Module 8 – 12’: Skin Diseases and Disorders

Introduction Skin care begins with understanding its

underlying structure and basic needs You must recognize adverse conditions

Inflamed skin Diseases Infectious skin disorders

Skin care specialists are in high demand High end salons/spas Work less arduous and physically

demanding

Aging of the Skin Process that takes many years Do not necessarily age as your parents

Intrinsic Factors Genetic aging

How your parents aged Their skin coloring Resistance to sun damage

Gravity

Facial expressions Repeated movements – expression lines Crow’s feet – eyes Nasolabial folds – corners of the nose Scowl lines – between eyes

Extrinsic Factors Primarily environmental factors Up to 85% of skin aging What we choose to put into our bodies

has a profound effect on the over all aging process

Sun Exposure Tanning= no-no Daily doses – damaging causing # 1 cause of premature aging Use broad spectrum sunscreen every day –

(most makeup has)

Smoking Free Radicals – unstable molecules that cause

biochemical aging Causes premature wrinkling of the skin Weakening and contractions of the blood

vessels and small capillaries Tissues are deprived of essential oxygen Skin may have a yellow or gray tone to it

and a dullness

Alcohol Causes body to repair itself poorly Interferes with proper nutrition distribution

for skin & body tissues Over dilates the blood vessels and

capillaries Causes capillaries to weaken and burst Flushed appearance and blotchy red eyes Dehydrates the skin by drawing out

essential water Causing the skin to appear dull and dry

Smoking & Alcohol Combination can be devastating to the

skin Constant dilation and contraction of

capillaries and blood vessels as well as oxygen and water deprivation quickly make skin appear lifeless and dull

Difficult for skin to adjust and repair itself

Illegal drug use Similar effects of smoking Interfere with body’s intake of oxygen –

affecting healthy cell growth Some can aggravate skin conditions – acne Dryness and allergic reactions on skin

surface

Cumulative stress – Causes biochemical changes that lead to

tissue damage Poor nutrition – deprives skin of

proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals needed

Exposure to pollution – produces free radicals and interferes with oxygen consumption

Outside factors that influence aging Sun Environment Health habits General lifestyle

Heredity has little to do with the aging process when above factors are so great (15%)

The Sun and its Effects The sun and its UV rays have the

greatest impact 80 – 85 % of our aging process is

caused by the rays Collagen and elastin fibers weaken as

we age Happens faster when skin is frequently

exposed

UVA Rays “Aging rays” 90 – 95% rays reach the earth Rays weaken the collagen and elastin

fibers Causes wrinkling and sagging in skin

tissues

UVB Rays “Burning” rays Affects the melanocytes

Rays can destroy melanocytes cells so they can no longer protect the skin

Do not penetrate as deep as UVA rays Can be equally damaging to the skin and eyes

UVB rays do contribute to the body’s absorption of vitamin D

UVB rays - cause Sunburns Tanning Majority of skin cancers Shorter rays that penetrate at the base of

epidermis

Precautions Sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher Avoid exposure during peak hours (10

am – 3 pm) Apply sunscreen 30 minutes before

exposure to allow for absorption Reapply sunscreen after water activity

and sweating Sunscreen should be full or broad

spectrum to filter both UVA & UVB rays – check expiration dates

Avoid exposure for children under 6 months

Wear protective clothing See Dermatologist regularly if changes

in moles Coloration Size shape

Self-care examinations

Skin Aging and the Environment Air pollutants affect the overall

appearance and health Factories Auto exhaust Secondhand smoke Speeds up the aging process

Follow daily skin routine Washing Exfoliating - Removes dead skin cells Moisturizers Protective lotions Foundation

Disorders of the Skin Objective symptoms

Symptoms that can be seen Subjective symptoms

Symptoms that are those that can be felt Prognosis

Foretelling of probable course of a disease Diagnosis

Recognition of a disease by its symptoms

Occupational Disorders on Cosmetology Dermatitis Venerate – allergies

developed to ingredients in: Cosmetics Antiseptics Cold waving lotions aniline derivative tints

WEAR GLOVES !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Contact Dermatitis An inflammation of the skin caused by

contact with chemicals or substances

Allergic Contact Dermatitis Develops an allergy to an ingredients or

a chemical by repeated skin contact Sensitization –

An allergic reaction created by repeated exposure to a chemical or substance

Fingers Face scalp

Irritant Contact Dermatitis When irritating substances temporarily

damage the epidermis Not usually chronic if precautions are

taken Corrosive substances or exfoliants

Inflammation, redness, swelling , itching, burning

WEAR GLOVES!!!!! Or use tongs!!!!!! Hand washing causes dryness and

cracking – use moisturizers

Protect Yourself Keep implements and surfaces clean

and disinfected Wear gloves Keep hands clean and moisturized

Disorders of the Skin You must be prepared to recognize

certain skin conditions Know what you can and cannot work on If you see a skin condition you do not

recognize – refer to a physician DO NOT serve a client who has an

inflamed skin disorder

Lesions of the Skin Lesion – is a mark that may indicate an

injury or damage that changes the structure of tissues or organs Primary Secondary Tertiary

