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H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Module 8: Transboundary Water Management in the
Danube Basin
H.P. NachtnebelDept. of Water-Atmosphere-Environment
• Deficits in harmonising land use with water quality (surface and groundwater bodies)
• Basin wide flood forecasting system• Pending decisions in joint water related conflicts (e.g.
Gabcikovo)
What has not been achieved ?
Transboundary Water Management
Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Structure of presentation
• Recent situation in the Danube basin• Identification of drivers and changes period from 1990-
today• Strategy for a transboundary approach• Development of a transboundary cooperation• Modes of cooperation • Joint actions (Convention, SAP, Survey…)• Analysis of benefits and deficits
H.P. Nachtnebel
Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
• In this presentation figures and transparencies from other institutions are used (ICPDR, Danube GEF…). These slides are highly appreciated
H.P. Nachtnebel
The Danube basin
• Political structure• Economic situation and development• Environmental state (water use, agriculture, wetlands,
pollution)
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Political Changes in the Danube Basin
Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
-1989
-1994
today
H.P. Nachtnebel
The last 20 years
• Collapse of Yugoslavia in a civil warten thousands were killed, hundred thousands were expatriated
• New states have been establishedCzech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegowina, Makedonia, Montenegro
• Politically unsettled problems (Kosovo, Transnistria) • Political transition:
CZ,SLW,HU,SLV,BLG,ROM,CRO are EU members• MA, SE are accession states
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Some Figures About The Basin
• Countries:• Moldavia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia,
Montenegro, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Austria, Germany
• Switzerland, Italy, Poland, Albania, Kosovo, Makedonia
• Figures:• Length: 2857 km• Area: 817.000 km2• Population: 80 Mio.
H.P. Nachtnebel
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
COUNTRY
GERMANY
AUSTRIA
of the state
POPULATION*
in DRB
82,398,326 9.300 11.49
8,188,207 7.700 9.51
CZECH REPUBLIC 10,249,216 2.800 3.46
SLOVAKIA 5,430,033 5.200 6.42
HUNGARY 10,045,407 10.045 12.60
capita million %
SLOVENIA 1,935,677 1.700 2.10
CROATIA 4,422,248 3.000 3.71
SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 10,655,774 9.800 12.11
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 3,989,018 2.900 3.58
BULGARIA 7,537,929 3.500 4.32
ROMANIA 22,271,839 21.000 25.94
MOLDOVA 4,439,502 1.100 1.36
UKRAINE 48,055,439 2.650 3.27
ICPDR TOTAL 219,618,615 80.850 99.88
ALBANIA 3,582,206 0.010 0.01
ITALY 57,998,353 0.020 0.02
MACEDONIA 2,063,122 0.010 0.01
POLAND 38,622,660 0.040 0.05
SWITZERLAND 7,318,638 0.020 0.03
BASIN TOTAL 329,203,593 80.950 100.00
of the state
TOTAL AREA
in DRB
357,021 56,184 7.01
83,858 80,423 10.03
78,866 22,870 2.85
48,845 47,084 5.87
93,030 93,030 11.61
km2 km2 %
20,273 16,422 2.05
56,542 34,965 4.36
102,350 88,635 11.06
51,129 36,636 4.57
110,910 47,413 5.92
237,500 232,193 28.97
33,843 12,834 1.60
603,700 30,520 3.81
1,877,867 799,209 99.72
28,748 126 0.01
301,230 565 0.07
25,333 109 0.01
312,685 430 0.05
41,290 1,809 0.23
2,587,153 802,248 100.00
%
in state
DRB
15.74
95.90
29.00
96.39
100.00
81.00
61.84
86.60
71.65
42.75
97.77
37.92
5.06
0.44
0.19
0.43
0.14
4.38
*) as of July 2003
name statusflag
EU CP
EU
EU
EU CP
EU CP
EU CP
EU CP
EU CP
Apl CP
CP
Obs
Acs CP
Acs CP
CP
CP
Economic development after political changes• Industrial Production* (1990-1992)
CSR -40 %Hungary -32 %Romania -54 %Bulgaria -54 %
• Economical Growth Rate* (1992 - 1995)Country 1992 1993 1994* 1995*Czech Rep. -7.0 -0.3 2 3.5Hungary -4.5 -2.0 1.5 3.0Romania -15.0 1.0 1.0 1.5Bulgaria -7.7 -4.0 -2.5 -1.0
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Economic indicators (estd. in 2002)
GDP on PPP [ Euro / capita ]
