Module 7 – (L27 – L30): “Management ofli”f Water Quality” · Environmental fluid mechanics: flow and transport in surf t ( i d l k ) fl d t t face waters (rivers and lakes);

Module 7 – (L27 – L30): “ f li ”“Management of Water Quality”:Water quality and pollution, types and Sources of pollution, water quality modeling environmental guidelines for water water quality modeling, environmental guidelines for water quality

29 Water Quality Modeling11111

29 Water Quality Modeling

L29L29– Water Quality ModelingQ y g Topics Covered

W t lit t ti lit l W t lit t ti lit l Water quality, protection, quality goals, Water quality, protection, quality goals, Hydrodynamics, Transport processes, Hydrodynamics, Transport processes, Oxygen regime, Mathematical modeling, Oxygen regime, Mathematical modeling, Governing equations, numerical modeling, Governing equations, numerical modeling, Groundwater transport modeling.Groundwater transport modeling.

Keywords:Keywords: Water quality modeling Hydrodynamics Water quality modeling Hydrodynamics Keywords:Keywords: Water quality modeling, Hydrodynamics, Water quality modeling, Hydrodynamics,

Mathematical/ numerical modeling, Groundwater transportMathematical/ numerical modeling, Groundwater transport..

2222Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Introduction Introduction -- Water Quality ModelingWater Quality Modeling Water quality models simulate the fate of pollutants &

state of selected water quality variables in water bodiesbodies

Incorporates variety of physical, chemical, & biological processes which control the transport and transformation of these variables

Temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, pH, and light attenuation coefficients – important parameterslight attenuation coefficients important parameters

Watershed pollutant loading Each water quality model has its own set of

characteristics and requirements- ( some models can be applied to several types of water bodies and some models only for particular water bodies)

33

y p )

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Types of Water Quality ModelingTypes of Water Quality Modeling Water quality is modeled by one or more of the

following formulations:g

Advective transport formulations;

Dispersive transport formulation; Dispersive transport formulation;

Heat budget formulation;

Di l d t ti R ti Dissolved oxygen saturation; Reaeration

Carbonaceous deoxygenation, Sediment, BOD, pH, Alkalinity, Nutrients, Algae, Microorganism etc


Water Quality Water Quality –– Hydrological CycleHydrological Cycle Emissions: (Ex = out of) from the user’s point of view

(community, factory, etc. ) Avoidance and reduction of pollution into the

environment - sanitary engineering Immissions: (In = into) - from the water body’s point Immissions: (In into) from the water body s point

of view: consequences of pollution, injections, etc. Environmental fluid mechanics: flow and transport in

f t ( i d l k ) fl d t t surface waters (rivers and lakes); flow and transport in soil and groundwater; flow & transport in the atmosphere PrecipitationOverland

Hydrologic processes Land HydrologyGroundwater

Evaporation

55Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT BombayRiver

Flow towards Ocean

Water Quality Modeling Water Quality Modeling –– Water CycleWater CycleIndustry

Laws

Process engineering

Trade

Laws

Stormwater overflow

Domestic

Laws

Drinking & industrial water

Waste water treatment

Laws

Receiving water body

industrial watertreatment

66

Receiving water bodyRivers & lakes Groundwater


Water Quality ProtectionWater Quality Protection–– GoalsGoals Water quality protection - ensure the quality of water

which guarantees the preservation of environmental goods.goods.

Environmental Goods: functions of the river as water resource; community of

l f h f f l daquatic living; fishing; irrigation of farm land leisure and recreation; focus on contamination substances from inland & suspended solids & sediments; substances from inland & suspended solids & sediments;

drinking water supply Quality goals: given as a concentration of a substance -

h di i f i i h d h i l show condition of river with regard to the environmental goods - function as an instrument for decisions, protection & improvement of water quality; derived from effective

77values & law

Water Quality Modeling Water Quality Modeling -- ConsiderationsConsiderations

Water Substances -

Water Substances

Dissolved Emulsified Particles


Water Quality Modeling Water Quality Modeling -- ConsiderationsConsiderations

Governing laws -Conservation Laws

Mass Momentum Substances in water Energy/ heat

Elementary CV - Micro CV – Macro scaleElementary CV Micro


Water Quality Water Quality –– Mathematical ModelingMathematical Modeling

The prediction of water pollution using mathematical simulation techniques. simulation techniques.

