( that the '! e"t (a)e ise to a 'i '!0a %a("eti' *ie0&

a o!"& the 5i e+ This %oto is o*te" &e%o"st ate& i" s'hoo0 ph#si's '0asses- !t i"e @sa0t

29


30/51

5ate is so%eti%es !se& i" p0a'e o* the to$i' %e '! #+ This is the si%p0est *o % o* a '0ass o*

e0e't i' %oto s 'a00e& ho%opo0a %oto s+ A 0ate e*i"e%e"t is the Ba 0o5 s Whee0+

A"othe ea 0# e0e't i' %oto &esi(" !se& a e'ip o'ati"( p0!"(e i"si&e a s5it'he& so0e"oi&C

'o"'ept!a00# it 'o!0& e )ie5e& as a" e0e't o%a("eti' )e sio" o* a t5o st oke i"te "a0

'o% !stio" e"(i"e+

The %o&e " D. %oto 5as i")e"te& # a''i&e"t i" 18>6- 5he" JK"o e G a%%e 'o""e'te& a

spi""i"( "a%o to a se'o"& si%i0a !"it- & i)i"( it as a %oto +

The '0assi' D. %oto has a otati"( a %at! e i" the *o % o* a" e0e't o%a("et+ A ota #

s5it'h 'a00e& a 'o%%!tato e)e ses the &i e'tio" o* the e0e't i' '! e"t t5i'e e)e # '#'0e- to

*0o5 th o!(h the a %at! e so that the po0es o* the e0e't o%a("et p!sh a"& p!00 a(ai"st the

pe %a"e"t %a("ets o" the o!tsi&e o* the %oto + As the po0es o* the a %at! e e0e't o%a("et

pass the po0es o* the pe %a"e"t %a("ets- the 'o%%!tato e)e ses the po0a it# o* the

a %at! e e0e't o%a("et+ D! i"( that i"sta"t o* s5it'hi"( po0a it#- i"e tia keeps the '0assi'a0

%oto (oi"( i" the p ope &i e'tio"+ @See the &ia( a%s e0o5+

A si%p0e D. e0e't i' %oto + Whe" the 'oi0 is po5e e&- a %a("eti' *ie0& is (e"e ate& a o!"&

the a %at! e+ The 0e*t si&e o* the a %at! e is p!she& a5a# * o% the 0e*t %a("et a"& & a5"

to5a & the i(ht- 'a!si"( otatio"+

6:


31/51

The a %at! e 'o"ti"!es to otate+

Whe" the a %at! e e'o%es ho i o"ta00# a0i("e&- the 'o%%!tato e)e ses the &i e'tio" o* '! e"t th o!(h the 'oi0- e)e si"( the %a("eti' *ie0&+ The p o'ess the" epeats+

Fa" Re(!0ato

61


32/51

D +r, ),o' .

T his is the 'i '!it &ia( a% o* the si%p0est 0a%p &i%%e o *a" e(!0ato + The 'i '!it is ase&

o" the p i"'ip0e o* po5e 'o"t o0 !si"( a T ia'+ The 'i '!it 5o ks # )a #i"( the *i i"( a"(0e

o* the T ia' + Resisto s R1- R2 a"& 'apa'ito .2 a e asso'iate& 5ith this+ The *i i"( a"(0e 'a"

e )a ie& # )a #i"( the )a0!e o* a"# o* these 'o%po"e"ts+ He e R1 is se0e'te& as the

)a ia 0e e0e%e"t +B# )a #i"( the )a0!e o* R1 the *i i"( a"(0e o* T ia' 'ha"(es @i" si%p0e

5o &s- ho5 %!'h ti%e sho!0& T ia' 'o"&!'t 'ha"(es+ This &i e't0# )a ies the 0oa& po5e -

si"'e 0oa& is & i)e" # T ia'+ The *i i"( p!0ses a e (i)e" to the (ate o* T ia' T1 !si"( Dia'

D1+

No)

Asse% 0e the 'i '!it o" a (oo& 4!a0it# P.B o 'o%%o" oa &+ The 0oa& 5hethe 0a%p -*a" o

a"# thi"( -sho!0& e 0ess tha" 2:: Watts+ To 'o""e't hi(he 0oa&s ep0a'e the T ia' BT 167

5ith a hi(he Watt 'apa'it# T ia'+ A00 pa ts o* the 'i '!it a e a'ti)e 5ith pote"tia0 sho'k

ha a &+ So e 'a e*!0+

I 0 ,+ )o ) ) )7 +,r+*,) 4,)7 /o4 o/) 9 * /5 ( 5 1!V or ! V AC$ '0 6 ///o 0 ( 6 o/) ;*/;$ ; for +o'' +),'9 )7 +,r+*,) )o 6 ,' .