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
DE AT CZ SK HU SI HR CS BA BG RO MD UA
H.P. NachtnebelDanube Basin
Economic Status and DevelopmentGDP (€/capita/year)
Austria 25 521Bulgaria 8 010Croatia 7 460Czech Republic 13 226Germany 29 215Hungary 11 243Moldova 350Romania 5 260Serbia 950Slovakia 11 150Slovenia 14 700Ukraine 3 700
Water, Agriculture and Environment
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Water and environment
• Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Water and environment
• Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor• Agriculturalal water demands are still quite high
Module 8: Danube and Transboundary IssuesH.P. Nachtnebel
Water and environment
• Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor• Agriculturalal water demands are still quite high• Substantial agricultural exports
Module 8: Danube and Transboundary IssuesH.P. Nachtnebel
Water and environment
• Agriculture is still a quite important economic factor• Agriculturalal water demands are still quite high• Substantial agricultural exports• High nutrient loads (pesticides,…) from agriculture
Module 8: Danube and Transboundary IssuesH.P. Nachtnebel
Environmental Problems and Pressures
• Water pollution in tributary basins (also in drinking water)
• Nutrient load and euthrophication• Sensitive ecological areas are endangered• The Black Sea is endangered
(it accumulates all the pollutants)• Morphological changes of the rivers
H.P. Nachtnebel
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Water pollution (1)
• Mismanagement of nutrients in the Danube Basin has led to severe ecological problems(deterioration of groundwater, eutrophication of rivers, lakes and the Black Sea)
• These problems are directly related to social and economic issues (e.g. drinking water supply, tourism and fishery as suffering sectors; agriculture, nutrition, industry and waste water management as responsible sectors).
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
BOD-Loads
• Conclusion:• The problems are in
the tributaries
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Aquatic Pollution:
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Other Pollution Sources (2)
• from Petrochemical Industries• Accidential spills from mining industries, from ship
collision• Biological micropollutants from untreated waste waters
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Aquatic Pollution:
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Nonpoint Pollution in Agricultural Areas:
Human Intervention
• Numerous reservoirs for irrigation supply• Water abstraction• Channelisation of rivers• Environmental degradation
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Heavily Modified Water Bodies
Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
• Schaffung einheitlicher Umweltstandards• Dokumentation der Umweltsituation im Donauraum
Hydromorphological State of the Danube
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Pressures on wetlands
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Drivers for an improved cooperation
• Political changes• Severe economic changes• Environmental degradation (disagreement on pollution
sources)• Climate change• All these changes demand for an improved cooperation
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
After the Political Changes in Eastern Europe a New Initiative Started:
Support of the Countries to Develope New Legislation• Support of the Countries in Collaboration• Support to Implement the Convention
3 Major Activities:
• The Environmental Program for the Danube River Basin (EPDRB)• The Convention for the Protection and Sustainable Use of Water
Resources• The Strategic Action Plan
Water related cooperation in the basin
• From bilateral to multi-lateral cooperation• From national to international law
• The role of scientific institutions• The role of NGO‘s• The ICPDR
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Organisational Development
• In 1990 an EU Program was initiated which was supported by EBRD, World Bank, Donor agencies..
