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Module 4 - Get to the Cause!Biotic vs. Abiotic
Delineate time - development of damage– Progressive spread of damage on a plant or to
other plants suggests a biotic or living cause– Damage that does not spread on a plant or to
other plants suggests the cause is abiotic or nonliving
– Damage may have to be examined on several occasions to determine if the cause may be biotic or abiotic
Get to the Cause!Biotic vs. Abiotic
Determine causes of plant damage– Patterns of damage in space and time will
indicate whether cause of damage is biotic (living) or abiotic (nonliving)
– Identification of causes is assisted by• use of proper field equipment • proper field monitoring
Biotic vs. Insects
Identifying Insects• Symptoms may
include tunnels in stalks or leaves, holes in leaves, chewed leaves, galls, leaf curling
Armywornon corn
Gypsy moth
Flea beetle on canola
Determine causes of plant damage
• Abiotic causes of plant damage are non-living. – Generally are distributed uniformly across a plant
or field and are repeated– Don’t spread or move with time– May be from mechanical factors such as cultivator
injury; physical factors such as environment; or chemical factors such as pesticide or nutrient problems
Environment injury includes:Temperature extremes: too hot, too cold
Lightning
Storm situations with hail, wind or tornado
Wind injury
Frost damage
Moisture extremes: too much, too little
Since some environmental injuries can resemble other biotic or abiotic causes, flag off area to see if damage spreads.
Get to the Cause!Biotic vs. Abiotic
Determine causes of plant damage• Biotic• Biotic factors are living factors, such as
pathogens, insects or weeds, characterized by:– Scattered patterns– Spread or movement over time; progressive
Get to the Cause!Biotic vs. Abiotic
Determine causes of plant damage Distinguishing Among Biotic (Living) Factors:– To further identify which living factor is causing
the damage, make a closer examination of symptoms and signs of the living organism.
• Symptoms: visible abnormalities such as wilts, rots, galls, chlorosis, leaf spots
• Signs: presence of actual organism or direct evidence of organism, such as spores, insect egg masses, insect frass, nematode cysts, weed seedling
Biotic: Insects
Identifying Insects• Signs include insect frass, webbing, egg
masses, larvae, carcasses, moths, beetles
• Knowledge of life cycles of insects assists in identifying the damaging insect
Corn borer egg mass
Frass of stalk borer
Sunflower beetle
Biotic: Diseases
Identifying Diseases • Organisms causing diseases include
fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes • Symptoms are plants’ reaction to the
disease organism • Symptoms of fungal diseases may
include leaf spots, leaf blights, stem or fruit rots, necrotic rings, chlorotic spots, discolored seeds, root rots, wilt.
Examples of Symptoms of Fungal Diseases
Leaf spot Wilt
Leaf spot
Seeddiscoloration
Leaf spot Blight ornecrosis
Signs of Fungal Diseases• Signs of fungal diseases include visible
presence of the organism, such as rust pustules, mycelial growth (fuzzy spots), spores, sclerotia (black fungal bodies)
Mycelia and sclerotia
Rust spores
Bacterial Diseases
• Bacterial disease organisms enter through wounds or natural plant openings
• Symptoms of bacterial diseases may include water-soaking, interveinal spots, shiny lesions, wilt, discoloration of leaves, galls, slimy wet rots.
Virus Diseases• Virus diseases are caused by
submicroscopic virus bodies that infect plant cells. Common symptoms include mottling or mosaic color patterns, or purple color, stunting, distortion.
• Virus diseases do not leave signs because they are visible only with the aid of powerful microscopes.
• Insects, mites, fungi or nematodes often vector or transmit viruses; the presence of these organisms may provide clues that a virus disease is present.
Grain aphid Wheat curl mite 1/100 inch long
Nematode Diseases• Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that
damage plant tissues as they feed. Many feed on or in root tissues; a few feed on above-ground parts.
• Nematode symptoms may include stunting, poor stand, poor vigor, chlorosis or necrosis.
Dagger nematode causes stand damage in corn
Soybean cyst nematode damagein soybean
• Nematode signs include the microscopic roundworm body of the nematode.
• Some nematodes also produce a reproductive cyst that is visible with the naked eye on roots. Plants with suspected nematode problems generally
are diagnosed based on detection of nematodes.
Other Biotic Pests• Other organisms: Slugs and snails cause
feeding damage or skeletonizing of soft leaf tissue.
• Spider mites cause a stippling of leaf tissue, which ultimately turns bronze to brown, and eriophyid mites distort new growth.
Animal Damage• Small or large mammals or birds may
cause animal damage, which includes chewing bark, leaves, branches or stems. Birds cause punctures or missing flower parts and seeds.
Bird damage to rice and sorghum