P r) L, )

R1 1o , 1 Watt Resisto

R2 1o: , Pote"tio%ete @=a ia 0e Resista"'e

.1 :+1 !F @;::= o a o)e Po0#este .apa'ito

T1 BT 167 T ia'

D1 DB2 Dia'

62


33/51

PO&ER SUPPLY

I" a0te "ati"( '! e"t the e0e't o" *0o5 is a0te "ate- i+e+ the e0e't o" *0o5 i"' eases to%a$i%!% i" o"e &i e'tio"- &e' eases a'k to e o+ It the" i"' eases i" the othe &i e'tio" a"&

66


34/51

the" &e' eases to e o a(ai"+ Di e't '! e"t *0o5s i" o"e &i e'tio" o"0#+ Re'ti*ie 'o")e ts

a0te "ati"( '! e"t to *0o5 i" o"e &i e'tio" o"0#+ Whe" the a"o&e o* the &io&e is positi)e 5ith

espe't to its 'atho&e- it is *o 5a & iase&- a00o5i"( '! e"t to *0o5+ B!t 5he" its a"o&e is

"e(ati)e 5ith espe't to the 'atho&e- it is e)e se iase& a"& &oes "ot a00o5 '! e"t to *0o5+

This !"i&i e'tio"a0 p ope t# o* the &io&e is !se*!0 *o e'ti*i'atio"+ A si"(0e &io&e a a"(e&

a'k3to3 a'k %i(ht a00o5 the e0e't o"s to *0o5 &! i"( positi)e ha0* '#'0es o"0# a"& s!pp ess

the "e(ati)e ha0* '#'0es+ Do! 0e &io&es a a"(e& a'k3to3 a'k %i(ht a't as *!00 5a)e

e'ti*ie s as the# %a# a00o5 the e0e't o" *0o5 &! i"( oth positi)e a"& "e(ati)e ha0* '#'0es+

Fo! &io&es 'a" e a a"(e& to %ake a *!00 5a)e i&(e e'ti*ie + Di**e e"t t#pes o* *i0te

'i '!its a e !se& to s%ooth o!t the p!0satio"s i" a%p0it!&e o* the o!tp!t )o0ta(e * o% a

e'ti*ie + The p ope t# o* 'apa'ito to oppose a"# 'ha"(e i" the )o0ta(e app0ie& a' oss the%

# sto i"( e"e (# i" the e0e't i' *ie0& o* the 'apa'ito a"& o* i"&!'to s to oppose a"# 'ha"(e

i" the '! e"t *0o5i"( th o!(h the% # sto i"( e"e (# i" the %a("eti' *ie0& o* 'oi0 %a# e

!ti0i e&+ To e%o)e p!0satio" o* the &i e't '! e"t o tai"e& * o% the e'ti*ie - &i**e e"t t#pes

o* 'o% i"atio" o* 'apa'ito - i"&!'to s a"& esisto s %a# e a0so e !se& to i"' ease to a'tio"

o* *i0te i"(+

NEED OF PO&ER SUPPLY

Pe haps a00 o* #o! a e a5a e that a po5e s!pp0# is a p i%a # e4!i e%e"t *o the

Test Be"'h o* a ho%e e$pe i%e"te s %i"i 0a + A atte # e0i%i"ato 'a" e0i%i"ate o ep0a'e

the atte ies o* so0i&3state e0e't o"i' e4!ip%e"t a"& the e4!ip%e"t th!s 'a" e ope ate& #

26:) A+.+ %ai"s i"stea& o* the atte ies o & # 'e00s+ No5a&a#s- the !se o* 'o%%e 'ia0

atte # e0i%i"ato o po5e s!pp0# !"it has e'o%e i"' easi"(0# pop!0a as po5e so! 'e *o

ho!seho0& app0ia"'es 0ike t a"s e'ei)e s- e'o & p0a#e - 'assette p0a#e s- &i(ita0 '0o'k et'+

THEORY

U SE OF DIODES IN RECTIFIERS:

E0e't i' e"e (# is a)ai0a 0e i" ho%es a"& i"&!st ies i" I"&ia- i" the *o % o* a0te "ati"(

)o0ta(e+ The s!pp0# has a )o0ta(e o* 22:= @ %s at a * e4!e"'# o* ;: H + I" the USA- it is

11:= at 7: H + Fo the ope atio" o* %ost o* the &e)i'es i" e0e't o"i' e4!ip%e"t- a &' )o0ta(e

is "ee&e&+ Fo i"sta"'e- a t a"sisto a&io e4!i es a &' s!pp0# *o its ope atio"+ Us!a00#- this