• The Programme Coordination Unit (PCU) was established in Brussels
• The office was moved in 1992 to Vienna• Several activities started in the Danube basin
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Organisational Structure
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Towards Implementation:
Structure of Collaboration
Actors
Financing
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
A legal frame for co-operation to assure the protection of water and ecological resources
and their sustainable use in the Danube River Basin
To assist the implementation of the EPDRB the Danube River Protection Convention was elaborated
signed: 29 June 1994, Sofia
entered into force: 22 October 1998
Permanent Secretariat: since 1 October 1999
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Contracting Parties
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
BULGARIA
CROATIA
CZECH REPUBLIC
EUROPEAN UNION
GERMANY
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
MOLDOVA
ROMANIA
SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
SLOVAKIA
SLOVENIA
UKRAINE
29-Aug-99
11-Jul-05
22-Oct-98
19-Aug-03
22-Aug-98
22-Aug-98
13-Mar-03
Contracting Party
Contracting Party
Contracting Party
Contracting Party
Contracting Party
Contracting Party
22-Oct-98Contracting Party
Contracting Party
Contracting Party
Contracting Party
Contracting Party
Contracting Party
02-Aug-99
22-Oct-98
22-Oct-98
22-Oct-98
22-Oct-98
Contracting Party 22-Oct-98
COUNTRY SinceStatus COUNTRY SinceStatus
Contracting Party
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Observers
OBSERVER ORGANISATION
DANUBE COMMISSION
WORLD WIDE FOUND FOR NATURE
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR DANUBE RESEARCH
CONVENTION ON WETLANDS OF INTL. IMPORTANCE ESP. AS WATERFAWL HABITAT
DANUBE ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM
REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CENTRE
INTENATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE BLACK SEA
GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP
UNESCO - INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL PROGRAMME
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR WATER WORKS IN THE DANUBE BASIN
DC
Abbreviation
WWF
IAD
RAMSAR
DEF
REC
BSC
GWP
IHP
IAWD
DANUBE TOURIST COMMISSION DIE DONAU
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
has been established to implement the objectives and provisions and to achieve the
goals of the Danube River Protection Convention
The International Commission for the Protection of the
Danube River( ICPDR )
Phot
o W
WF
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Organisational StructureCONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES
International Commission for the Protectionof the Danube River (ICPDR)
– Implementation of Danube River Protection Convention (DRPC)– Decision making, mgmt and coordination of regional cooperation– Approval of the budget and annual work programme– Follow up of activities and evaluation of results from Expert Groups– Joint Action Programme
Ecology( ECO EG )
– Habitats and species protection areas
– Management of wetlands and floodplains
Tisza RBMP(ad-hoc Tisza Group )
– develop the Tisza River Basin Management Plan
– incorporating:• flood protection and• water quality
Cartography andGIS
( RBM / GIS ESG ) Danube – Black SeaJoint TechnicalWorking Group
Standing WorkingGroup
– co-ordinate the ICPDR work between meetings
– prepare main strategic issues for the ICPDR
– guide the activity of the Expert Groups
UNDP/GFDanube Regional Project
– Creation of sustainable ecological condi-tions for land use and water mgmt
– Capacity building and reinforcement of trans-boundary cooperation
– Strengthening public involvement in environmental decision making
– Reinforcement of monitoring, evaluation and Information System
Legal andAdministrative issues
(ad-hoc S EG )
– Legal issues– Administrative issues– Financial issues
Permanent Secretariat (PS)– Supporting the ICPDR sessions– Supporting the Expert Groups– Coordinating the work programme– Supporting project development and implementation– Maintenance of the Information System
River Basin Management( RBM EG )
– Integrated river basin management
– Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive
Emissions( EMIS EG )
– Emissions from point sources
– Emissions from diffuse sources
– Guidelines on BAT
EconomicAnalysis
( RBM / ECON ESG )
Monitoring, Laboratoryand Information Mgmt
( MLIM EG )– Trans-National
Monitoring Network– Laboratory Quality
Assurance
Accident Preventionand Control( APC EG )
– Acciddental pollution incidents
– AEWS operation– Accident prevention
Flood Protection( FP EG )
– Preparation and imple-mentation of Action Plan for Sustainable Flood Protection
I C P D RS t W G
M o n it o r in g A s s e s s m e n t
P r e s s u r e s M e a s u r e s
F lo o d
R B M
R B M P C o o r d in a t io n
a n d G u id a n c eS e r v ic e s u p p o r t
I n f o e x c h a n g e
M a n d a te & R e p o r t
a d h o cS E G
a d h o cP P
C o m m .
