MODULE: C2 – CHEMISTRY – ADDITIONAL SCIENCE 2010

Chemistry module C2 is the Chemistry section of the additional science

GCSE. The exam is 45 minutes in length and the exam is a long answer

style exam, so you will need to add detail to your answer to get the

higher marks.

Below is a breakdown of everything that can be on the exam. Anything

in BOLD is only for the pupils who are selected for the higher paper.

Topic 1 – Structure of Atoms & Electronic Structure

Know the 3 particles that make up an atom and their related mass and

charge.

Be able to explain the structure of an atom using the terms “electron”,

“proton” and “neutron”.

Explain what an isotope is.

Be able to draw the electronic configuration of the first 20 elements.

Describe the link between the group number to the number of

electrons in its outer shell.

Topic 2 – Formation of Ions and Ionic Substances

Describe what an ion is

Be able to draw the electronic configuration of ions

Explain how metals and non-metals for ions.

Describe what ionic bonding is

Know the structure of ionic substances and their properties

Write the formula of ionic compounds

Topic 3 – Simple and Giant Covalent Substances

Describe the structure of simple and giant covalent substances

Explain the properties of simple and giant covalent substances

Be able to draw the structure of simple covalent substances

Topic 4 – Metallic Substances

Explain the properties of metallic substances

Describe the structure of metallic substances and represent the

bonding using a diagram

Topic 5 – Smart Materials and Nanoscience

Describe what smart materials and nanoscience are and give examples

Topic 6 – Calculations

Be able to calculate:

the relative formula mass for a compound

the percentage by mass of an element in a compound

the formula: moles = Mass x Mr

the mass of substances involved in chemical reactions

the empirical and molecular formula

the percentage yield and atom economy and know what the

percentage yield and atom economy is.

Topic 7 – Electrolysis

Describe what happens in electrolysis and be able to predict the

products in solution

Know what oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons – OILRIG

Write half equations for reactions at the positive and negative

electrode

Explain how copper is purified by electrolysis

Topic 8 – Energy Transfers, Equlibria and Reversible Reactions

Define what exothermic and endothermic reactions are

Describe and explain energy transfers in reversible reactions

Explain what equlibria is and how reactions conditions affect it

Topic 9 – The Haber Process

Know the equation for the Haber Process and where the raw materials

come from and how ammonia is removed

Know how changing the temperature and pressure affect the amount

of ammonia produced

Explain why a compromise of temperature and pressure are used

Topic 10 – Rate of Reactions

Know how to measure the rate of a reaction

Explain the terms Collision Theory and Activation Energy

Describe and explain how increasing the temperature, surface area,

pressure and concentration affect the rate of reaction

Explain what a catalyst is and give advantages and disadvantages of

using them

Topic 11 – Making Salts, Acids and Bases, Neutralisation and

Fertilisers

Describe how to make a soluble and insoluble salt

Give examples and know that the salt formed depends on the acid used

in the reaction.

Explain the difference between bases and alkalis

Describe the effect of H+ and OH- in solution and how the pH scale is

used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Name the ions that take place in a neutralization reaction and write an

equation for this.

Explain how ammonia solution is used to make fertilizers

Give examples of ammonium salts

Physics (p2)

Physics is a 45 minute exam. A main pointer is generally you are given the equations so work on

manipulating and using them not just remembering them.

Below are the main things you need to know or be able to do:

You must be able to manipulate data from distance-time graphs quickly, remember:

If the line is horizontal, the object is stationary. The steeper the line on a distance-time graph, the greater the speed it represents. Speed (m/s) = distance (meter, m) ÷ Time (seconds, s). Be able to rearrange. Velocity is speed in a given direction. Acceleration is change of velocity per second. A body travelling at a steady speed is accelerating if its direction is changing.

You must be able to manipulate data from a velocity-time graph also:

The slope of the line on a velocity-time graph represents acceleration so remember how to calculate the slope of a line dy/dx.

The area under the line on a velocity-time graph represents distance travelled so make certain you can calculate areas of: right angled quadrilaterals dx x dy & right angled triangles which is half this. Speeding up & slowing down occurs because of the effect of forces.

