A.P. PsychologyVocabulary Unit 1: History &Research Methods (Modules 1-3)

1. Psychology: Behavior/Mental Processes2. Nature/Nurture Debate3. Monism/Dualism4. Socrates/Plato/Aristotle/Descartes5. Francis Bacon: Empiricism6. Wilhelm Wundt: Structuralism7. Edward Titchener: Introspection8. William James: Functionalism, Mary Calkins, Margaret Floy Washburn

9. Charles Darwin: Natural Selection

10. Basic Research/Applied Research11. Clinical v. counseling psychologists12. Psychodynamic: Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud13. Behavioralism: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov14. Humanism: Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers15. Cognitive: Piaget16. Cognitive Neuroscience17. Evolutionary18. Behavior Genetics19. Socio-cultural20. Biopsychosocial approach21. Medical Model 22. Critical Thinking23. Theory/ Hypothesis24. Operational definition25. Replication26. Case Study: Descriptive Research27. Survey: Descriptive Research28. Naturalistic Observation: Descriptive Research29. Sample Selection: Random sample, random assignment, population30. Correlation Coefficient: Scatterplots31. Positive/Negative Correlation32. Illusory Correlations33. Experiment34. Single-Blind/ Double Blind Procedure35. Independent/Dependent/Extraneous Variable36. Experimental/Control Condition37. Placebo Effect38. Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode39. Measures of Variance: Range, Standard Deviation40. Statistical Significance41. Psychiatry42. Hindsight bias

43. Scientific method44. False consensus effect

History and Science of PsychologyGuided Reading Questions for Modules 1–3

Module 1: History & Scope of Psychology

1. How do we elaborate on behavior and mental processes regarding the definition of psychology?2. Describe William Wundt’s first experiment and why is it considered the first experiment in the field of psychology3. Explain how the two early schools of psychology, structuralism and functionalism differed from each other, and which psychologists pioneered these early schools of psychology.4. What were the contributions by the two American women psychologists, Mary Calkins, and Margret Floyd Washburn?5. Which American school of psychology, and pioneering psychologist led the way from the 1920’s to the 1960’s, and what were the particular criticisms about this particular school of psychology?6. Why Humanistic psychology was considered a softer response to Freudian psychology, as well as behaviorism?7. Describe the “Cognitive Revolution”.8. What questions contemporary psychologists ask concerning the nature-nurture debate?9. Describe the biopsychosocial approach. How does the biopsychosocial approach incorporate various levels of analysis?10. List how psychologists from five current perspectives view anger.11. Compare and contrast clinical psychology and psychiatry.

Module 2: Thinking critically with psychological science

1. Provide an example of hindsight bias. Why is it known as the “I knew-it all-along phenomenon”?

2. Describe the research done by Robert Vallone on how people are at predicting human behavior.

3. What were the results of Ohio State psychologists Phillip Tetlock’s experiment when he collected expert’s predictions of political, economic, and military situations.

4. How did Magician James Randi disprove aura-seers. What was his objective in doing so?5. Provide four examples of how our shared biological heritage unite us as a universal

human family.6. How are men and women psychologically as well as biologically similar?7. Describe the guidelines established by the British Psychological Society, and the

American Psychological Association for the humane use of animals8. How has animal research benefited animals, and how has experimentation on animals

improved our understanding of people?9. List the four ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association

and the British Psychological Society regarding experimentation on people.10. Based on the reading passage on pg. 50, is the death penalty applied fairly, and does the

death penalty deter crime?

Module 3: Research Strategies

1. Explain and provide an example of how a case study could be misleading.

2. Provide examples of how the wording effect can have major effects on a survey. 3. How is random sampling critical in eliminating the false consensus effect?4. Describe the dangers in generalizing from a few vivid but unrepresentative samples.5. Why is a survey using smaller representative sample better than a larger unrepresentative sample?6. How is naturalistic observation different from case study and survey methods in studying behavior?7. Provide two examples of negative correlation and two examples of positive correlation.8. Describe the difference between a negative correlation coefficient and a positive correlation coefficient.9. Describe the three possible cause-effect relationships regarding low self-esteem and depression and why is it not prove causation.10. Explain the results of psychologist Amos Tversky’s research following 18 arthritis patients for 15 months.11. Provide two other examples of illusory correlation.12. Why was it not bizarre that Evelyn Marie Adams won the New Jersey lottery twice, even if the newspapers reported the odds of her feat as 1 in 7 trillion?13. Describe Alan Lucas’ experiment on infant nutrition and later intelligence.14. Describe the independent variable, control condition, dependent variable, double-blind procedure in the research experiment studying Viagra and intercourse.15. Explain the three measures of central tendency. Provide an example of which measure is affected by extreme scores.16. Explain the differences between the two measures of variation, range and standard deviation.17. How are scores with low variability from a basketball player more reliable than cores with a high variability?18. Provide an example of how more cases are better than fewer.19. How do comparisons of intelligence test scores among hundreds of thousands of first-born and later-born individuals provide statistical significance but little practical significance