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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
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THE STRUCTUREOF THE ATOM
QUIZ
TUTORIAL CONTENT
INDUCTION SETLEARNING OBJECTIVES
QUIT
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Lea
rningO
bject iv
es
Lear
nin
gO
bj e
ct
ives Student should be able to analyse matter
Student should be able to understand
isotopes & assess their importance
Student should be able to understandthe electronic structure of the atoms
Student should be able to appreciate theorderliness and uniqueness of the atomic
structure
Student should be able tosynthesis atomic structure
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APPRECIATING THEORDERLINESS AND
UNIQUENESS OF THE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
THE ELECTRONIC
STRUCTUREOF THE ATOMS
ISOTOPES & THEIRIMPORTANCES
THE ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
MATTER
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MATTER
Our world is made up of matter.
Matter is anything that occupiesspace and has mass.
Made up of tiny and discreteparticles.
These particles may be
molecules
atoms
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MOLECULES
• Is a group of two or more atoms whichare chemically bonded together.
• Can be elements or compounds.
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ATOMS
• An atom is the smallest particle of an elementthat can participate in a chemicals reaction.
• Examples: carbon and hydrogen exist asatoms.
Hydrogen atom
(1 proton)
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IONS
• Is a positively or negatively charged particles.
Lithiumatom
Lithiumion
Oxygen ion
Oxygenatom
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• Particles in matter are in motion.
• Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance movein between the particles of another substance.
• Matter can exist in three different states:solidliquidgas
• The differences between the three states of matter
can be explained by using theKinetic Theory of Matter.
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DIFFUSION OF BROMINE
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DIFFUSION OF
BROMINE BACK HOME NEXT
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DIFFUSION OF KMnO4 IN WATER
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THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
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THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:SOLID
The particles are packed closely together in an orderlymanner
There are strong forces between the particles
The particles can only vibrate and rotate about theirfixed
positions
Solid has fixed volume and shape
Solid cannot be compressed
Microscopic view of a solid
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THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:
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THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:LIQUID
Microscopic view of a liquid
The particles are packed closely together but not inorderly arrangement
The particles held together by strong forces butweaker than the forces in a
solidThe particles can vibrate, rotate and move
throughout the liquid
They collides against each other
Liquid has a fixed volume
Takes the shape of the containerBACK HOME NEXT
THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:
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THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:GAS
Microscopic view of agas
The particles are very far apart from each other & in arandom motion
There are weak forces between the particles
The particles can vibrate, rotate and move freely
The rate of collision is greater than rate of collision ina liquid
The gas does not have a fixed shape or volume
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According to the Kinetic Theory of
Matter:
a) matter consists of discrete particles
b) the particles are always moving randomly
c) there are forces of attraction between theparticles
d) the particles of a substance gain kineticenergy and move faster when the substanceis heated
e) the particles of a substance lose kinetic energyand move slower when the substance iscooled
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GAS
LIQUID
SOLID
M E L T I
N G
F R E E
Z I N G
C O N D E N S AT I O N V AP O R I Z AT I O N
S U B L I M A T I O N
DE P O S I T I ON
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MELTING
When a solid is heated:
Particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate morevigorously.
Particles vibrates faster as the temperature
increase.
Until the energy they gained is able to overcomethe forces that hold them together at their fixedpositions.
Thus, solid becomes a liquid.
This process called MELTING.
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FREEZING
When a liquid is cooled:
The particles in the liquid lose energy and moveslower.
As the temperature continues to drops, theparticles continue to lose energy.
Until they do not have enough energy to move
freely.
At this point, the liquid changes into a solid.
This process is called FREEZING.
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Temperature (°C)
Time (min)
MeltingPoint
A
B C
D
The heating curve of naphthalene
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At point A, naphthalene exists as solid.
When the solid is heated, heat energy isabsorbed.
This causes the particles to gain kineticsenergy and vibrates faster.
Thus it increase the temperature from point Ato point B
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At point B, solid naphthalene begins to
melt.