When two or more objects interact, they always exert equal & opposite forces on each other, measured in newton’s (N).

Resultant force is the result of adding together all forces acting on an object. If the resultant force on an object is zero it remains stationary if it already was, or

continues to move at the same speed if it was in motion. If the resultant force on an object is not zero it changes speed according to the

equation: Acceleration (m/s2) = resultant force (N) ÷ the objects mass (kg). Be able to rearrange. F=ma

Stopping distance = thinking distance + breaking distance (be able to calculate these).

Falling objects.

Weight is the effect of the force of gravity acting on a mass. An object falling freely accelerates at about 10m/s2. An object falling through a fluid (like the air) reaches a terminal velocity when the

resultant force = zero; because drag = weight.

Work, energy & momentum.

Work done = energy transferred Work done (J) = force (N) x distance (m) Kinetic energy (J) = ½ x mass (kg) x speed2 (m/s)2 Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in an elastic object when work is done to it. Momentum (kg m/s) = mass (kg) x velocity (m/s) Momentum is conserved when objects collide provided there are no external forces

acting on them. Momentum is a vector quantity, it has size & direction. When two objects push apart they move apart with equal & opposite momentum.

Electrical charge.

Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. Insulating materials that lose electrons when they are charged become positively

charged. Insulating materials that gain electrons when they are charged become negatively

charged. Electrical current is the rate of flow of charge. A metal object can only hold charge when isolated from the ground. Connecting it to

the ground is called Earthing. A conductor with a high charge will discharge sparks to a nearby earthed object, e.g. a

thunderclouds lightning. Sparks should be avoided as they can make powder grains and certain flammable

gasses explode. This can be done by earthing them or using antistatic materials. Electricity & current.

Electrical components in circuits are represented by internationally agreed symbols. You must memorise these.

A circuit diagram shows how these are connected together. A battery consists of two or more cells connected in series. Resistance (ohms) = Potential difference (volts) ÷ Current (amps) This means that Amps passing through a resistor at constant temperature are directly

proportional to potential difference across the resistor: amps α volts, This follows as: Current (amps) = Resistance (ohms) x Potential difference (volts) as resistance is a constant at constant temperature.

You must know the uses and shapes of current resistance graphs for: Filament lamps, Diodes, Thermistors & Light Dependant Resistors (LDRs).

Series circuits: o Current is the same in each component. o Potential differences across each component add up to give the total p.d. across the

supply. o Resistances add to give a total resistance.

Parallel circuits:

o Potential difference is the same in each component. o Currents through each component add to give a total current. o The bigger a components resistance the smaller the current passing through it.

Mains electricity.

Alternating current repeatedly reverses direction. Mains electricity is an alternating current supply. A mains circuit has a live wire (brown) which alternates between positive and negative

every cycle & a neutral wire (blue) which is at zero volts constantly. Cables contain these two wires and possibly a third earth (yellow & green) which are

covered in flexible insulating plastic. Sockets and plugs employ stiff plastic insulating materials. Know how to wire a plug

(Live to fuse, Earth to top). A fuse contains a thin wire that heats up as current passes through it, if too much

current passes it gets so hot it melts breaking the circuit. A circuit breaker is similar but can be reset. It contains a bimetallic strip that bends if it

becomes too hot and springs to the other side of an insulating pin or it uses an electromagnet and a steel strip which is pulled passed the pin if the magnetic field gets intense enough. Field strength α current. The advantage of this method is it can easily be reset and is not destroyed by the surge current.

Power transferred to a device is the energy transferred to it each second. Power supplied (watts) = Energy transferred (joules) ÷ time (seconds). Power supplied (watts) = Current (amps) x Potential difference (volts). So electric current is the rate of flow of charge. When charge flows through a resistor, electrical energy is transferred as thermal energy. Charge (coulombs) = Current (amps) x time (seconds). Energy transferred (joules) = Potential difference (volts) x Charge flow (coulombs).