6


35/51

s!pp0# is p o)i&e& # & # 'e00s+ B!t so%eti%e 5e !se a atte # e0i%i"ato i" p0a'e o* & #

'e00s+ The atte # e0i%i"ato 'o")e ts the a' )o0ta(e i"to &' )o0ta(e a"& th!s e0i%i"ates the

"ee& *o & # 'e00s+ No5a&a#s- a0%ost a003e0e't o"i' e4!ip%e"t i"'0!&es a 'i '!it that 'o")e ts

a' )o0ta(e o* %ai"s s!pp0# i"to &' )o0ta(e+ This pa t o* the e4!ip%e"t is 'a00e& Po5e

S!pp0#+ I" (e"e a0- at the i"p!t o* the po5e s!pp0#- the e is a po5e t a"s*o %e + It is

*o00o5e& # a &io&e 'i '!it 'a00e& Re'ti*ie + The o!tp!t o* the e'ti*ie (oes to a s%oothi"(

*i0te - a"& the" to a )o0ta(e e(!0ato 'i '!it+ The e'ti*ie 'i '!it is the hea t o* a po5e

s!pp0#+

R +),f,+ ),o'

Re'ti*i'atio" is a p o'ess o* e"&e i"( a" a0te "ati"( '! e"t o )o0ta(e i"to a

!"i&i e'tio"a0 o"e+ The 'o%po"e"t !se& *o e'ti*i'atio" is 'a00e& Re'ti*ie + A e'ti*ie

pe %its '! e"t to *0o5 o"0# &! i"( the positi)e ha0* '#'0es o* the app0ie& A. )o0ta(e #

e0i%i"ati"( the "e(ati)e ha0* '#'0es o a0te "atio"s o* the app0ie& A. )o0ta(e+ Th!s p!0sati"(

D. is o tai"e&+ To o tai" s%ooth D. po5e - a&&itio"a0 *i0te 'i '!its a e e4!i e&+

A &io&e 'a" e !se& as e'ti*ie + The e a e )a io!s t#pes o* &io&es+ B!t- se%i'o"&!'to

&io&es a e )e # pop!0a 0# !se& as e'ti*ie s+ A se%i'o"&!'to &io&e is a so0i&3state &e)i'e

'o"sisti"( o* t5o e0e%e"ts is ei"( a" e0e't o" e%itte o 'atho&e- the othe a" e0e't o"

'o00e'to o a"o&e+ Si"'e e0e't o"s i" a se%i'o"&!'to &io&e 'a" *0o5 i" o"e &i e'tio" o"0#3

* o% e%itte to 'o00e'to 3 the &io&e p o)i&es the !"i0ate a0 'o"&!'tio" "e'essa # *o

e'ti*i'atio"+ O!t o* the se%i'o"&!'to &io&es- 'oppe o$i&e a"& se0e"i!% e'ti*ie a e a0so

'o%%o"0# !se&+

FULL &AVE RECTIFIER

It is possi 0e to e'ti*# oth a0te "atio"s o* the i"p!t )o0ta(e # !si"( t5o &io&es i"

the 'i '!it a a"(e%e"t+ Ass!%e 7+6 = %s @18 = p3p is app0ie& to the 'i '!it+ Ass!%e

*! the that t5o e4!a03)a0!e& se ies3'o""e'te& esisto s R a e p0a'e& i" pa a00e0 5ith the a'

so! 'e+ The 18 = p3p appea s a' oss the t5o esisto s 'o""e'te& et5ee" poi"ts A. a"& .B-

a"& poi"t . is the e0e't i'a0 %i&poi"t et5ee" A a"& B+ He"'e 9 = p3p appea s a' oss ea'h

esisto + At a"# %o%e"t &! i"( a '#'0e o* ) i" - i* poi"t A is positi)e e0ati)e to .- poi"t B is

"e(ati)e e0ati)e to .+ Whe" A is "e(ati)e to .- poi"t B is positi)e e0ati)e to .+ The e**e'ti)e

)o0ta(e i" p ope ti%e phase 5hi'h ea'h &io&e sees is i" Fi(+ The )o0ta(e app0ie& to the

a"o&e o* ea'h &io&e is e4!a0 !t opposite i" po0a it# at a"# (i)e" i"sta"t+

6;