The temperature does not rise even thoughheating continues.
These because heat energy absorbed by theparticles is used to overcome the forces betweenparticles so that the particles can turn into liquid.
This constant temperature is the MELTING POINTof naphthalene.
At this temperature, both solid and liquid areHOME NEXTBACK
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At point C, all the solid naphthalenehas melted.
From point C to point D, the particles inliquid naphthalene absorb heat energyand move faster.
The temperature increases from point Cto point D.
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Temperature (°C)
Time (min)
E
F G
H
FreezingPoint
The cooling curve of naphthalene
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At point F, liquid naphthalene begins tofreeze.
Its temperature remains constant becausethe heat loss to the surroundings is exactlybalanced by the heat energy liberated asthe particles attract one another to form a
solid.
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The solids is cooled.
The particles in the solid vibrate sloweras the temperature decrease.
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Matter is made up of very small particles.
The particles are not joined together, they are discrete and so
there are spaces between the particles.The particles may be in the form of atoms, molecules or ions.
An atom is the smallest particle in an element that canparticipate in a chemicals reaction.
A molecule consists of two or more atoms which are chemically joined together.
An ion is a positively charged or negatively charged particle.
Solids, liquids and gases are different in terms of thearrangement and movement of their particles.
The arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquidsand gases are describe in the kinetic theory of matter.
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Diffusion takes place most quickly in gasesbecause particles in gases move at high speed
and there are large spaces between the
particles.
A substance changes in its state when heat isapplied or removed from the substance.
Heat energy is needed to overcome the forcesof attraction between particles where there is
the change of state:
solid liquid (melting)
liquid gas (boiling)
solid gas (sublimation)
Heat energy is released when particles attractone another during a change of state:
gas liquid (condensation)
liquid solid (freezing)
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John Dalton proposed the f irst atomictheory in 1803.
He imagine the atom as a small,indivisible ball similar to a very tiny
ball.All matter is composed of atoms.
Atoms cannot be made or destroy.
All atoms of the same element areidentical.
John Dalton (1766-
1844)
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William Thomson envisioned theatom as a sphere with a uniformlydistributed positive charge andembedded within it enough electronsto neutralize the positive charge.
Joseph John (J. J.) Thomson (1856–1940)
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Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
Ernest Rutherford discovered apositive charge, called proton.
The positive charge and most of the mass of the atom areconcentrated in a nucleus.
Electrons moves outside thenucleus.
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Neils Bohr (1885-1962)
In 1913, Bohr proposed hisquantized shell model of the atomto explain how electrons can havestable orbits around the nucleus.
He state that the motion of theelectrons in the Rutherford modelwas unstable.
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An atom is made up of three smaller particles:
ELECTRONS
PROTONS
NEUTRONS
NUCLEUS
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PROTON
Found in the nucleus of an
atom.Symbol : p
Relative Electric Charge : +1
Relative Mass : 1
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NEUTRON
Found in the nucleus of an
atom.
Symbol : n
Relative Electric Charge : 0
Relative Mass : 1
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ELECTRON
Surround the nucleus.
Symbol : e
Relative Electric Charge : -1
Relative Mass : Approximately 0.0005
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SubatomicParticles
____________
Relativemass
_________
RelativeCharge
__________
Position in The Atom
____________
Proton, p 1 +1 Nucleus
Neutron, n 1 0 Nucleus
Electron, e 0 -1 Shells ___________________________________________
As the mass of protons and neutrons are greater
than electrons, most of the mass of an atom isconcentrated in the nucleus.
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• Nucleon number (Mass Number) of anelement is the total number of protons andneutrons in its atom.
