Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)

8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)

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PC Hardware Basic Guide

Module 4 - Motherboard


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Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide

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Overview

It is a Printed Circuit Board that performs the keyfunctions to enable smooth running of the computer.

Lesson Covered in this Module

Motherboards

Standard Expansion Buses


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Lesson 1 - Motherboards

Introduction

Motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board which possessesdifferent components for various purposes. It contains

CPU

BIOS,

Memory

I/O ports

External I/O connectors

I/O controllers

Expansion slots

Chipsets.


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Topics Covered in this Lesson

Physical Form Factors

Motherboard Components

System Chipsets and Controllers

CMOS Settings

Power On Self Test (POST)

System Resources


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Topic 1 - Physical Form Factors

Personal Computer Extended Technology(PC-XT)

Introduced by IBM,8088 microprocessor

was used.

It has socket for theprocessor and chips


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AT and Baby AT

To overcome the problemcreated by AT Form factor,the Baby AT form factor wasintroduced.

Baby AT is designed to holdthe peripheral devices likekeyboard, video and mouse.

It could not accommodatethe combination of processor,heat sink and fan. Cooling


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ATX and Micro ATX form

factor

Here expansion slotswere placed on separateriser cards.

It provides softwarecontrolled shut downand power up.

Micro ATX form factor

More space for I/Oconnectors was providedat the rear end.


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LPX and Mini-LPX

It has sound and video tobe integrated on to themotherboard.

It is not suitable for

upgrading and offers poorcooling.

NLX

Small in size

Suited for low profiledesktop cases


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Topic 2 - Motherboard Components

The major components of the motherboard

Processor socket or slot

Chipset

Super I/O chip

BIOS

SIMM/DIMM sockets

Bus slots

PC H d B i G id


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Chipset and Functions

Different chipsintegrated to a singlechip called the chipset.

North bridge and Southbridge was introducedto the motherboard withPCI slots.

The south bridge controlsthe slower I/Ocomponents like theSerial ports, USB portsand the IDE.

PC H d B i G id


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The new technology, Intel Hub Architecture (IHA) uses two

chips called hub controllers.

The hub controllers are

Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH)

I/O Controller Hub (ICH)

The chipset determine

The voltage provided to the processor

Number of processors that can be supported

The speed of the processor

The different memory modules that are supported Bus speed

The different expansion bus that are supported

Power Management

PC H d B i G id


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Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers

The system chipset and controllers are the intelligence of

the motherboard.

Chipset has a effect on the quality, feature set andspeed of the computer.

Controllers found on motherboards

The system chip

The keyboard controller

The super I/O chip

Additional built-in controllers

M d l 4 M h b dPC Ha d a e Basic G ide


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Qualities and Functions of Chipset

Chipset Processor Support

Support for Processor Class and Optimization - Supports one generation of

processors

Support for Processor Speed - Fast processors need chipset control

circuitry that has the capacity to manage them.

Support for Multiple Processor - Chipset support the capability for building

motherboards with two or four processors on them.

M d l 4 M th b dPC Hardware Basic Guide


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Chipset Cache Support - The cache stores recent

memory accesses by the processor

Size of Secondary Cache - Chipsets support cache of 256KBor 512 KB.

Type of Secondary Cache - three major kinds of cache,

Asynchronous, Synchronous burst, Pipeline burst.

Write Policy of Secondary Cache - A write-through cacheand a write back cache.

Cacheability of System Memory - The amount of

cacheable memory is dependent on the chipset controlcircuitry and the amount of tag RAM on the board.

M d l 4 M th b dPC Hardware Basic Guide


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Chipset Memory Support - The chipset determines several

permissible features of the memory

Support for Maximum Memory-Determines the maximumquantity of RAM a system can have on the motherboard

DRAM Technology - Regulates whether motherboard can

make use of FPM, EDO, BEDO, or SDRAM memory.

Support for DRAM Packaging and Size - Two main types ofmemory packages are, single in-line memory module

(SIMM) and dual in-line memory module (DIMM).

Support for Parity and Error Correction - Error correctionlogic is offered as part of the memory control circuits of the

chipset.

Module 4 MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide


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Chipset Peripheral and I/O Bus Control - Most recent

computers use two buses, (ISA) bus and l component(PCI) bus.

Bus Types - The chipset determines what type of buses the

system can support.

Bus Bridges Bridge is used for connecting together devices

on two different buses.

IDE/ATA Hard Disk Controller - All motherboards have

integrated into them support for four IDE hard disks

DMA Controller and DMA Mode Support Process of

transferring information directly to and from memory with no

interference of the processor.



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Interrupt Controller

USB Support

AGP Support

Plug and Play



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Chipset Power Management Support Works through a

number of BIOS settings that determine when to shutdown different parts of the computer

Energy Star

Advanced Power Management

Display Power

Management Signalling

System Management Mode

Hard Disk Spindown



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Super I/O Controller

Chip super I/O controllerhandles three ports

Serial Port Control

controls the serial ports,

UART

Parallel Port Control

manages and controls

the parallel port

Floppy Disk Drive

Control supports theFloppy Disk Drive and

floppy based tape

drives



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Processor

Two major components Arithmetic and Logic Unit

(ALU) performs Arithmeticand Logic Operations

Control Unit (CU) provides

the control signals forperforming differentoperations.