Primary Lesions Different color or raised above surface Bulla – A large blister containing a

watery fluid Cyst – A closed, abnormally developed

sac, containing fluid, semifluid or morbid matter

Primary Lesions Continued Macule – A spot or discoloration on the

skin – freckle Nodule – a solid lump larger than .4

inches, can be easily felt Papule – A pimple, contains no fluid but

may develop pus

Primary Lesions Continued Pustule – An inflamed pimple containing

pus Tubercle – An abnormal rounded, solid

lump

Primary Lesions Continued Tumor – A swelling; an abnormal cell

mass resulting from excessive multiplication of cells, varies in size, shape and color

Vesicle – A small blister or sac containing clear fluid – Ex: poison ivy , poison oak

Primary Lesions Continued Wheal – An itchy swollen lesion that

lasts only a few hours Ex: insect bite, urticaria (skin allergy),

hives, mosquito bite

Secondary Lesion Those that develop in the later stages

of disease: Crust - Dead cells that form over a

wound or blemish while it is healing Ex: scab on a sore

Secondary Lesions Continued Excoriation – A skin sore or abrasion

produced by scratching or scraping Ex: brush burn

Fissure – A crack in the skin Ex: chapped lips or hands

Secondary Lesions Continued Keloid – A thick scar Scale – Thin plate of epidermal

flakes, dry or oily Ex: dandruff

Scar – Cicatrix – Light colored, slightly raised mark formed after an injury or lesion of the skin has healed

Ulcer – An open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the body, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth

Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands Open Comedo/Comedone – Blackhead –

a wormlike mass of hardened sebum in a hair follicle – keratin and sebum T-zone Sebum exposed to environment, oxidizes

and turn black

Closed Comedo Milia – Whiteheads Should be removed under sterile

conditions using proper extraction procedures

Milia – Whiteheads – benign, keratin filled small, whitish, pear-like masses in/under the

epidermis due to retention of sebum associated with fine-textures, dry skin types Sesame seed –round Eyes, cheeks, forehead

Acne – A skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retained secretions, bacteria – Propionbacterium acnes Two Types

Simple Acne Acne Vulgaris

Sebaceous Cyst – large protruding pocket-like lesion filled with sebum Scalp, back Surgically removed

Seborrheic dermatitis – skin condition caused by an inflammation of the sebaceous gland Redness, dry or oily scaling, crusting,

itchiness Eyebrows, beard, scalp, middle forehead,

sides of nose Cortisone creams, antifungal medications

Rosacea – (formerly - Acne Rosacea) is a chronic congestion appearing primarily on the cheeks and nose Characterized by – redness, dilation of

the blood vessels and the formation of papules and pustules

Cause unknown Aggravated by: spicy foods, caffeine,

alcohol, exposure to extremes of heat and cold or sunlight, and stress

Asteatosis – Is a condition of dry, scaly skin due to a deficiency or absence of sebum, caused by old age and exposure to cold

Steatoma – (Wen) Is a sebaceous cyst or fatty tumor, filled with sebum and ranges in size from a pea to an orange Usually appears on the back, neck or scalp

Disorders of the Sudoriferous Glands Anhidrosis – Deficiency in perspiration

Result of a fever or certain skin diseases Requires medical attention

Bromhidrosis – Foul smelling perspiration Usually more noticeable in armpits and feet

Hyperhidrosis – Excessive sweating Cause by: heat or general body weakness Medical attention is required

Miliaria Rubra – Prickly heat – heat rash Characterized by: eruption of small red

vesicles and accompanied by burning, itching skin

Caused by: exposure to excessive heat

Inflammations of the Skin Dermatitis – Inflammatory condition of

the skin Eczema – An inflammatory, painful

itching disease of the skin Forms: dry or moist Must be referred to a physician Cause unknown Not contagious

Conjunctivitis Pinkeye Bacterial infection of the eyes Products or implements touching infected

eyes MUST be thrown away

Herpes Simplex – Fever blister or cold sore; recurring viral infection Characterized by: eruption of a single

vesicle or group of vesicles on a red swollen base

Lips, nostrils, other parts of face IT IS CONTAGIOUS! Virus remains in person’s body!

Impetigo Contagious bacterial infection Weeping lesions Face (chin area) Children VERY CONTAGIOUS!!!!!!!