Learn to manipulate ALL these equations to quickly convert units. Nuclear Physics

α-decay, the nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons as an α particle. β-decay, a neutron in the nucleus changes into a proton ejecting an electron from the

atom. α particles in a beam are sometimes scattered through large angles when passing

through a thin metal foil. Rutherford used this fact to show atoms had a small positively charged central nucleus which contained most of the atoms mass.

Be familiar with Geiger & Marsden’s work, Rutherford’s model & the Plum pudding so you can make reasoned arguments to explain results.

Nuclear fission occurs when large nuclei like U-235 or Pu-239 split. A Chain reaction occurs in a nuclear reactor when each fission event causes further

fission events.

In a nuclear reactor one neutron per fission on average goes on to produce further fission this is controlled by control rods & moderators.

Nuclear fusion occurs when two nuclei are forced so close that they become a single larger nuclei, this only happens in particle accelerators or in stellar cores.

Energy is released in the fusion process. A fusion reactor would need to be at a very high temperature (like the Sun) before the

reaction could take place. No fusion reactor has worked for more than seconds because of this limitation.

Biology – Additional Science

Additional Biology is one 45 minute paper that can cover the following main areas: Cells, How plants

produce food, Energy flow, Enzymes, Homeostasis and Inheritance. Some key things that will help you

understand these are active revision like mind maps, and past paper questions, learning key terms and

phrases, practicing and understanding diagrams like the carbon cycle and using the workbooks provided.

In addition included in this booklet are the key areas and some pointers for the forthcoming exam.

Cells

Explain the main features of an animal and plant cell and be able to describe the main functions. You must know nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, ribosomes, vacuole and chloroplast.

Explain how specialized cells are adapted to their functions

Using the theories of diffusion and osmosis explain how substances move in and out of a cell

How plants produce food

Write a word or symbol equation for photosynthesis and explain where the raw materials come from

Explain how light, temperature and CO2 are limiting factors

How does the plant use glucose? Why is it stored as starch?

Draw a table of key minerals and explain their use

Energy Flows

Explain and draw a pyramid of Biomass. Define the key term – Biomass

Explain how energy is transferred in a system (how energy and biomass is used and lost by animals)

Understand that reducing energy loss in animals makes food production much more efficient.

Know the types of organisms that are decomposers. What are the conditions for decay? Understand the cycle of decay and how nutrients are recycled.

Be able to label the stages of the carbon cycle. Know how carbon is used in photosynthesis, respiration and combustion.

Discuss the difference between intensive and free range farming

Enzymes

Know and explain that enzymes are catalysts. Describe how they speed up reactions

Link enzymes to the factors that can alter the activation energy of a reaction

Explain the lock and key theory and link to the change in shape of the substrate

With graphical representation explain how Temperature and pH effect the rate that enzymes work

Define the term denatured

Explain the key uses of enzymes in detergents and food industry. The advantages and disadvantages of using enzymes.

What is the role of lipase, amylase and protease in digestion?

How is the small intestine and gut adapted to speed up digestion?

Define aerobic respiration and where it takes place in the body, link to the role and adaptations of mitochondria

Homeostasis

Explain the term homeostasis

Describe why removing the waste products from the body is important

How carbon dioxide and urea are produced by the body and removed

How does the body monitor its temperature and why is so important

Explain how the skin response when the body is too hot or cold

The role of the pancreas and hormones to control the sugar level in the blood

The cause and treatments for the diabetes

Inheritance

What is mitosis and where does occur

Reasons why body cells have to divide

Why do cells differentiate

What are stem cells, the types and what are their functions

How can they be used in therapy

The problems and ethical concerns of using stem cells

What is meiosis and why is this important ( do not confuse with mitosis)

In which cells does meiosis occur

How does sexual reproduction lead to variation

What did Mendel’s experiments teach us about inheritance

Explain the saying ‘One gene, one protein’

Be able to a genetic cross diagram (offspring produce from parents)

What are DNA fingerprints and how is DNA fingerprinting used

Describe the structure of DNA

Sex determination in humans

Be able to draw a Punnett square (Chi square) of how we can predict features

Define dominant and recessive alleles

Understand how Huntington’s and cystic fibrosis are inherited

Be able to use a genetic diagram to predict if a child will inherit a genetic disorder