G r o u n d -w a t e r
T is z a
A E W S
A P
F lo o d r is k
L E G E N D
H y d r o -m o r p h o lo g y
a d h o cG I S a n d
I n fo
N O T E
F u r t h e r T a s k G r o u p s m a y b e c r e a te d a c c o r d in g t o t h e n e e d s
T a s k G r o u p
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
DANUBE REGIONAL PROJECTOverview of Project Components
RBM Tools (1.1)
Agriculture - Policies (1.2)
Agriculture - Pilot Projects (1.3)
Wetlands (1.4)
Industry (1.5)
Water Tariffs (1.6)
Pollution Charges, Fines, Incentives (1.7)
Phosphorus Reduction -Detergents (1.8)
Monitoring, Laboratory & Info Management (2.2)
Inter-ministerial Mechanisms (2.1)
Accident Emergency Response (2.3)
DANUBIS (2.4)
(MoU) Danube-Black Sea Cooperation (2.5)
NGO Institutional Development (3.1)
NGO Small Grants Programme (3.2)
Communication Strategy and Public Awareness Campaigns (3.3)
Indicators for Project Monitoring&Evaluation (4.1)
Monitoring Nutrient Removal Capacities of Wetlands (4.3)
Study on Pollution Trading & Economic Instruments for Nutrient Reduction (4.4)
Trainings & Workshops (2.6)
Strengthening the Implementation Capacities for Nutrient Reduction and Transboundary Cooperation in the Danube Basin
Objective 1Support for Policy
Development
Objective 2Capacity Building &
T-B Cooperation
Objective 3Public Participation &
Awareness
Objective 4Monitoring and
Evaluation of Projects
Analysis of Sediments in the Iron Gate, impact assessment of heavy metals (4.2)
Public Participation and Access to Information (3.4)
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
The Actors:
Governments at National, District and Local Level
• Private Companies• Public Authorities• The Public• NGO’s
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Scope of Actions:
Policy, Legal and Regulatory Measures• Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building• Investment in Pollution Control
Ranking of pollution sourcesInvestment plans
• Management Programmes for Water and Environment at the National Level
• Public Awareness and Participation• Applied Research
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Activities in the 1990-ties
• A draft version of the convention for sustainable use of water resources was elaborated by Austria (defines the general objectives and principles)
• PCU financed national reports about the environmental state. IUCN took responsiblity for reviewing and harmonsing the national reports
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Activities in the 1990-ties
• A draft version of the convention for sustainable use of water resources was elaborated by Austria (defines the general objectives and principles)
• PCU financed national reports about the environmental state. IUCN took responsiblity for reviewing and harmonsing the national reports
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Activities in the 1990-ties
• A draft version of the convention for sustainable use of water resources was elaborated by Austria (defines the general objectives and principles)
• PCU financed national reports about the environmental state. IUCN took responsiblity for reviewing and harmonsing the national reports
• PCU initiated an Environmental Programme for the Danube river (EPDRB) (includes the steps to achieve the tasks of the convention)
• World Bank launched the Strategic Action Plan (to provide technical information and to prepare a set of actions)
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Activities in the 1990-ties
• A draft version of the convention for sustainable use of water resources was elaborated by Austria (defines the general objectives and principles)
• PCU financed national reports about the environmental state. IUCN took responsiblity for reviewing and harmonsing the national reports
• PCU initiated an Environmental Programme for the Danube river (EPDRB) (includes the steps to achieve the tasks of the convention)
• World Bank launched the Strategic Action Plan (to provide technical information and to prepare a set of actions)
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
The Strategic Action Plan:
Reduce the Negative Impacts of Activities in the Danube River Basin and on Riverine Ecosystems and the Black Sea
• Maintain and Improve the Availability and Quality of Water in the Danube River Basin
• Establish Control of Hazards from Accidental Spills• Develop Regional Water Management Co-operation• Support of the the Implementation of the Convention
Principles and Strategies of SAP:
Water and environment related actions should be based on the following principles:
Precautionary Principle Best Available Technique Best Available Practice Control of the Pollution at the Source The Polluter Pays Principle Regional Co-operation Shared Information
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Principles of the EPDRB:
• Integrated Approach:- Air-Land-Water-Biological System- Different Economic & Administrative Structures
• Participatory Approach:- National Priorities are Important- Consensus at Every Step of Development- Information Sharing- Joint Decision Making
• Integration of Public and Private Sector- Private Investment- Public Investment- International Funds
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Approach for Nutrient Management
• Understanding the situation• Understanding the processes• Identification of origin of nutrients• Proposal of a strategy
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Understanding the Situation
– the nutrient balance in the catchment with main emphasis on diffuse pollution (e.g. agriculture, air pollution) and the transport, retention and losses of nutrients in the catchment
– the transport, retention and losses of nutrients and ssediments along the Danube River and
– the effect of riverine nutrient discharges on the parts of Western Black Sea directly influenced by the Danube River plume
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Understanding the Processes
– the MONERIS-emission model based on a GIS data base,
– the Danube Water Quality Model (DWQM) for the description of the transport and transformation processes in the river system,
– the Danube Delta Model (DDM) for the quantification of nutrient transport in the Danube Delta and (iv) the Shelf Model for modelling the direct impact of the Danube load on the Western Black Sea. Based on these models the whole system can be considered as a complex unit and scenarios can be developed as a basis for scenario evaluation
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Strategies
– a method to establish comparable, basin-wide, periodic nutrient balances considering the national data availability and
– the evaluation of different solutions for future nutrient management strategies considering socio-economic developments in the Danube Basin.