36/51

Whe" A is positi)e e0ati)e to .- the a"o&e o* D 1 is positi)e 5ith espe't to its

'atho&e+ He"'e D 1 5i00 'o"&!'t !t D 2 5i00 "ot+ D! i"( the se'o"& a0te "atio"- B is positi)e

e0ati)e to .+ The a"o&e o* D 2 is the e*o e positi)e 5ith espe't to its 'atho&e- a"& D 2

'o"&!'ts 5hi0e D 1 is '!t o**+

The e is 'o"&!'tio" the" # eithe D 1 o D2 &! i"( the e"ti e i"p!t3)o0ta(e '#'0e+

Si"'e the t5o &io&es ha)e a 'o%%o"3'atho&e 0oa& esisto R L- the o!tp!t )o0ta(e

a' oss R L 5i00 es!0t * o% the a0te "ate 'o"&!'tio" o* D 1 a"& D2+ The o!tp!t 5a)e*o % ) o!t

a' oss R L- the e*o e has "o (aps as i" the 'ase o* the ha0*35a)e e'ti*ie +

The o!tp!t o* a *!0035a)e e'ti*ie is a0so p!0sati"( &i e't '! e"t+ I" the &ia( a%- the

t5o e4!a0 esisto s R a' oss the i"p!t )o0ta(e a e "e'essa # to p o)i&e a )o0ta(e %i&poi"t .

*o 'i '!it 'o""e'tio" a"& e o e*e e"'e+ Note that the 0oa& esisto R L is 'o""e'te& * o% the

'atho&es to this 'e"te e*e e"'e poi"t .+

A" i"te esti"( *a't a o!t the o!tp!t 5a)e*o % ) o!t is that its peak a%p0it!&e is "ot 9

= as i" the 'ase o* the ha0*35a)e e'ti*ie !si"( the sa%e po5e so! 'e- !t is 0ess tha" < =+

The easo"- o* 'o! se- is that the peak positi)e )o0ta(e o* A e0ati)e to . is < =- "ot 9 =- a"&

pa t o* the < = is 0ost a' oss R+

Tho!(h the *!00 5a)e e'ti*ie *i00s i" the 'o"&!'tio" (aps- it &e0i)e s 0ess tha" ha0* the

peak o!tp!t )o0ta(e that es!0ts * o% ha0*35a)e e'ti*i'atio"+

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A %o e 5i&e0# !se& *!0035a)e e'ti*ie 'i '!it is the i&(e e'ti*ie + It e4!i es *o!

&io&es i"stea& o* t5o- !t a)oi&s the "ee& *o a 'e"t e3tappe& t a"s*o %e + D! i"( the

positi)e ha0*3'#'0e o* the se'o"&a # )o0ta(e- &io&es D2 a"& D< a e 'o"&!'ti"( a"& &io&es D1

a"& D6 a e "o"3'o"&!'ti"(+ The e*o e- '! e"t *0o5s th o!(h the se'o"&a # 5i"&i"(- &io&e

67


37/51

D2- 0oa& esisto RL a"& &io&e D


38/51

CAPACITOR INPUT FILTER

I* a 'apa'ito is p0a'e& e*o e the i"&!'to s o* a 'hoke3i"p!t *i0te "et5o k- the *i0te

is 'a00e& 'apa'ito i"p!t *i0te + The D+.+ a0o"( 5ith A. ipp0es * o% the e'ti*ie 'i '!it sta ts

'ha (i"( the 'apa'ito .+ to a o!t peak )a0!e+ The A. ipp0es a e the" &i%i"ishe& s0i(ht0#+ No5 the 'apa'ito .- &is'ha (es th o!(h the i"&!'to o 'hoke 'oi0- 5hi'h opposes the A.

ipp0es- e$'ept the D.+ The se'o"& 'apa'ito . # passes the *! the A. ipp0es+ A s%a00

ipp0e is sti00 p ese"t i" the o!tp!t o* D.- 5hi'h %a# e e&!'e& # a&&i"( a&&itio"a0 *i0te

"et5o k i" se ies+

68


39/51

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

69


40/51

Tr ' for6 r

A t a"s*o %e is a" e0e't i'a0 &e)i'e that t a"s*e s e"e (# * o% o"e 'i '!it to a"othe #

%a("eti' 'o!p0i"( 5ith "o %o)i"( pa ts+ A t a"s*o %e 'o%p ises t5o o %o e 'o!p0e&

5i"&i"(s- o a si"(0e tappe& 5i"&i"( a"&- i" %ost 'ases- a %a("eti' 'o e to 'o"'e"t ate%a("eti' *0!$+ A 'ha"(i"( '! e"t i" o"e 5i"&i"( ' eates a ti%e3)a #i"( %a("eti' *0!$ i" the