Cache Memory It is high speed storage

memory made of Static RAM(SRAM).

Two types of cache memoryare L1 or the internal cacheand L2 cache or the externalcache.



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I/O Ports

Each device connected to a computer uses I/O portaddress.

Functions of I/O address

Sending commands to the peripheral device Receiving the status of the device whether it is idle or busy

Send and receive data

Configure the device for interrupts

Bus Speed

The speed of the bus refers to the amount of the datathat can be transferred across the bus.



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Some of the bus types are,

Front side Bus - The bus speed in general refers to thespeed of the Front Side Bus (FSB).

AGP Bus

It connects the video card to the memory andthe CPU.

Back side Bus It connects the processor to the L2Cache



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Module 4 MotherboardC a d a e as c Gu de

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Memory bus It connects

the north bridge to thememory.

IDE or ATA bus Itconnects the south

bridge to the disk drives.

PCI Bus It connects the

PCI slots to the south

bridge.



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Module 4 Motherboard

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Jumpers

It is a smallconnector whichcan be placedbetween two pins to

make electricalconnections.

DIP switch

The dual inlinepackage switch is asmall block providedwith a lever.



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Module 4 Motherboard

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Topic 4 - CMOS Settings

CMOS BIOS ROM

Stores the basic systemconfiguration. The fourmajor components of

BIOS are

POST

Bootstrap Loader

CMOS Setup

BIOS ROM



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CMOS Battery

Battery is used to powerup the Real time ClockChip.

This chip maintains thesystem date and time.

System Configuration The BIOS should find an

operating system on ahard disk or floppy diskdrive to start thecomputer.

Starting the Setup Program The settings made in the

BIOS setup program arestored in the nonvolatileRAM of the CMOS chip.



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Step-by-Step CMOS/BIOS Configuration

From the CMOS setup menu, select the menu point toexamine or change setting and choose Standard CMOSsetup to begin.



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From the standard CMOS configuration screen you can

set Date, Time, Hard drives connected to the IDEinterface, Floppy disk drive types for drives



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Advanced CMOS Configuration

Here, you can perform the Number Lock setting,keyboard repeats speed, type of video, settings forcache memory, and other special features.



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Recommended Advanced CMOS Settings

Depending on the BIOS version, you have to press theESC key, to return to the main menu



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Power Management Configuration

After a user defined period of inactivity of devices likethe monitor, the hard drive, or the CPU will go intodifferent low power modes.

Standby mode

Suspend mode



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Built-In Ports/Peripherals Setup

It can enable or disable ports which built in new systems.



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Security/Passwords

Two types of passwords are

One must be entered to allow any use of the system

Another one must be entered to allow access to the

BIOS/ CMOS setup

Saving and Recording BIOS/CMOS Settings

BIOS allows you to save the changes and it will reject the

changes that happen accidentally.

Record the critical BIOS settings



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BIOS Upgrades

Change the physical chip or to change its contents withsoftware

Flash BIOS Upgrade

Install the BIOS upgrade loader and BIOS image to afloppy disk

Incorrect CMOS Configuration

Restart by using the BIOS Setup auto-configure options,double-check drive configurations, save changes, andrestart.



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Incorrect Flash BIOS or

Failed Update

If the update can't beinstalled, themotherboard mighthave jumpers that

write-protects theflash BIOS.

Clearing the BIOSPassword

It can be cleared byusing a CMOS jumperthat is present in themotherboard.



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Topic 5 - Power On Self Test (POST) Error codes

Some main functions of BIOS during POST

Helps to start the Operating System.

Check for the integrity of the BIOS code

Some error beeps

No beep - Power supply or system board problem

1 long, 1 short beep - System board problem

Long beeps - 3270 keyboard card

Some error codes

100 to 199 - System board

200 to 299 - Memory

300 to 399 - Keyboard



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Topic 6 - System Resources

System resources are components that are required to

communicate between the hardware components ina PC.

Interrupt Request Channels (IRQ)

Hardware devices use IRQ signal to the processor

There are 16 IRQ channels .



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The snapshot shows the different IRQ channels

associated with different devices.



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Direct Memory Access (DMA) channels

Here the data is transferred between the peripheraldevice and the memory without the intervention of theCPU.

Devices connected to serial and parallel port do not useDMA channels

I/O Port Address

It is an interface present in a PC to connect devices

The port address ranges from 0000h to FFFFh



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The snapshot displays the I/O address range used by

different devices



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Checking for Resource Availability For Windows 3.x or MS-DOS, the resource settings can be

verified by using the MSD command present in the DOSdirectory.

For Windows 2000 or Windows XP, follow the step given

below to identify the resources used by the differentdevices

ClickStart ProgramsAccessoriesSystem Tools-> System Information



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Lesson 2 - Standard Expansion Buses

Introduction

The expansion slots are used to enhance the features ofthe PC.

