8/8/2019 Module 5 Policy Making

1/7

Module 5Module 5

Policy Analysis in thePolicy Analysis in thePolicymaking ProcessPolicymaking Process

8/8/2019 Module 5 Policy Making

2/7

Five Models ofFive Models ofPolicymakingPolicymaking

Comprehensive RationalityComprehensive Rationality

Partisan Mutual AdjustmentPartisan Mutual Adjustment Multiple ConvergenceMultiple Convergence

Punctuated EquilibriumPunctuated Equilibrium

Bureaucratic PoliticsBureaucratic Politics

8/8/2019 Module 5 Policy Making

3/7

Agenda Setting

Policy Formulation

AGENDA

S

SOCIETY

POLICY PROPOSALS

Policy Adoption

Policy Evaluation

POLICIES

POLICY OUTPUTS

Termination

Adaptation Succession

Adaptation

Adaptation

Policy Implementation

POLICY PERFORMANCE

Succession

Adaptation

The Policymaking ProcessThe Policymaking Process

8/8/2019 Module 5 Policy Making

4/7

Five Explanatory Models of ComplexFive Explanatory Models of Complex

Cyclical ProcessesCyclical Processes Comprehensive Economic Rationality (Model I).Comprehensive Economic Rationality (Model I). The policy process is likeThe policy process is like

a market in which economically rational buyers select products according toa market in which economically rational buyers select products according totheir price. The greater the cost of a policy alternative, the less likely it will betheir price. The greater the cost of a policy alternative, the less likely it will be

adoptedadopted..

Partisan Mutual AdjustmentPartisan Mutual Adjustment (Model II). The policy process is like a partisan(Model II). The policy process is like a partisandebate among many teams in government and throughout society. Politicallydebate among many teams in government and throughout society. Politicallyrational partisans mutually adjust their policies, so that adopted policies are onlyrational partisans mutually adjust their policies, so that adopted policies are onlymarginally different from the status quo.marginally different from the status quo.

Critical Convergence (Model III). The policy process is like a complex riverCritical Convergence (Model III). The policy process is like a complex riverdelta with multiple streams converging and diverging as they meander towarddelta with multiple streams converging and diverging as they meander toward

the sea. Politically and economically rational individuals and groups arethe sea. Politically and economically rational individuals and groups aresuccessful in setting agendas and formulating and adopting policies when theysuccessful in setting agendas and formulating and adopting policies when theyare able to recognize critical moments (policy windows) when three kinds ofare able to recognize critical moments (policy windows) when three kinds ofstreamsstreamsproblems, policies, and politicsproblems, policies, and politicsconverge.converge.

8/8/2019 Module 5 Policy Making

5/7

Bureaucratic Politics (Model IV).Bureaucratic Politics (Model IV). The policy process is a competitiveThe policy process is a competitiveprocess among relatively autonomous bureaucracies. Politically rationalprocess among relatively autonomous bureaucracies. Politically rational

bureaucratic leaders compete for recognition and resources in accordance withbureaucratic leaders compete for recognition and resources in accordance withthe institutional incentives and reward structure of their organizations (Wherethe institutional incentives and reward structure of their organizations (Whereyou stand depends on where you sit.)you stand depends on where you sit.)

Punctuated Equilibrium (Model V).Punctuated Equilibrium (Model V). Policy making is like the process ofPolicy making is like the process ofbiological evolution. The majority of policies are relatively stable andbiological evolution. The majority of policies are relatively stable andincremental for long periods of time, forming a dynamic equilibrium amongincremental for long periods of time, forming a dynamic equilibrium among

competing policies.competing policies.Periodically, abrupt changes (punctuations) occur as a result of forming newPeriodically, abrupt changes (punctuations) occur as a result of forming newpolitical images which themselves are products ofpolicy earthquakes andpolitical images which themselves are products ofpolicy earthquakes andexternal shocks.external shocks.

8/8/2019 Module 5 Policy Making

6/7

Three Dimensions of UtilizationThree Dimensions of Utilization

Composition

EffectsScope

8/8/2019 Module 5 Policy Making

7/7

Policy

Analyst

POLICYMAKING

PROCESS

POLICY

DOCUMENTS

POLICY

COMMUNICATIONSdisseminationutilization

analysisPOLICY

INFORMATION

Utilization Focused Policy AnalysisUtilization Focused Policy Analysis

development