'o e- 5hi'h i"&!'es a )o0ta(e i" the othe 5i"&i"(s+ Mi'hae0 Fa a&a# !i0t the *i st

t a"s*o %e - a0tho!(h he !se& it o"0# to &e%o"st ate the p i"'ip0e o* e0e't o%a("eti'

i"&!'tio" a"& &i& "ot *o esee the !se to 5hi'h it 5o!0& e)e"t!a00# e p!t+

Th ee3phase po0e3%o!"te& step3&o5" t a"s*o %e +


41/51

A histo i'a0 Sta"0e# t a"s*o %e +

L!'ie" Ga!0a & a"& oh" Di$o" Gi s- 5ho *i st e$hi ite& a &e)i'e 'a00e& a

se'o"&a # (e"e ato i" Lo"&o" i" 1881 a"& the" so0& the i&ea to A%e i'a" 'o%pa"#

Westi"(ho!se+ This %a# ha)e ee" the *i st p a'ti'a0 po5e t a"s*o %e + The# a0so

e$hi ite& the i")e"tio" i" T! i" i" 188


42/51

"atio"a0 po5e ( i&s+ A00 ope ate 5ith the sa%e asi' p i"'ip0es a"& 5ith %a"# si%i0a ities i"

thei pa ts+

Si"(0e phase po0e3%o!"te& step3&o5" t a"s*o %e


43/51

T a"s*o %e s a0o"e 'a""ot &o the *o00o5i"(

.o")e t D. to A. o )i'e )e sa

.ha"(e the )o0ta(e o '! e"t o* D. .ha"(e the A. s!pp0# * e4!e"'#+

Ho5e)e - t a"s*o %e s a e 'o%po"e"ts o* the s#ste%s that pe *o % a00 these *!"'tio"s+

AN ANALOGY

The t a"s*o %e %a# e 'o"si&e e& as a si%p0e t5o35hee0 9 r;o8 *o e0e't i'a0 )o0ta(e

a"& '! e"t+ The p i%a # 5i"&i"( is a"a0o(o!s to the i"p!t sha*t a"& the se'o"&a # 5i"&i"(

to the o!tp!t sha*t+ I" this a"a0o(#- '! e"t is e4!i)a0e"t to sha*t spee&- )o0ta(e to sha*t

)or * + I" a (ea o$- %e'ha"i'a0 po5e @to 4!e %!0tip0ie& # spee& is 'o"sta"t @"e(0e'ti"(

0osses a"& is e4!i)a0e"t to e0e't i'a0 po5e @)o0ta(e %!0tip0ie& # '! e"t 5hi'h is a0so

'o"sta"t+

The 9 r r ),o is e4!i)a0e"t to the t a"s*o %e step3!p o step3&o5" atio+ A step3!p

t a"s*o %e a'ts a"a0o(o!s0# to a e&!'tio" (ea @i" 5hi'h %e'ha"i'a0 po5e is t a"s*e e&

* o% a s%a00- api&0# otati"( (ea to a 0a (e- s0o50# otati"( (ea it t a&es '! e"t @spee&

*o )o0ta(e @to 4!e - # t a"s*e i"( po5e * o% a p i%a # 'oi0 to a se'o"&a # 'oi0 ha)i"(

%o e t! "s+ A step3&o5" t a"s*o %e a'ts a"a0o(o!s0# to a %!0tip0ie (ea @i" 5hi'h

%e'ha"i'a0 po5e is t a"s*e e& * o% a 0a (e (ea to a s%a00 (ea it t a&es )o0ta(e @to 4!e

*o '! e"t @spee& - # t a"s*e i"( po5e * o% a p i%a # 'oi0 to a se'o"&a # 'oi0 ha)i"(

*e5e t! "s+

COUPLING BY MUTUAL INDUCTION

A si%p0e t a"s*o %e 'o"sists o* t5o e0e't i'a0 'o"&!'to s 'a00e& the p i%a # 5i"&i"( a"& the

se'o"&a # 5i"&i"(+ E"e (# is 'o!p0e& et5ee" the 5i"&i"(s # the ti%e3)a #i"( %a("eti'

*0!$ that passes th o!(h @0i"ks oth p i%a # a"& se'o"&a # 5i"&i"(s+ Whe" the '! e"t i" a

'oi0 is s5it'he& o" o o** o 'ha"(e&- a )o0ta(e is i"&!'e& i" a "ei(h o i"( 'oi0+ The e**e't-