A typical water quality model consists of a collection of A typical water quality model consists of a collection of formulations representing physical mechanisms that formulations representing physical mechanisms that determine position and momentum of pollutants in a determine position and momentum of pollutants in a determine position and momentum of pollutants in a determine position and momentum of pollutants in a water body. water body.

Models are available for individual components of the hydrological system such as surface runoff

Models addressing hydrologic transport and for ocean Models addressing hydrologic transport and for ocean and estuarine applicationsand estuarine applicationsand estuarine applications.and estuarine applications.


Water Quality Modeling Water Quality Modeling -- HydrodynamicsHydrodynamics

Conservation of Mass:Mass balance in a CV

Incompressible fluids


Water Quality Modeling Water Quality Modeling -- HydrodynamicsHydrodynamics

Conservation of Momentum –Navier-Stokes equations


Water QMWater QM-- Hydrodynamics & TransportHydrodynamics & Transport Diffusive processes: Molecular diffusion; Turbulent

diffusion & dispersion Molecular diffusion is a transport process that Molecular diffusion is a transport process that

originates from molecular activity (Brownian movement). The driving force for molecular diffusion is a concentration gradient.is a concentration gradient.

The molecular diffusion is described by the molecular diffusion coefficient Dm.


Water QM Water QM –– Hydrodynamics & TransportHydrodynamics & Transport

Turbulent flow: Nature of turbulence: irregular Turbulent flow: Nature of turbulence: irregular (characterized by variations with respect to time); intensive mixing; rotation; dissipative (increased losses of ene g )of energy)

Turbulent fluctuation


Water QMWater QM-- Hydrodynamics & TransportHydrodynamics & Transport

Turbulent flow: Continuity & momentum (x-dir.)

1515Ref: Lecture notes on Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Prof. H. Kobus, Dept. Civil Engg., Uni. Stuttgart, Germany

Water Quality ModelingWater Quality ModelingDiff iDiffusion

Dispersion in a River

Turbulence


WQMWQM-- Transport in Rivers & CanalsTransport in Rivers & Canals One dimensional transport:


WQMWQM-- Transport in Rivers & CanalsTransport in Rivers & Canals One dimensional transport equation

Two dimensional transport equation

Three dimensional transport equation Three dimensional transport equation


WQMWQM-- Oxygen regime of RiversOxygen regime of RiversStreeter- Phelps Equation for oxygen regime

O2 content in mg/l

Time in days


Groundwater Transport Modeling

2D non-homogeneous confined aquifer Flow

siiwyx qyyxxQthS

yhT

yxhT

x

))((

confined aquifer-Flow Equation

2D non-homogeneous siiwyyx qyyxxQthS

yhK

yxhK

x

))((2D non homogeneous

unconfined aquifer-Flow Equation

tyyxx

hKv

hKv yy

q2D Transport equation x

Kv xx yyy

W ' cRnbWccV

ycV

xycD

yxcD

xtcR yxyyxx

')()(


Water Quality Water Quality –– Numerical ModelingNumerical Modeling Numerical procedures- approx. sol. to most of field problems. Transform a complex practical problem into a simple discrete

form of mathematical descriptionform of mathematical description Recreate & solve the problem on a computer, & finally reveal Recreate & solve the problem on a computer, & finally reveal

phenomena virtually according to requirements of analystsphenomena virtually according to requirements of analysts. Numerical or approximate solution for a complex problem

efficiently, as long as proper numerical method is used. Numerical methods are used to analyze these phenomena like Numerical methods are used to analyze these phenomena like

–– Finite Difference Method (FDM)Finite Difference Method (FDM)–– Finite Element Method (FEM)Finite Element Method (FEM)– Finite Volume Method (FVM)– Method of Characteristics (MoC)

B d El M h d (BEM)B d El M h d (BEM)2121

–– Boundary Element Method (BEM)Boundary Element Method (BEM)–– Meshfree Method (MFree) Meshfree Method (MFree)