Nucleon Number = Number of Proton +Number of Neutrons
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= Symbol of Element
A = Nucleon Number
Z = Proton Number
A
Z
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23
11
Na24
12
M g
4 0
2 0
C a31
15
P
28
14
Si
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Na : Natrium
Nucleon Number =
23
Proton Number =11
Na23
11
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Si : Silicone
Nucleon Number =28
Proton Number =14
Si 2 8
14
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Mg : Magnesium
Nucleon Number
= 24
Proton Number= 12
Mg24
12
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Ca : Calcium
Nucleon Number = 40
Proton Number = 20
Ca 4 0
2 0
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P : Phosphorous
Nucleon Number =
31
Proton Number =15
P 31
1 5
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Subatomic
Particles
Relative
mass
Relative
Charge
Position in
The Atom
Proton, p 1 +1 Nucleus
Neutron, n 1 0 Nucleus
Electron, e 0 -1 Shells
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XZ
A
X = is the symbol of theelement
A = is the nucleon number
Z = is the proton number
Atoms are electrically neutral. This
means that the number of protons isequal to the number of electrons.
The proton number (atomic number) isthe number of protons in an atom of an
element.
The nucleon number (mass number)=proton number + number of neutrons
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Isotopes are atoms of the same elementwith different numbers of neutrons.
Most common isotopes of hydrogen has noneutron at all.
There are also a hydrogen isotope calleddeuterium with one neutron and anothertritium with two neutrons.
1p 1p
1n
1p
2n
e ee
Hydrogen-1Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-3Hydrogen-3Hydrogen-2Hydrogen-2
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Deuterium
Hydrogen Tritium
ISOTOPES OFHYDROGEN
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Cobalt-60 is used in radiotherapy for thetreatment of
cancer.
The metabolism of phosphorous in plantscan be studied
using phosphate fertilizers that containphosphorous-32.
Carbon dating uses carbon-14 to estimate
the age of fossils BACK
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Isotopes are atoms of the same element
with different nucleon numbers becausethey have different number of neutrons.
The isotopes of an element have the
same chemical properties but differentphysical properties.
Examples of elements with isotopes areoxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, bromine and
carbon.
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Electrons are arrange around the nucleus in the shell of anatom.
They start occupying a new shell when the previous onehas been occupied.
Valence electrons are electrons found in the outermost
occupied shell of an atom.
Nucleus
First Shell
Second Shell
Third Shell
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Chlorine atom has 17electrons
Arrangement :
First shell = 2
Second shell = 8
Third shell = 7
Represent as : 2.8.7 The electron arrangementof chlorine
There are 7 electron in theoutermost occupied shell of the chlorine atom.
Thus, the valence electronsof a chlorine atom is 7
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Calcium atom has 20
electrons.Arrangement :First shell = 2Second shell = 8Third shell = 8Fourth shell = 2Represent as : 2.8.8.2
The electron arrangement of calcium
There are 2 electron in the
outermost occupied shell of the calcium atom.
Thus, the valence electronsof a calcium atom is 2.
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Electrons are arranged in the shell
of an tom.The electron arrangement of an
atom is also known as its electronicconfiguration.
The first shell is the shell closestto the nucleus of the atom.
The electrons in the outermostoccupied shell of an atom are
known as the valence electrons.
For atoms with the protonnumbers of 1 to 20, two electronscan occupy in the first shell, eightelectrons in the second shell and
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The result of scientific research on the structure
of the atom by Dalton, J.J. Thomson, ErnestRutherford, James Chadwick and Neils Bohr hascontributed tremendously towards understandingelements and their compounds.
Through understanding the structure of theatoms, we are able to explain the physical andchemical properties of elements.
We must appreciate the perseverance and
diligence of the scientists who discovered thesubatomic particles in an atom, leading toknowledge about the structure of the atom.
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Which question do you like?
1
2
4 3
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A Boiling
Which of the following processes
suggests that matter exists as discreteparticles?
B Melting
C Diffusion
DCondensation
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CK
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Which of the following processes
suggests that matter exists as discreteparticles?
A Boiling
B Melting
C Diffusion
D
Condensation
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Which of the following processes
suggests that matter exists as discreteparticles?
A Boiling
B Melting
C Diffusion
DCondensation
BA
CK
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Which of the following processes
suggests that matter exists as discreteparticles?
A Boiling
B Melting
C Diffusion
DCondensation
BA
CK
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Which of the following model shows the
arrangement of the particles of a gas ina container?