'a00e& %!t!a0 i"&!'ta"'e- is a" e$a%p0e o* e0e't o%a("eti' i"&!'tio"+


44/51

SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS

A p a'ti'a0 step3&o5" t a"s*o %e sho5i"( %a("etisi"( *0!$ i" the 'o e

I* a ti%e3)a #i"( )o0ta(e is app0ie& to the p i%a # 5i"&i"( o* t! "s- a '! e"t 5i00

*0o5 i" it p o&!'i"( a 6 9' )o6o), for+ @MMF + !st as a" / +)ro6o), for+ @EMF

& i)es '! e"t a o!"& a" e0e't i' 'i '!it- so MMF t ies to & i)e %a("eti' *0!$ th o!(h a

6 9' ),+ +,r+*,) + The p i%a # MMF p o&!'es a )a #i"( 6 9' ),+ f/*8 i" the 'o e- a"&-

5ith a" ope" 'i '!it se'o"&a # 5i"&i"(- i"&!'es a a'k / +)ro6o), for+ @EMF i"

oppositio" to + I" a''o &a"'e 5ith F r 0 5= / 4 of ,'0*+),o' - the )o0ta(e i"&!'e& a' oss

the p i%a # 5i"&i"( is p opo tio"a0 to the ate o* 'ha"(e o* *0!$

a"&

5he e

) P a"& ) S a e the )o0ta(es a' oss the p i%a # 5i"&i"( a"& se'o"&a # 5i"&i"(-

N P a"& NS a e the "!% e s o* t! "s i" the p i%a # 5i"&i"( a"& se'o"&a # 5i"&i"(-

& P ? &t a"& & S ? &t a e the &e i)ati)es o* the *0!$ 5ith espe't to ti%e o* the p i%a #

a"& se'o"&a # 5i"&i"(s+

Sa#i"( that the p i%a # a"& se'o"&a # 5i"&i"(s a e pe *e't0# 'o!p0e& is e4!i)a0e"t to sa#i"(

that + S! stit!ti"( a"& so0)i"( *o the )o0ta(es sho5s that


45/51

5he e

) p a"& ) s a e )o0ta(es a' oss p i%a # a"& se'o"&a #-

N p a"& N s a e the "!% e s o* t! "s i" the p i%a # a"& se'o"&a #- espe'ti)e0#+

He"'e i" a" i&ea0 t a"s*o %e - the r ),o o* the p i%a # a"& se'o"&a # )o0ta(es is e4!a0 to the

atio o* the '*6; r of )*r' i" thei 5i"&i"(s- o a0te "ati)e0#- the )o0ta(e pe t! " is the

sa%e *o oth 5i"&i"(s+ The atio o* the '! e"ts i" the p i%a # a"& se'o"&a # 'i '!its is

i")e se0# p opo tio"a0 to the t! "s atio+ This 0ea&s to the %ost 'o%%o" !se o* thet a"s*o %e to 'o")e t e0e't i'a0 e"e (# at o"e )o0ta(e to e"e (# at a &i**e e"t )o0ta(e #

%ea"s o* 5i"&i"(s 5ith &i**e e"t "!% e s o* t! "s+ I" a p a'ti'a0 t a"s*o %e - the hi(he 3

)o0ta(e 5i"&i"( 5i00 ha)e %o e t! "s- o* s%a00e 'o"&!'to ' oss3se'tio"- tha" the 0o5e 3

)o0ta(e 5i"&i"(s+

The EMF i" the se'o"&a # 5i"&i"(- i* 'o""e'te& to a" e0e't i'a0 'i '!it- 5i00 'a!se '! e"t to

*0o5 i" the se'o"&a # 'i '!it+ The MMF p o&!'e& # '! e"t i" the se'o"&a # opposes the

MMF o* the p i%a # a"& so te"&s to 'a"'e0 the *0!$ i" the 'o e+ Si"'e the e&!'e& *0!$

e&!'es the EMF i"&!'e& i" the p i%a # 5i"&i"(- i"' ease& '! e"t *0o5s i" the p i%a #

'i '!it+ The es!0ti"( i"' ease i" MMF &!e to the p i%a # '! e"t o**sets the e**e't o* the

opposi"( se'o"&a # MMF+ I" this 5a#- the / +)r,+ / ' r95 *e& i"to the p i%a # 5i"&i"( is

&e0i)e e& to the se'o"&a # 5i"&i"(+ A0so e'a!se o* this- the *0!$ &e"sit# 5i00 a05a#s sta# the

sa%e as 0o"( as the p i%a # )o0ta(e is stea+

Fo e$a%p0e- s!ppose a o4 r o* ;: 5atts is s!pp0ie& to a esisti)e 0oa& * o% a t a"s*o %e 5ith a t! "s atio o* 2; 2+