Surface Water Quality Models WASP Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, US

EPA: Interpret & predict water quality responses to natural phenomena and manmade pollution for various pollution phenomena and manmade pollution for various pollution management decisions

QUAL2K - river and stream water quality model Aquatox- simulation model for aquatic systems;

predicts the fate of various pollutants, such as nutrients & organic chemicals, & effects on ecosystem nutrients & organic chemicals, & effects on ecosystem

EPD-RIV1- Riverine Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model, a system of programs to perform 1D dynamic hydraulic & water quality simulations

SWMM – Storm Water Management Model


Groundwater Quality Models

MODFLOW (1988) - USGS flow model for 3-D aquifersaquifers

MODPATH - flow line model for depicting streamlines MOC (1988) - USGS 2-D advection/dispersion code MT3D (1990, 1998) - 3-D transport code works with

MODFLOW RT3D (1998) 3 D transport chlorinated RT3D (1998) - 3-D transport chlorinated –

MODFLOW BIOPLUME II, III (1987, 1998) - authored at Rice

Univ 2-D based on the MOC procedures. FEMWATER GMS package

2323

GMS packageProf. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Groundwater Transport Modeling – Case StudyDh t l (1999) NGRI R t M M l & T I Eldh (2012)

HINDACO-Belgaum, India)Dhar et al., (1999), NGRI Report; M. Meenal & T. I. Eldho, (2012) Submitted to Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE

7000

8000 N

5000

6000

KektiFactor

21L

Zone I

3000

4000Y

(m)

Nehrunag

Yamunanagar

Gundvad

Kekti y21

Markandeya River

Zone II

1000

2000

arad

1,2 – Red MudL– Lagoon

Zone III

24240 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200 7800 8400 9000

X (m)

0

Case study.. Watershed area 72 sq km basaltic Watershed area- 72 sq. km, basaltic

terrain on northern side of Belgaum. Watershed is drained by Markandeya

river in the north

Parameter Value

Hydraulic river in the north Red mud- hydrous silt muddy, highly

alkaline solid waste produced by physical and chemical treatments of

yConductivity (m/day)

Zone I 0.5p ybauxite in alumina production.

Red mud is harmful to the ecologicalenvironment, safety of its storage has b i l bl f

Zone IZone II

Zone III

0.512

i di l 0become an environmental problem of concern.

Natural recharge of 65 mm/yr is given as input to the flow model

Longitudinal dispersivity (m)

50

Transverse 5as input to the flow model. The seepage from red mud ponds is

simulated as additional recharge (130 mm/yr) from the ponds

Transverse dispersivity (m)

5

Specific Yield 0.2mm/yr) from the ponds.

Case study.. Mategaonkar, Meenal, (2012). Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

4 10

16

6 78

91

106

1217000

7500

8000

1

5

6

20 2

531

37

46

55

6 8 1 6 1

5500

6000

6500

7000

63

76

90

13

88

11

17

5 1 7

129

4000

4500

5000

5500

Y(m

) 34

43

53

3

29

30

3

52 6

0100

102

73

8

21

26

32

2500

3000

3500

Y 433 7

0

0

11340

Support D i

49

59

50

38

47

56

67 7

91221000

1500

200096Pumping

wellsObservation wells

Nodes DomainMategaonkar Meenal, Eldho T.I. (2011).Simulation of groundwater flow & contaminant transport in unconfinedaquifer using Meshfree Point Collocation9

92

1070 60012001800240030003600420048005400600066007200780084009000

X (m)

0

500aquifer using Meshfree Point CollocationMethod. IPWE -2011, Jan. 3-7, 2011-NUS, Singapore.