A
D
C
B
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Which of the following model shows the
arrangement of the particles of a gas ina container?
A C
B D
BA
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Which of the following model shows the
arrangement of the particles of a gas ina container?
A C
B D
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Which of the following model shows the
arrangement of the particles of a gas ina container?
A C
B D
BA
CK
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Which of the following model shows the
arrangement of the particles of a gas ina container?
A C
B D
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Who was the scientist whoproposed that the electrons in anatom move in shells around thenucleus?
A NeilsBohr
B J.JThomson
C JamesChadwick
D Ernest
Rutherford
BA
CK
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Who was the scientist whoproposed that the electrons in anatom move in shells around thenucleus?
A NeilsBohr
B J.JThomson
C JamesChadwick
D Ernest
Rutherford
BA
CK
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Who was the scientist whoproposed that the electrons in anatom move in shells around thenucleus?
A NeilsBohr
B J.JThomson
C JamesChadwick
D Ernest
Rutherford
BA
CK
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Who was the scientist whoproposed that the electrons in an
atom move in shells around thenucleus?
A NeilsBohr
B J.JThomson
D Ernest
Rutherford
C JamesChadwick
BA
CK
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Valence electrons are electrons
found
A InionsB Outside the shell of anatomC In the innermost shell
of an atomD In the outermost occupiedshell of a particle
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Valence electrons are electrons
found
A Inions
B Outside the shell of anatom
C In the innermost shellof an atom
D In the outermost occupiedshell of a particle
BA
CK
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Valence electrons are electrons
found
A Inions
B Outside the shell of anatom
C In the innermost shellof an atom
D In the outermost occupiedshell of a particle
BA
CK
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Valence electrons are electrons
found
A Inions
B Outside the shell of anatom
C In the innermost shellof an atom
D In the outermost occupiedshell of a particle
BA
CK
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7
3
2
1
5
109
8
64
HOM
E
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Which of the following explain why gas can becompressed easily?
A The density of a gas is verylow
B The particles of a gas move at ahigh speed
C The particles of a gas attract eachother easily
D The particles of a gas are very far apartfrom each other
BA
CK
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Which of the following explain why gas can becompressed easily?
A The density of a gas is verylow
B The particles of a gas move at ahigh speed
C The particles of a gas attract eachother easily
D The particles of a gas are very far apartfrom each other
BA
CK
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Which of the following explain why gas can becompressed easily?
A The density of a gas is verylow
B The particles of a gas move at ahigh speed
C The particles of a gas attract eachother easily
D The particles of a gas are very far apartfrom each other
BA
CK
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Which of the following explain why gas can becompressed easily?
A The density of a gas is verylow
B The particles of a gas move at ahigh speed
C The particles of a gas attract eachother easily
D The particles of a gas are very far apartfrom each other
BA
CK
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Which of the following happens when solidiodine sublimes?
A Its particles becomessmallerB Its particles losekinetic energy
C Its particles moves far apartfrom one anotherD The forces of attraction between theparticles increase
BA
CK
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Which of the following happens when solidiodine sublimes?
A Its particles becomessmaller
B Its particles lose
kinetic energyC Its particles moves far apartfrom one another
D The forces of attraction between theparticles increase
BA
CK
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Which of the following happens when solidiodine sublimes?
A Its particles becomessmaller
B Its particles lose
kinetic energyC Its particles moves far apartfrom one another
D The forces of attraction between theparticles increase
BA
CK
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Which of the following happens when solid
iodine sublimes?
A Its particles becomessmaller
B Its particles lose
kinetic energyC Its particles moves far apartfrom one another
D The forces of attraction between theparticles increase
BA
CK
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Which of the following happens when solid
iodine sublimes?