P EI @po5e e0e't o%oti)e *o 'e '! e"t

;: W 2 = 2; A i" the p i%a # 'i '!it i* the 0oa& is a esisti)e 0oa&+ @See "ote 1

No5 5ith t a"s*o %e 'ha"(e

;: W 2; = 2 A i" the se'o"&a # 'i '!it+


46/51

ANALYSIS OF THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER

This t eats the 5i"&i"(s as a pai o* %!t!a00# 'o!p0e& 'oi0s 5ith oth p i%a # a"& se'o"&a #

5i"&i"(s passi"( +*rr ') a"& 5ith ea'h 'oi0 0i"ke& 5ith the sa%e %a("eti' *0!$+ I" a" i&ea0

t a"s*o %e the 'o e e4!i es "o MMF+ The p i%a # a"& se'o"&a # MMFs- a'ti"( i" opposite

&i e'tio"s- a e e$a't0# a0a"'i"( ea'h othe a"& he"'e- the e is "o o)e a00 es!0ta"t MMF

a'ti"( o" the 'o e+ The e is- ho5e)e - "o "ee& *o a"# MMF a'ti"( o" the 'o e o* a" i&ea0

t a"s*o %e to ' eate a %a("eti' *0!$+ The *0!$ i" the 'o e is !"a% i(!o!s0# &ete %i"e& #

the app0ie& p i%a # )o0ta(e i" a''o &a"'e 5ith F r 0 5= / 4 of ,'0*+),o' - o athe # a"

i"te( atio" o* the a*o esai& 0a5+

I" the i&ea0 t a"s*o %e at "o 0oa&- i+e+ 5ith the se'o"&a # 0oa& e%o)e&- the )o0ta(e app0ie&to the p i%a # 5i"&i"( is oppose& # a" i"&!'e& EMF i" the 5i"&i"( e4!a0 to the app0ie&

)o0ta(e i" a''o &a"'e 5ith F r 0 5= / 4 of ,'0*+),o' + No '! e"t 5i00 *0o5 i" the 5i"&i"(

si"'e "o MMF is e4!i e& # the 'o e+ O"e %i(ht a0so sa# that the ,'0*+) '+ o* the p i%a #

5i"&i"( at "o 0oa& is i"*i"ite0# 0a (e+

F! the o"- the a0a"'e o* the p i%a # a"& se'o"&a # MMFs i+e+ N PiP N SiS - (i)es the atio

o* the se'o"&a # a"& p i%a # '! e"ts as

That is- the atio et5ee" the p i%a # a"& se'o"&a # '! e"ts is the i")e se o* the atio

et5ee" the 'o espo"&i"( )o0ta(es+

DC VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

A D. )o0ta(e app0ie& to a 5i"&i"( o* a" i&ea0 t a"s*o %e 5i00 'a!se a D. )o0ta(e to e

i"&!'e& i" the othe 5i"&i"(+ This is e'a!se a"# )o0ta(e app0ie& 5i00 ' eate a 'ha"(i"( *0!$+

Ho5e)e - !si"( a t a"s*o %e 5ith D. )o0ta(es 5o!0& e4!i e the %a("eti' *0!$ i" the 'o e

@a"& '! e"t s!pp0ie& # the D. )o0ta(e so! 'e to i"' ease 5itho!t o!"&+ I* the e is

esista"'e i" the 5i"&i"(- the *i"a0 '! e"t a"& *i"a0 *0!$ 5i00 e 0i%ite& # that+ O"'e the *0!$

stops 'ha"(i"(- "o )o0ta(e is i"&!'e& i" the othe 5i"&i"(+ I* the 'o e is %a&e o* a"#thi"(

othe tha" ai @e+(+ i o" it 5i00 a0so )*r ) + Sat! atio" 5i00 & asti'a00# e&!'e the a%o!"t o*


47/51

po5e that 'a" e t a"s*e e&- as 5e00 as 'a!si"( the '! e"t to ise e)e" %o e steep0#+ Fo

these easo"s it is )e # i%po ta"t to a)oi& ha)i"( a"# D. 'o%po"e"t i" the )o0ta(es ei"(

app0ie& to a t a"s*o %e + The a%o!"t o* po5e ei"( &issipate& i" the 5i"&i"( 5i00 e 0i%ite&

so0e0# # the 5i"&i"( esista"'e+

It is possi 0e to & a5 D. '! e"t * o% a t a"s*o %e - as a D. '! e"t %e e0# ep ese"ts a

'o"sta"t o**set to the *0!$ i" the 'o e+ D. '! e"ts a e 'a!se& # so%e "o"30i"ea 0oa&s @e+(+ a

7 /f-4 r +),f, r + Most t a"s*o %e s a e &esi("e& to e & i)e" to "ea sat! atio" 5itho!t

a"# D. '! e"t 'o%po"e"ts- so ha)i"( a D. '! e"t 5i00 %ake the t a"s*o %e sat! ate %o e

easi0#+F*//-4 r +),f, r &o "ot ha)e this iss!e- si"'e the '! e"t the# & a5 has "o D.