Nutrient loads (N and P)
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Nutrient loads (N and P)
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Some of the International Agreements:
Belgrad - Declaration (1948): Navigation Bukarest - Declaration (1985): Water Quality and Monitoring Convention for Sustainable Water Use (1993) Luzerne Declaration (1993) Economic Development Strategic Action Plan (1994) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2009) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2015)
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Some of the International Agreements:
Belgrad - Declaration (1948): Navigation Bukarest - Declaration (1985): Water Quality and Monitoring Convention for Sustainable Water Use (1993) Luzerne Declaration (1993) Economic Development Strategic Action Plan (1994) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2009) Danube River Basin Management Plan (2015)
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
DANUBE REGIONAL PROJECTDeveloping and Utilizing Tools
» River Basin Management (EU WFD),
» Danube GIS,
» Economic Instruments
» Contaminated site risk assessments
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
DANUBE REGIONAL PROJECTDeveloping Policies
» Agriculture;
» Industry;
» Economic Instruments;
» Land Use and Wetlands;
» Phosphates in Detergents
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
DANUBE REGIONAL PROJECTPilot Projects and Case Studies
» River Basin Management» Sava River Basin Management Plan,
» Agriculture» Promoting BAP in central and lower
Danube countries
» Wetlands» Wetland restoration and monitoring
of nutrient removal capacities of wetlands
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
DANUBE REGIONAL PROJECTSupporting Public Participation
» Public Awareness;
» Small Grants Programme;
» Support to the Danube Environmental Forum;
» Public Participation in for RMBP;
» Access to Information (Aarhus Convention)
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Development of an Alarm Model for the Danube
• Accidential spills and hazardous events may endanger long sections of the Danube
• A simple pollution propagation model was developed• All the institutional levels were identfied• A communcation network was established• Responsibilities were assigned in all countries
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Financing:
• Phase I: 1991-199457,6 million USD(49,2 million from international sources) EC (Phare), UNDP, World Bank (GEF)
• Phase II: 1995-Riparian Countries, EC (Phare), World Bank
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
What Can We Learn from the Danube ?
Organisations Working in Specific Sectors at the Basin Level were very helpful
- Navigation- Water Suppliers- Scientific Organisations and Networks
* Hydrology* Meteorology* Limnology
Information Sharing: from a Bilateral to Basin Wide Approach- Monitoring Systems- Emergency Warning System- International Agreements- Phasing of the Implementation
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
What Can We Learn from the Danube?
• Establishment of Joint Institutions- Danube Commission- Task Force- Bureau
External Mediator + Financial Support• Inclusion of NGO’s (WWF, IUCN)• In Some Countries Changes of Legal Structure
and Administration
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Summary and Conclusions:
Danube is the Most International River in the World Different Standards in Each Country Economic Transition in Several Countries Although Water Quality is in General not so bad, Some
Major Transboundary Problems Exist- Euthrophication- Some Major Pollution Sources- Impacts on the Delta and Black Sea
• There Was an Urgent Need for Regional Collaboration with Respect to
- Water- Environment
H.P. Nachtnebel Module 8: Danube and Transboundary Issues
Summary and Conclusions:
• The EPDRB, the SAP and the Convention improved collaboration among the countries
• Countries have adopted new standards following EU standards
• Major improvement in water quality concerning point pollution
• A Task Force and a bureau has been implemented• Some Countries will join soon EU• Still several transboundary problems exist