Development (Conception to Old Age)

Development(Conception to Old Age)Modules 7 - 101Prenatal Development & the NewbornDevelopmental Psychology a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span

2Prenatal Development & the Newborn

Life is sexually transmitted3Prenatal Development & the NewbornZygotethe fertilized eggenters a 2 week period of rapid cell divisiondevelops into an embryoEmbryothe developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd monthFetusthe developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth4Prenatal Development & the Newborn 40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months

5Prenatal Development & the NewbornTeratogensFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)Specific pattern of facial featuresPre- and/or postnatal growth deficiencyEvidence of central nervous system dysfunction

Photo courtesy of Teresa Kellerman

6In order to be diagnosed as having FAS, the individual MUST meet all three criteria. There is a specific pattern of facial anomalies, which will be shown shortly. There is pre and or postnatal growth deficiency. Usually the children are born small and remain small, at least until puberty. Finally, there must be evidence of central nervous system dysfunction. This CNS dysfunction might be physical or behavioral. There are pitfalls in the diagnosis of FAS. Sometimes the complete pattern of anomalies is not present. Various terms have been proposed for these cases (FAE Fetal alcohol effects, ARBD Alcohol related birth defects, ARND Alcohol related neurobehavioral disorder) Another problem relates to the age at which the diagnosis is conducted. It appears to be easier to diagnose this condition in young children, while the diagnosis in the neonatal period may be more difficult. Brain damage from prenatal alcohol

7The brain on the left was obtained from a 5-day-old child with FAS while the brain on the right is a control. Prenatal Development & the NewbornReflexesRooting, startle, etcPreferenceshuman voices and facessmell and sound of motherHabituation8Infancy & Childhood: Physical DevelopmentMaturationbiological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviorrelatively uninfluenced by experience

At birth3 months15 monthsCortical NeuronsInfancy & Childhood: Physical DevelopmentBabies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997).

Infancy & Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentSchemaAssimilationAccommodationCognition

DOG

DOGTypical Age RangeDescription of StageDevelopmental PhenomenaBirth to nearly 2 yearsSensorimotorExperiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)Object permanenceStranger anxietyAbout 2 to 6 yearsAbout 7 to 11 yearsAbout 12 through adulthoodPreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images but lacking logical reasoningPretend playEgocentrismLanguage developmentConcrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operationsConservation Mathematical transformationsFormal operationalAbstract reasoningAbstract logicPotential for moral reasoningPiagets Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentInfancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentObject Permanence

Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentConservation

Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentEgocentrismPiagets Preoperational childTheory of MindIdeas about own and others mental statesAutismMarked by deficient communication, social interaction, etcAutism Spectrum Disorders Stranger Anxiety

Infancy and Childhood:Cognitive Development AttachmentJohn BowlbyBabies are in charge of attachmentcute criteria/ruleMary Ainsworthstrange situationBasic attachment patternsSecurely attached Insecure avoidantInsecure ambivalent

Social Development Harry HarlowMonkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother

Rhesus Monkeys17Social DevelopmentCritical Periodshortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper developmentImprintingthe process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in lifeSocial DevelopmentBasic Trust (Erik Erikson)a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthysaid to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregiversSelf-Concepta sense of ones identity and personal worthSocial Development: Child-Rearing PracticesAuthoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedienceWhy? Because I said so.Permissivesubmit to childrens desires, make few demands, use little punishmentAuthoritativeboth demanding and responsiveAdolescenceAdolescencePubertyPrimary Sex Characteristicsbody structures that make sexual reproduction possibleovaries--femaletestes--maleexternal genitaliaSecondary Sex CharacteristicsMenarche

AdolescenceIn the 1890s the average interval between a womans menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is over 12 years10207.2 Year Interval102012.5 Year IntervalAgeAge1890, Women1995, WomenAdolescenceThroughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14.Height in centimeters190170150130110907050024681012141618Age in yearsBoysGirlsKohlbergs Moral LadderMorality of abstractprinciples: to affirmagreed-upon rights andpersonal ethical principlesMorality of law andsocial rules: to gainapproval or avoiddisapprovalMorality of self-interest:to avoid punishmentor gain concrete rewardsPostconventionallevelConventional levelPreconventional levelKohlbergInterested in PiagetRight vs. wrongness of answersTied cognition to moral development

Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentAgeStage Description of Task

InfancyTrust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants(1st year) develop a sense of basic trust.ToddlerAutonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year)and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

PreschoolerInitiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks(3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

ElementaryCompetence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying(6 years-inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior.Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentAge StageDescription of Task

Adolescence Identity vs. roleTeenagers work at refining a sense of self by(teens into confusiontesting roles and then integrating them to 20s)form a single identity, or they becomeconfused about who they are.Young Adult Intimacy vs.Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40s) love, or they feel socially isolated.

Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri-(40s to 60s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through familyand work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

Late Adult Integrity vs.When reflecting on his or her life, the older(late 60s and despairadult may feel a sense of satisfaction orup) failure.Adolescence: Social DevelopmentIdentityones sense of selfIntimacythe ability to form close, loving relationshipsAdulthood: Physical DevelopmentMenopausethe time of natural cessation of menstruationAlzheimers Diseasea progressive and irreversible brain disorderAdulthood: Physical DevelopmentThe Aging Senses103050709000.250.500.751.00Proportion of normal (20/20) vision when identifying letters on an eye chartAge in yearsAdulthood: Physical DevelopmentThe Aging Senses1030507090507090Percent correct whenIdentifying smellsAge in yearsAdulthood: Physical DevelopmentThe Aging Senses1030507090507090Percent correct whenidentifying spokenwordsAge in yearsAdulthood: Physical DevelopmentSlowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older.12108642016202530354045505560657075 andoverFatal accident rate

AgeFatal accidentsper 10,000 driversFatal accidentsper 100 million milesAdulthood: Cognitive DevelopmentRecalling new names introduced once, twice, or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990).1840506070Age groupPercentof namesrecalled 0102030405060708090100After oneintroductionsAfter twointroductionsOlder age groups have poorer performanceAfter three introductionsAdulthood: Cognitive DevelopmentCrystallized Intelligenceones accumulated knowledge and verbal skillsFluid Intelligenceones ability to reason speedily and abstractly

Adulthood: Social DevelopmentEarly-forties midlife crisis?FemalesMalesNo early 40semotional crisis33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 Age in Years24% 16 8 0EmotionalinstabilityAdulthood: Social ChangesSocial Clockthe culturally preferred timing of social eventsmarriageparenthoodretirementAdulthood: Social ChangesMultinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Inglehart, 1990).020406080152535455565+Percentage satisfiedwith lifeas a wholeAge group