7000

7500

8000

7000

8000

0.0025

750755

5000

5500

6000

6500

5000

6000

m/d

730735

740745

750

3500

4000

4500

5000

()

4000

5000

Y(m)

1500

2000

2500

3000

2000

3000

0 600 120018002400300036004200480054006000660072007800840090000

500

1000

0 900 1800 2700 3600 4500 5400 6300 7200 8100 90000

1000

X (m)0 900 1800 2700 3600 4500 5400 6300 7200 8100 9000

X (m)

Steady state head distribution Velocity distribution

7000

8000

6500

7000

7500

8000

5000

6000

Y(m

)

5000

5500

6000

6500

4000Y(m

)

Y

3500

4000

4500

2000

3000

2000

2500

3000

0

1000

0

500

1000

1500

0 600 12001800240030003600420048005400600066007200780084009000X (m)

00 600 12001800240030003600420048005400600066007200780084009000

X (m)

0

Head distribution after 20 yrs. Concentration distribution after 20 yrs.

ReferencesReferences Guidelines for Water Quality Management, Central pollution

control board (CPCB) Website : http://www.cpcb.nic.inp // p Hydrological Modeling of Small Watershed – C.T Han, H.P.

Johnson, D.L. Brakensiek (Eds.), ASAE Monograph, Michigan Freeze R A and Cherry J A (1979) Groundwater Prentice Freeze, R.A. and Cherry J.A. (1979). Groundwater. Prentice

Hall-INC., Englewood Cliffs, NJ www.epa.gov http://wrmin.nic.in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater;

APHA, AWWA, and WEF, 21st Edition, 2005. http://cgwb.gov.in/

29292929


Tutorials - Question!.?. Critically study various groundwater

water and surface water quality water and surface water quality models available in literature (details can be obtained from Internet: ( can be obtained from Internet: (eg. www.epa.gov; www.bentley.com )

Study the capabilities of each model Study the capabilities of each model and the problems where it can be and the problems where it can be ppappliedapplied

30303030


Self Evaluation - Questions!.Q Illustrate the different types of water quality modeling.

D ib WQ d li ithi th ti f t Describe WQ modeling within the perspective of water cycle.

Explain various conservation laws used in WQ Explain various conservation laws used in WQ modeling?.

Describe with governing equations, the groundwater Describe with governing equations, the groundwater transport modeling.

Illustrate the role of numerical modeling in WQ g Qmodeling.

Describe various models used in groundwater quality

31313131modeling


Assignment- Questions?.g Q Illustrate watershed based WQ issues within the

perspective of Hydrologic cycle.perspective of Hydrologic cycle. What are the typical WQ problem goals?. Describe with governing equations the surface Describe with governing equations, the surface

water transport modeling. Illustrate the oxygen regime modeling in Rivers Illustrate the oxygen regime modeling in Rivers. Describe various models used in surface water

quality modelingquality modeling


Unsolved Problem!.Unsolved Problem!.

With reference to a typical point source pollution With reference to a typical point source pollution from an industry to groundwater in your from an industry to groundwater in your

t h d iti ll t d th ibl t h d iti ll t d th ibl watershed area, critically study the possible watershed area, critically study the possible water quality modeling for TDS concentration. water quality modeling for TDS concentration.

Identify the possible water quality model from Identify the possible water quality model from Identify the possible water quality model from Identify the possible water quality model from the open sources (from Internet sources: like the open sources (from Internet sources: like MODFLOW/ MT3D).MODFLOW/ MT3D).

Collect the necessary data for the water quality Collect the necessary data for the water quality modeling. modeling. Try to develop the model for your study area Try to develop the model for your study area Try to develop the model for your study area Try to develop the model for your study area and predict the future spreading, say for next and predict the future spreading, say for next 10 years. 10 years.

33333333

yyProf. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Dr. T. I. EldhoDr. T. I. EldhoProfessor,Professor,Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, p g gp g gIndian Institute of Technology Bombay,Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,Mumbai, India, 400 076.Mumbai, India, 400 076.Email:Email: [email protected]@iitb.ac.in

3434

Email: Email: [email protected]@iitb.ac.inPhone: (022) Phone: (022) –– 25767339; Fax: 2576730225767339; Fax: 25767302http://www.http://www.civil.iitb.ac.incivil.iitb.ac.in

Documents

Module 7 – (L27 – L30): “Management ofli”f Water Quality” · Environmental fluid mechanics: flow and transport in surf t ( i d l k ) fl d t t face waters (rivers and lakes);