Module 2Module 2

SoftwareSoftware

OutlineOutline

SoftwareSoftware Copyrights and licensingCopyrights and licensing Operating systemsOperating systems Software applicationsSoftware applications

Word processorsWord processors SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets GraphicsGraphics DatabasesDatabases

A Fast, Stupid MachineA Fast, Stupid Machine

Computers:Computers: Perform arithmetic and comparison Perform arithmetic and comparison

operationsoperations Follow precise instructions to perform Follow precise instructions to perform

an operationan operation Execute instructions quickly and Execute instructions quickly and

accuratelyaccurately

Processing with ProgramsProcessing with Programs

Software programs are:Software programs are:

Instructions that tell the computer what to do Instructions that tell the computer what to do and how to perform tasksand how to perform tasks

Written using a programming languageWritten using a programming language Stored in memoryStored in memory

Designed to solve problemsDesigned to solve problems

The Language of ComputersThe Language of Computers

Machine Language :Machine Language : numeric codes to numeric codes to represent data represent data

• 1’s and 0’s1’s and 0’s High-level language :High-level language : fall between machine fall between machine

language and natural human languagelanguage and natural human language• C++, Java, Visual BasicC++, Java, Visual Basic

CompilersCompilers are programs that translate high-level are programs that translate high-level language into machine languagelanguage into machine language

Natural LanguagesNatural Languages include the languages include the languages spoken by humansspoken by humans

• English, FrenchEnglish, French

Copyrights, Licensing Copyrights, Licensing and Ownershipand Ownership

Copyrights and OwnershipCopyrights and Ownership

Copyright: Copyright: a form of legal protection for the creator/owner of a a form of legal protection for the creator/owner of a

specific program or piece of software. It grants specific program or piece of software. It grants certain exclusive rights such as the right to copy, to certain exclusive rights such as the right to copy, to see and distribute, and the right to modify the see and distribute, and the right to modify the software.software.

Buying a copy of the software does not give you these Buying a copy of the software does not give you these rights!rights!

Commercial software is copyrighted so it cannot Commercial software is copyrighted so it cannot be legally duplicated for distributionbe legally duplicated for distribution

LicensingLicensing

License Agreement:License Agreement: A legal contract that defines how you may use A legal contract that defines how you may use

the software purchased. the software purchased. You obtain the right to use the software within You obtain the right to use the software within

the boundaries defined by the license.the boundaries defined by the license. You do not You do not

• become the copyright ownerbecome the copyright owner• gain the right to copy, share, or modify the gain the right to copy, share, or modify the

software.software.

Shareware and FreewareShareware and Freeware

Shareware:Shareware: Works on the “honour system”Works on the “honour system” ““Try-before-you-buy”Try-before-you-buy”

• Often has limited features vs. a regular edition ($)Often has limited features vs. a regular edition ($)• Install for free but send $ if you decide to continue using itInstall for free but send $ if you decide to continue using it

Freeware:Freeware: Freely available for anyone to useFreely available for anyone to use Author abandons all rights to the productAuthor abandons all rights to the product Beware of malicious intentsBeware of malicious intents

Open-Source SoftwareOpen-Source Software

Software that is freely distributed, along Software that is freely distributed, along with its source codewith its source code People are encouraged to modify its code, People are encouraged to modify its code,

enhance it, debug it, distribute itenhance it, debug it, distribute it Software evolves through input from any Software evolves through input from any

interested personsinterested persons Becoming increasingly popularBecoming increasingly popular ““copyleft”copyleft”

Operating SystemsOperating Systems

Operating SystemsOperating Systems

The OS “controls the show” by:The OS “controls the show” by: Communicating with hardware componentsCommunicating with hardware components Allocating/accessing memory and HD spaceAllocating/accessing memory and HD space MultitaskingMultitasking Starting up and running other programsStarting up and running other programs Managing data, programs, and hardware Managing data, programs, and hardware

resourcesresources Coordinating network communicationCoordinating network communication Starting up the computer (booting)Starting up the computer (booting)

Where does the Where does the Operating System live?Operating System live?