Psoriasis – A skin disease characterized by: red patches, covered with

white-silver scales usually found on the scalp elbows, knees,

chest and lower back It is not contagious Caused by cells turning over faster than

normal Irritated – bleeding can occur Not curable

Pigmentations of the Skin Albinism – Congenital

leukoderma/hypopigmentation or absence of melanin pigment of the body Silky hair is white Skin is pinkish white and will not tan Eyes are pink Skin is sensitive to light and ages early

Dyschromias – Abnormal colorations Accompany a skin disorder may mean

systemic disorder Hyperpigmentation

Darker than normal pigmentation Hypopigmentation

Absence of pigment Results in white or light splotches

Chloasma – increased pigmentation on the skin (not elevated) Also called moth patches or liver spots Cumulative sun exposure exfoliation

Lentigines – singular: Lentigo – Technical term for freckles developed by exposure to sunlight and air

Leukoderma – light abnormal patches Caused by: burn or congenital disease that

destroys pigment producing cells Classified as : Vitiligo and albinism

Nevus – birthmark Stain – Abnormal brown or wine-colored

skin discoloration with a circular and irregular shape – cause is unknown

Tan – Change in pigmentation of skin caused by exposure to the sun or ultraviolet rays

Vitiligo – Milky-white spots – Causes hypopigmented spots and blotches must be protected from overexposure to the

sun (Michael Jackson claimed to have this)

Hypertrophies of the Skin Keratoma – An acquired superficial growth

of the skin – many are benign or harmless Callus Corn – inward growth

Mole – A small brownish spot or blemish on the skin Any change in a mole requires medical

attention

Skin Tag – Small brown or flesh colored outgrowth of the skin

Verruca – Wart – Caused by a virus Is infectious Can spread from one location to another

Hypertrophy – abnormal growth of the skin

Skin Cancer Basal Cell Carcinoma – Most common

and least severe characterized by: light or pearly nodules

Squamus Cell Carcinoma – More serious, characterized by: red, scaly, papules or

nodules

Malignant Melanoma – Most serious Characterized by: black or brown patches on

the skin, that may appear uneven in texture, jagged or raised

Most commonly located on areas of the body not receiving regular sun exposure

Least common, but most serious• Important for cosmetologists to be able to

recognize the appearance of serious disorders to better serve clients

• Cosmetologist should not attempt to diagnose a skin disorder, but should sensitively suggest the client seek medical advise from a dermatologist

Moles A – Asymmetry B – Border C – Color D – Diameter E - Evolving www.cancer.org

Acne & Problem Skin Most people have skin care issues at

some point in their lives Acne is both a disorder an esthetics

issue

Acne is a disorder affected by 2 major factors Heredity hormones

Retention Hyperkeratosis Heredity tendency for acne-prone skin to

retain dead skin cells in the follicle Forming an obstruction Exacerbates inflammatory acne lesions Papules & Pustules

Skin oiliness is heredity Propionibacterium acnes are anaerobic

Bacteria that cannot survive in the presence oxygen

Main food source is fatty acids found in sebum

Bacteria flourish in clogged follicle No oxygen Plenty of food (sebum)

Bacteria multiply Causing inflammation and swelling Eventually rupture

Immune system is altered Blood rushes to ruptured follicle with

white blood cells to fight bacteria Causes redness in pimples

Acne pustule is an inflammatory lesion resulting from wall rupture and infusion of blood

Pustule forms from papule when enough white blood cells form pus

Dead white blood cells

Acne Treatment Use cleaners formulated for oily skin Follicle exfoliants - leave-on products to

remove cell buildup Allows oxygen in to kill bacteria

Avoid products that contain fatty materials Noncomedogenic – designed and proven to

not clog pores/follicles

Do not use harsh products – can cause inflammation and worsen condition

Trained salon and spa professionals can work over mild to moderate cases of acne – specialized education

Definitions Pertaining to Plastic Surgery Rhytidectomy – face lift Blepharoplasty – Eyelid surgery Chemical Peeling – Specially formulated

chemical solution is applied to the areas to be treated A technique for improving the appearance when

wrinkles of the skin are present. The chemical causes a mild, controlled burn of

the skin

Rhinoplasty – Plastic surgery of the nose Mentoplasty – Chin surgery Dermabrasion – A technique to smooth

scared skin by “sanding” irregularities Performed with a rotary abrasive instrument

that thins the skin, making the sharp edges of facial scars less prominent

Micro-dermabrasion – uses a diamond bit to “sand” off skin – “for younger looking skin”

Injectable fillers – tiny injections of collagen may used to raise depressions closer to normal skin level Used for deep scars, acne scaring, deep

aging lines around the mouth or forehead

Ex: Botox