Module 28Infancy and Childhood

Chapter 9, Pages 349-366Essentials of Understanding Psychology- Sixth Edition

PSY110 Psychology

© Richard Goldman

November 6, 2006

Newborn (Neonate)

Reflexes – unlearned, involuntary responses Rooting – Turn toward a touch on the cheek Sucking Gag Startle – Noise Babinski – Foot stroke

Motor Development

3.2 Months – Roll over 3.3 Months – Simple Grasp 5.9 Months – Sit 7.2 Months – Stand 8.2 Months – Finger-Thumb Grasp 11.5 Months – Stand 12.3 Months – Walk Flat 16.6 Months – Walk Stairs 23.8 Months – Jump

Development

Large variations are normal

Rapid development of senses Full development takes many years Long time compared to many other animals

Physical Growth Rate (between 3yrs & 13yrs) Weight – 5 pound/year Height – 3 inches/year

Fully grown at 14-15

Social Development Attachment – Bonding (imprinting in ducks)

Feedback loop between caregiver, “mother”, and baby More attached babies are better adjusted

Father’s role in rearing is increasing 20% are primary caregivers

2 years old Less dependent on parent Enjoy external stimulation – toys, friends

5 years old Increased Play More social interaction Learning appropriate social interaction Empathizes Learning self control

Daycare

30% of children (~30 hours/week) 80% of children in 1st year Daycare center may be more enriching than

home Good providers = good results Poor providers = poor results

Parenting Styles Authoritarian

Strict Standards Require unquestioning obedience Unsociable, unfriendly, withdrawn

Permissive Relaxed Standards Require little of child Immature, moody, dependent, low self-control

Authoritative Firm Standards Explain & discuss rules Encourage Age-appropriate independence Good social skills, likeable, self-reliant, independent

Uninvolved Provides food & shelter Indifferent, rejecting behavior

Erick Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial DevelopmentStage Ages Basic Conflict Important

EventSummary

1. Oral-Sensory Birth to 12 to 18 months

Trust vs. Mistrust

Feeding The infant must form a first loving, trusting relationship with the caregiver, or develop a sense of mistrust.

2. Muscular-Anal 18 months to 3 years

Autonomy vs.Shame/Doubt

Toilet Training The child's energies are directed toward the development of physical skills, including walking, grasping, and rectal sphincter control. The child learns control but may develop and doubt if not handled well.

3. Locomotor 3 to 6 years

Initiative vs.Guilt Independence The child continues to become more assertive and to take more initiative, but may be too forceful, leading to guilt feelings.

4. Latency 6 to 12 years

Industry vs. Inferiority

School The child must deal with demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority, failure, and incompetence.

5.  Adolescence

12 to 18 years

Identity vs. Role confusion

Peer relationships

The teenager must achieve a sense of identity in occupation, sex roles, politics, and religion.

6.  Young Adulthood

19 to 40 years

Intimacy vs.Isolation

Love relationships

The young adult must develop intimate relationships or suffer feelings of isolation.

7. Middle Adulthood

40 to 65 years

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Parenting Each adult must find some way to satisfy and support the next generation.

8. Maturity 65 to death

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Reflection on and acceptance of one's life

The culmination is a sense of oneself as one is, and of feeling fulfilled.

PiagetCognitive Development

0-2 yrs – Sensorimotor Develop motor skills No object permanence

2-7 yrs – Preoperational Language development Egocentric

7-12 yrs - Concrete Operational Conservation of matter Understands reversibility

12-Adult - Formal Operational Logical Abstract

Lev Ygotsky

Development is influenced by culture reared in