Some computers store their Some computers store their operating system entirely in operating system entirely in ROM (Read Only Memory)ROM (Read Only Memory)

Other computers include only Other computers include only part of it in ROMpart of it in ROM The remaining system is The remaining system is

loaded into memory loaded into memory (booting)(booting)

Most of the time it works Most of the time it works behind the scenesbehind the scenes

Operating SystemsOperating Systems

Some common OS:Some common OS: Windows (98, NT, XP, ME, 2000, etc.)Windows (98, NT, XP, ME, 2000, etc.)

• GUIGUI Mac OSMac OS

• GUIGUI UnixUnix

• Text-basedText-based• Remains dominant operating system for Internet Remains dominant operating system for Internet

serversservers LinuxLinux

• Text-basedText-based• Open-source, continues to be a work-in-progressOpen-source, continues to be a work-in-progress

User Interfaces: User Interfaces: The human-machine connectionThe human-machine connection

Includes all parts that allow a user to interact Includes all parts that allow a user to interact with the computerwith the computer Often, the user interface is thought to include only Often, the user interface is thought to include only

what the user sees on the screenwhat the user sees on the screen• Character-based InterfacesCharacter-based Interfaces

MS-DOS, UnixMS-DOS, Unix

• Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)• Mac OS, WindowsMac OS, Windows

Why Why WIMPWIMP Won Won

WWindows, indows, IIcons, cons, MMenus, and enus, and PPointing devicesointing devices

• They’re intuitive

• They’re consistent

• They’re forgiving

• They’re protective

• They’re flexible

Word ProcessorsWord Processors

Word ProcessorsWord Processors

Initially modeled after typewritersInitially modeled after typewriters 1964: IBM Selectric (magnetic tape)1964: IBM Selectric (magnetic tape) 1970: display screens1970: display screens 1980s: personal computers, WYSIWIG1980s: personal computers, WYSIWIG

Word Processing processWord Processing process Entering and editing textEntering and editing text Formatting and proof-readingFormatting and proof-reading Saving document to diskSaving document to disk

• As you enter text, it is displayed on the screen and As you enter text, it is displayed on the screen and stored in RAM. Save work often because RAM is not stored in RAM. Save work often because RAM is not permanent memory.permanent memory.

Printing the documentPrinting the document

FormattingFormatting

Formatting refers to how the words look on Formatting refers to how the words look on a pagea page

Levels of FormattingLevels of Formatting Character / TextCharacter / Text Line & ParagraphLine & Paragraph Entire DocumentEntire Document

Character formattingCharacter formatting Font: Font:

TypefaceTypeface is the style in which each symbol is is the style in which each symbol is drawn or formed (the kind of lettering used)drawn or formed (the kind of lettering used)• Serif fontsSerif fonts have serifs or fine lines at the ends have serifs or fine lines at the ends

(tails)(tails)• Sans-serif fontsSans-serif fonts have plainer, cleaner lines have plainer, cleaner lines

Font sizeFont size is usually measured in “points”. is usually measured in “points”. • 72 pts = 1 inch tall72 pts = 1 inch tall A

Arial

Paragraph FormattingParagraph Formatting Formatting for paragraphs involve margin Formatting for paragraphs involve margin

settings, line spacing, indents, tabs and settings, line spacing, indents, tabs and justification.justification.

Document FormattingDocument FormattingYou can impact the appearance You can impact the appearance

of an entire document through of an entire document through the following:the following:

Style sheetsStyle sheets Headers and footersHeaders and footers Multiple columnsMultiple columns Table of Contents and IndexesTable of Contents and Indexes SectioningSectioning Conversion to HTML for web Conversion to HTML for web

publishingpublishing

Spell Checkers, Spell Checkers, Grammar & Style CheckersGrammar & Style Checkers

Spelling checkers compare words in your document Spelling checkers compare words in your document with words in a disk-based dictionary.with words in a disk-based dictionary.

Words may be flagged; you make the decision to ignore or Words may be flagged; you make the decision to ignore or change the spelling.change the spelling.

A grammar and style checker flags possible errors A grammar and style checker flags possible errors and makes suggestions.and makes suggestions.