A Its particles becomessmaller
B Its particles lose
kinetic energyC Its particles moves far apartfrom one another
D The forces of attraction between theparticles increase
BA
CK
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The rate of diffusion of particles is thehighest in gases compared to the rate of diffusion of particles in solids and liquidsbecause the particles in gases
A ArelighterB AresmallerC Are very farapartD Move at a higher
speed
BA
CK
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The rate of diffusion of particles is thehighest in gases compared to the rate of diffusion of particles in solids and liquidsbecause the particles in gases
A ArelighterB AresmallerC Are very farapart
D Move at a higherspeed
BA
CK
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The rate of diffusion of particles is thehighest in gases compared to the rate of diffusion of particles in solids and liquidsbecause the particles in gases
A ArelighterB AresmallerC Are very farapart
D Move at a higherspeed
BA
CK
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The rate of diffusion of particles is thehighest in gases compared to the rate of diffusion of particles in solids and liquidsbecause the particles in gases
A ArelighterB AresmallerC Are very farapart
D Move at a higherspeed
BA
CK
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The rate of diffusion of particles is thehighest in gases compared to the rate of diffusion of particles in solids and liquidsbecause the particles in gases
A ArelighterB AresmallerC Are very farapart
D Move at a higherspeed
BA
CK
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Which of the following occur when aliquid is cooled?
A The particles in the liquidbecomes lighterB The particles in the liquid
become smallerC The spaces between the particlesin the liquids
become biggerD The particles in the liquid losekinetic energy and
move less vigorously
BA
CK
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Which of the following occur when aliquid is cooled?
A The particles in the liquidbecomes lighter
B The particles in the liquidbecome smaller
C The spaces between the particlesin the liquids
become bigger
D The particles in the liquid losekinetic energy and
move less vigorously
BA
CK
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Which of the following occur when aliquid is cooled?
A The particles in the liquidbecomes lighter
B The particles in the liquidbecome smaller
C The spaces between the particlesin the liquids
become bigger
D The particles in the liquid losekinetic energy and
move less vigorously
BA
CK
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Which of the following occur when aliquid is cooled?
A The particles in the liquidbecomes lighter
B The particles in the liquidbecome smaller
C The spaces between the particlesin the liquids
become bigger
D The particles in the liquid losekinetic energy and
move less vigorously
BA
CK
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Which of the following occur when aliquid is cooled?
A The particles in the liquidbecomes lighter
B The particles in the liquidbecome smaller
C The spaces between the particlesin the liquids
become bigger
D The particles in the liquid losekinetic energy and
move less vigorously
BA
CK
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Which of the following graphrepresents the heating curve of
naphthalene when naphthalenepowder is heated till it has melted?
A
B
C
D
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
Time Time
Time Time
BA
CK
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Which of the following graphrepresents the heating curve of
naphthalene when naphthalenepowder is heated till it has melted?
A C
B D
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
BA
CK
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Which of the following graphrepresents the heating curve of
naphthalene when naphthalenepowder is heated till it has melted?
A C
B D
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
BA
CK
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Which of the following graphrepresents the heating curve of
naphthalene when naphthalenepowder is heated till it has melted?
A C
B D
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
BA
CK
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Which of the following graphrepresents the heating curve of
naphthalene when naphthalenepowder is heated till it has melted?
A C
B D
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
Temperature
Time
BA
CK
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The electrons arrangement of Calcium,Ca
40
20
A 2.8.10
B 2.8.8.2C 2.8.2.8
D2.8.18.12
BA
CK
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The electrons arrangement of Calcium,Ca
A 2.8.10
B 2.8.8.2
C 2.8.2.8
D
2.8.18.12
40
20
BA
CK
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The electrons arrangement of Calcium,Ca
A 2.8.10
B 2.8.8.2
C 2.8.2.8
D
2.8.18.12
40
20
BA
CK
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The electrons arrangement of Calcium,Ca
A 2.8.10
B 2.8.8.2
C 2.8.2.8
D
2.8.18.12
40
20
BA
CK
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The electrons arrangement of Calcium,Ca
A 2.8.10
B 2.8.8.2
C 2.8.2.8
D
2.8.18.12
40
20
BA
CK
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The electron arrangement of thechlorine atom is 2.8.7. how manyvalence electrons are there in anatom of chlorine?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 17
BA
CK
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The electron arrangement of thechlorine atom is 2.8.7. how manyvalence electrons are there in anatom of chlorine?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 17
BA
CK
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The electron arrangement of thechlorine atom is 2.8.7. how manyvalence electrons are there in anatom of chlorine?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 17
BA
CK
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The electron arrangement of thechlorine atom is 2.8.7. how manyvalence electrons are there in anatom of chlorine?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 17
BA
CK
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The proton number of element X is 9.How many valence electrons arethere in an atom of X?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 8
BA
CK
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The proton number of element X is 9.How many valence electrons arethere in an atom of X?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 8
BA
CK
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The proton number of element X is 9.How many valence electrons arethere in an atom of X?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 8
BA
CK
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The proton number of element X is 9.How many valence electrons arethere in an atom of X?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 8
BA
CK
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An atom of an element with protonnumber 19 forms an ion. What is theelectron arrangement of the ion?