'o%po"e"t+

THE UNIVERSAL EMF E UATION

I* the *0!$ i" the 'o e is ,'* o,0 / - the e0atio"ship *o eithe 5i"&i"( et5ee" its "!% e o*

t! "s- )o0ta(e- 6 9' ),+ f/*8 0 ' ,)5 a"& 'o e ' oss3se'tio"a0 a ea is (i)e" # the !"i)e sa0

e%* e4!atio" @* o% Fa a&a# s 0a5

5he e

E is the si"!soi&a0 %s o roo) 6 ' * r )o0ta(e o* the 5i"&i"(-

* is the fr * '+5 i" 7 r) -

N is the "!% e o* t! "s o* 5i e o" the 5i"&i"(-

a is the ' oss3se'tio"a0 a ea o* the 'o e i" s4!a e %et es

B is the peak %a("eti' *0!$ &e"sit# i" ) / -

Othe 'o"siste"t s#ste%s o* !"its 'a" e !se& 5ith the app op iate 'o")e sio"s i" the

e4!atio"+

Pr +),+ / +o' ,0 r ),o'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier#Half-wave_rectificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier#Full-wave_rectificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier#Half-wave_rectificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier#Full-wave_rectificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)


48/51

CLASSIFICATIONS

T a"s*o %e s a e a&apte& to "!%e o!s e"(i"ee i"( app0i'atio"s a"& %a# e '0assi*ie& i"

%a"# 5a#s

B# po5e 0e)e0 @* o% * a'tio" o* a )o0t3a%pe e@=A to o)e a tho!sa"& M=A -

B# app0i'atio" @po5e s!pp0#- i%pe&a"'e %at'hi"(- 'i '!it iso0atio" -

B# * e4!e"'# a"(e @po5e - a!&io- a&io * e4!e"'#@RF

B# )o0ta(e '0ass @a *e5 )o0ts to a o!t >;: ki0o)o0ts

B# 'oo0i"( t#pe @ai 'oo0e&- oi0 *i00e&- *a" 'oo0e&- 5ate 'oo0e&- et'+

B# p! pose @&ist i !tio"- e'ti*ie - a ' *! "a'e- a%p0i*ie o!tp!t- et'+ +

B# atio o* the "!% e o* t! "s i" the 'oi0s

S) -*

The se'o"&a # has %o e t! "s tha" the p i%a #+

S) -0o4'

The se'o"&a # has *e5e t! "s tha" the p i%a #+


49/51

I o/ ),'9

I"te"&e& to t a"s*o % * o% o"e )o0ta(e to the sa%e )o0ta(e+ The t5o 'oi0s ha)e

app o$i%ate0# e4!a0 "!% e s o* t! "s- a0tho!(h o*te" the e is a s0i(ht &i**e e"'e i"

the "!% e o* t! "s- i" o &e to 'o%pe"sate *o 0osses @othe 5ise the o!tp!t )o0ta(e5o!0& e a 0itt0e 0ess tha"- athe tha" the sa%e as- the i"p!t )o0ta(e +

V r, ;/

The p i%a # a"& se'o"&a # ha)e a" a& !sta 0e "!% e o* t! "s 5hi'h 'a" e se0e'te&

5itho!t e'o""e'ti"( the t a"s*o %e +

CIRCUIT SYMBOLS

Sta"&a & s#% o0s

T a"s*o %e 5ith t5o 5i"&i"(s a"& i o" 'o e+

T a"s*o %e 5ith th ee 5i"&i"(s+

The &ots sho5 the e0ati)e 5i"&i"( 'o"*i(! atio" o* the 5i"&i"(s+

Step3&o5" o step3!p t a"s*o %e +

The s#% o0 sho5s 5hi'h 5i"&i"( has %o e t! "s-

!t &oes "ot !s!a00# sho5 the e$a't atio+

T a"s*o %e 5ith e0e't ostati' s' ee"-

5hi'h p e)e"ts + +,), +o* /,'9 et5ee" the 5i"&i"(s+


50/51

BIKE TIMING CHAIN

DIAMENSION:

LENTH ;7:MM

GROO=E 8

Documents

Mohit Final Report by Doaba