It spots the following:It spots the following:• SpellingSpelling• Errors of contextErrors of context• Common grammatical errorsCommon grammatical errors• Stylistic errorsStylistic errors

SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets

SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets

Initially modeled after accountant ledgersInitially modeled after accountant ledgers 1979: VisiCalc1979: VisiCalc Dynamic rather than static like ledgersDynamic rather than static like ledgers 2000: still using many of the same principles as 2000: still using many of the same principles as

20 yrs ago20 yrs ago

SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets Worksheets: Worksheets:

Like sheets in a ledger. Can have Like sheets in a ledger. Can have many worksheets in a documentmany worksheets in a document

Columns and rows:Columns and rows: Worksheets are divided into columns Worksheets are divided into columns

and rows.and rows. Columns are usually enumerated Columns are usually enumerated

with letters, rows are numberedwith letters, rows are numbered Cells:Cells:

The intersecting of a column and The intersecting of a column and row.row.

Named after the specific column and Named after the specific column and row. This is called the “cell address”. row. This is called the “cell address”.

Eg. A3 is the cell in column A, row Eg. A3 is the cell in column A, row 3. 3.

Cell A1

Cell C12

Types of DataTypes of Data Data that can be entered in a cell:Data that can be entered in a cell:

Labels:Labels: text, like headings and notes text, like headings and notes Values:Values: actual numerical values (including dates and actual numerical values (including dates and

times)times) Formulas:Formulas: allow you to create instructions using math allow you to create instructions using math

expressions and commandsexpressions and commands• start with a special character telling the computer to perform start with a special character telling the computer to perform

the following calculation. the following calculation. • Can reference other cells. E.g. =B4 + C1 would retrieve the Can reference other cells. E.g. =B4 + C1 would retrieve the

values from cells B4 and C1, add them together, and display values from cells B4 and C1, add them together, and display the result in the current cell.the result in the current cell.

Spreadsheet FeaturesSpreadsheet Features

Functions Functions (e.g., SUM, AVG, SQRT) are used to (e.g., SUM, AVG, SQRT) are used to automate complex calculationsautomate complex calculations

Automatic Automatic recalculationrecalculation Any time a change is entered into the spreadsheet, all data related to Any time a change is entered into the spreadsheet, all data related to

the change automatically updatesthe change automatically updates

MacrosMacros let you store keystrokes and commands so they let you store keystrokes and commands so they can be played back automaticallycan be played back automatically

TemplatesTemplates offer ready-to-use worksheets with labels and offer ready-to-use worksheets with labels and formulas already enteredformulas already entered

Graphing capabilities let you produce charts representing Graphing capabilities let you produce charts representing your datayour data

Spreadsheet Graphics: Spreadsheet Graphics: From Digits to DrawingsFrom Digits to Drawings

Bar charts Bar charts (use if data falls (use if data falls into a few categories)into a few categories)

Pie chartsPie charts (show relative (show relative proportions to the whole)proportions to the whole)

Line chartsLine charts (show (show relationships or trends over relationships or trends over time)time)

15%

20%

65%

0

50

100

150

200

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr

North

West

East

45.9 46.9 45

30.638.6 34.6

20.427.4

90

0

20

40

60

80

100

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr

EastWest

North

Spreadsheets allow you to change numbers and Spreadsheets allow you to change numbers and instantly see the effects of those changes.instantly see the effects of those changes. ““What if I enter this valueWhat if I enter this value?”?”

Limited database capabilitiesLimited database capabilities Search for informationSearch for information Sort the data by a specific criteriaSort the data by a specific criteria Merge the data with a word processorMerge the data with a word processor Generate reportsGenerate reports

What If?What If?

GraphicsGraphics

Graphics talkGraphics talk

PixelsPixels are tiny dots of white, black, or color that make up are tiny dots of white, black, or color that make up images on the screen.images on the screen.

PalettePalette of tools that mimic real-world painting tools and of tools that mimic real-world painting tools and other tools unique to computersother tools unique to computers

Color depthColor depth is the number of bits devoted to each pixel. is the number of bits devoted to each pixel. 24 bits or 8 bits.24 bits or 8 bits.

ResolutionResolution is the density of the pixels. is the density of the pixels. DPI: dots per inch.DPI: dots per inch.

Bitmapped GraphicsBitmapped Graphics

Images are a Images are a collection of pixels.collection of pixels.

The picture is The picture is mapped pixel-by-pixelmapped pixel-by-pixel

Changes made by Changes made by changing the color of changing the color of individual pixelsindividual pixels

Object-Oriented GraphicsObject-Oriented Graphics

Drawing software stores a picture as a collection of lines Drawing software stores a picture as a collection of lines and shapes (called and shapes (called object-orientedobject-oriented oror vector vector graphicsgraphics).).