The expansion slots can hold expansion cards like thesound card, VGA card, AGP card, Network card etc

There are different types of expansion slots. IndustrialStandard Architecture (ISA) bus

Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus

Extended ISA (EISA) Bus

Video Electronics Standard Association (VESA) Bus

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)Bus

Peripheral Component Interconnect X

Accelerated Graphics Port

Audio Modem Raiser and Communication Network Raiser



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Lesson 2 - Standard Expansion Buses

Topics Covered in this Lesson

PC Bus

Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus

Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus

Extended ISA (EISA) Bus

Video Electronics Standard Association (VESA) Bus

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus

Accelerated Graphics Port

Audio Modem Raiser and Communication Network

Raiser



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Topic 1 PC Bus

PC bus is an 8 bit expansion slot to connect 8 bit

expansion cards.



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Topic 2 - Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus

ISA bus is a 16 bit

slot present in80286, 80386,80486 andPentium systems.

The ISA card isconfiguredthrough jumpers or

switches



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Topic 3 - Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus

Bus Mastering - The components that can take control

over the bus are called bus masters.

Features of MCA

It is a 16 or 32 bit bus created by IBM

Supports bus mastering

Operates at 10-12 MHZ

Can be configured through software

Has Lower Noise Level



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Topic 4 - Enhanced ISA

It is a 32 bit bus.

Capable of using multiple bus mastering devices.

Compatible 8 bit PC bus, 16 bit ISA bus.

Software setup capability for boards


T i 5 Vid El t i St d d A hit t


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Topic 5 - Video Electronics Standard Architecture(VESA) bus

It is a 32 bus.

It is used to connect video cards, I/O cards andmultimedia expansion cards

Disadvantages of the VESA

80486 dependence

Limited number of slots

No bus mastering

Boards are configured through jumpers


T i 6 P i h l C t I t t (PCI)


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Topic 6 - Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)bus

PCI

Operates at a speed of 33MHz or 66 MHz

It is a 64 bit bus

Communicates with processorusing a bridge circuit.

PCI-X

Operates at 133 MHz busspeed

Offers 64 bit Band width

Supports 1 GB/Sec data

transfer rate Supports efficient bus

operation

Provides backwardCompatibility



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Topic 7 - AGP Bus

It is designed for connecting video cards.

PCI bus with 2.1 version at 66MHZ is the basis for AGP slot. It supports a new technique called texture cache.


Topic 8 Audio Modem Raiser and Communication


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Topic 8 - Audio Modem Raiser and CommunicationNetwork Raiser

This specification developed by Intel.

The function of the modem and the analog I/O audiocircuitry are combined together on a small circuit board

The small circuit board is called raiser card

The AMR card enhances the performance by providingbetter quality audio solutions.




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Communication Network Raiser

Card

This is a standard developed

by Intel

It contains chips for the

functioning of modems and

audio devices.

PCMCIA or PC Card

It is an expansion board used

for laptop and notebookcomputers.

It is used for interfacing

components like the Memory,

fax/modems, SCSI adapters




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The following figure shows different Bus interfaces and

the devices that can be connected to each of them


Lesson 3 Choosing Installing and Troubleshooting a


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Lesson 3 - Choosing, Installing and Troubleshooting aMotherboard

Introduction

Motherboard is the most important component of thecomputer.

This is the central component to which every othercomponent is attached,

Topics covered in this module

Choosing a Motherboard

Installing a Motherboard

Troubleshooting a Motherboard



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Topic 1-Choosing a Motherboard

Choosing a Motherboard

Choosing an appropriate motherboard can be quite a

challenging task. A lot of factors affect the choice of the

motherboard.

Future upgradeability of the system is the most important

one

It should support a higher hard drive capacity, a higher

Memory slot on the motherboard, whether it has an AGPslot.



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Topic 1-Choosing a Motherboard

IT should support the following

Mother form factor

CPU compatibility

Functionality

Connectors



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Topic 2-Installing a Motherboard

Installing a Motherboard

Installing a motherboard should be done with a lot ofcare.

Connect the motherboard to the mounting holes andtighten the screws.

Set the jumpers and switches to the appropriatepositions.

Once the motherboard is secure, then start connectingthe different wires to their appropriate sockets.



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Topic 3 Troubleshooting a Motherboard

Troubleshooting a Motherboard

Troubleshooting the motherboard is the trickiest part for atechnician.

This requires a lot of time, patience and documentation.Since the troubleshooting has to be done at the chip-level, troubleshooting a motherboard can cost moretime and money than buying a new one.



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Conclusion

PC bus is an 8 bit expansion slot to connect 8 bit

expansion cards

The major components of the motherboard are Processor socket or slot

Chipset

Super I/O chip

BIOS SIMM/DIMM sockets

Bus slots

ISA bus is a 16 bit slot present in 80286, 80386, 80486 andPentium systems

Future upgradeability of the system is the most importantone

Documents

Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)