A 2.8
B 2.8.1C 2.8.8
D2.8.8.8
BA
CK
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An atom of an element with protonnumber 19 forms an ion. What is theelectron arrangement of the ion?
A 2.8
B 2.8.1
C 2.8.8
D
2.8.8.8
BA
CK
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An atom of an element with protonnumber 19 forms an ion. What is theelectron arrangement of the ion?
A 2.8
B 2.8.1
C 2.8.8
D
2.8.8.8
BA
CK
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An atom of an element with protonnumber 19 forms an ion. What is theelectron arrangement of the ion?
A 2.8
B 2.8.1
C 2.8.8
D2.8.8.8
BA
CK
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An atom of an element with protonnumber 19 forms an ion. What is theelectron arrangement of the ion?
A 2.8
B 2.8.1
C 2.8.8
D2.8.8.8
BA
CK
Which of the following models of an
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gatom was first introduced by ErnestRutherford?
Nucleusthatcontainsprotons
shell
electron
Nucleus that contains
protons and neutrons
shell
electron
Negatively-chargedelectron
Positively-chargedsphere
Nucleus thatcontains protons
Electron movesoutside thenucleus
A C
DB
BA
CK
Which of the following models of an
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gatom was first introduced by ErnestRutherford?
A C
B D
Nucleusthatcontainsprotons
shell
electron
Nucleus that contains
protons and neutrons
shell
electron
Negatively-chargedelectron
Positively-chargedsphere
Nucleus thatcontains protons
Electron movesoutside thenucleus
BA
CK
Which of the following models of an
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gatom was first introduced by ErnestRutherford?
A C
B D
Nucleusthatcontainsprotons
shell
electron
Nucleus that contains
protons and neutrons
shell
electron
Negatively-chargedelectron
Positively-chargedsphere
Nucleus thatcontains protons
Electron movesoutside thenucleus
BA
CK
Which of the following models of an
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gatom was first introduced by ErnestRutherford?
A C
B D
Nucleusthatcontainsprotons
shell
electron
Nucleus that contains
protons and neutrons
shell
electron
Negatively-chargedelectron
Positively-chargedsphere
Nucleus thatcontains protons
Electron movesoutside thenucleus
BA
CK
Which of the following models of an
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gatom was first introduced by ErnestRutherford?
A C
B D
Nucleusthatcontainsprotons
shell
electron
Nucleus that contains
protons and neutrons
shell
electron
Negatively-chargedelectron
Positively-chargedsphere
Nucleus thatcontains protons
Electron movesoutside thenucleus
BA
CK
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QUIT NOW?
YES NO
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“CHEMISTRY IS FOR ALLSITE”
PLEASE TELL YOUR FRIENDS ABOUT THIS MODULE
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LIVE EACH DAY TO THEFULLEST…
BECAUSE YOU NEVER KNOW IF
YOU WILL EVER BE ABLE TO TOMORROW
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NORYANA BT MOHD NOR
D20041018635
850628-03-5550
FACULTY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Semester 7
Chemistry Student
Batch 2004-2008