It remembers things like “there’s a blue circle at coordinates It remembers things like “there’s a blue circle at coordinates (100,200)” then, when it wants to display the image, it goes (100,200)” then, when it wants to display the image, it goes through all of its instructions and redraws the picture.through all of its instructions and redraws the picture.

Memory demands on storage not as high as bit-mapped Memory demands on storage not as high as bit-mapped images.images.

Pixels vs. ObjectsPixels vs. Objects

Bit-mappedBit-mapped paintingpainting (pixels) gives you these (pixels) gives you these advantages:advantages: More control over textures, More control over textures,

shading and fine detailshading and fine detail

Appropriate for screen Appropriate for screen displays, simulating natural displays, simulating natural paint media and embellishing paint media and embellishing photographs photographs

Pixels vs. ObjectsPixels vs. Objects

Object-oriented drawingObject-oriented drawing gives you these gives you these advantages:advantages:

Better for creating Better for creating printed graphs, charts, printed graphs, charts, and illustrations and illustrations

Lines are cleaner and Lines are cleaner and shapes are smoothershapes are smoother

Digital Image Processing: Digital Image Processing: Photographic Editing by ComputerPhotographic Editing by Computer

Software that allows the user to manipulate Software that allows the user to manipulate photographs and other high-resolution images photographs and other high-resolution images with tools such as Adobe Photoshop. with tools such as Adobe Photoshop.

Far more powerful than traditional photo-Far more powerful than traditional photo-retouching techniques.retouching techniques. Can distort and combine photos as demonstrated Can distort and combine photos as demonstrated

in the tabloidsin the tabloids Create fabricated images that show no evidence Create fabricated images that show no evidence

of tamperingof tampering For example: For example: http://http://

www.alias.com/eng/etc/fakeorfoto/quiz.htmlwww.alias.com/eng/etc/fakeorfoto/quiz.html

Building a Photo CollageBuilding a Photo Collage

Take an imageCombine it with other objects Make a statement

Animation: Graphics in TimeAnimation: Graphics in Time

Each frame of computer-based animation is Each frame of computer-based animation is a computer-drawn picture and the computer a computer-drawn picture and the computer displays those frames in rapid succession.displays those frames in rapid succession.

TweeningTweening-instead of drawing each frame by -instead of drawing each frame by hand, an animator can create key frames and hand, an animator can create key frames and objects and use software to help fill in the gapsobjects and use software to help fill in the gaps

“Anything you can imagine can be done. If you can draw it, if you can describe it, we can do it. It’s just a matter of cost.”

James Cameron, Filmmaker, ”King of the World”

Desktop Video: Computers, Film, Desktop Video: Computers, Film, and TV and TV

Video editing softwareVideo editing software such as Adobe Premiere such as Adobe Premiere makes it easy to eliminate extraneous footage, makes it easy to eliminate extraneous footage, combine clips from multiple takes, splice together combine clips from multiple takes, splice together scenes, create specific effects and other activities.scenes, create specific effects and other activities.

MorphsMorphs are video clips in which one image are video clips in which one image metamorphoses into another.metamorphoses into another.

Data compressionData compression software and hardware are software and hardware are used to squeeze data out of movies so they can used to squeeze data out of movies so they can be stored in smaller spaces.be stored in smaller spaces.

It took three hours to It took three hours to render, or digitally paint render, or digitally paint in, the effects for each in, the effects for each frame. frame.

1200 processors1200 processors One frame of the film One frame of the film

converts to roughly 12 converts to roughly 12 MB of storage space. MB of storage space. One second of film takes One second of film takes up 24 frames. up 24 frames.

DatabasesDatabases

A A DatabaseDatabase is… is… a collection of information stored in an organized a collection of information stored in an organized

form on a computerform on a computer

Database software (DBMS)Database software (DBMS) is… is… application software (like word processing and application software (like word processing and

spreadsheet software)spreadsheet software)

designed to maintain databases (collections of designed to maintain databases (collections of information)information)

The Electronic File Cabinet:The Electronic File Cabinet: Database Basics Database Basics

What Good Is a Database?What Good Is a Database?

An electronic database allows you to:An electronic database allows you to:

store large quantities of informationstore large quantities of information

retrieve information quicklyretrieve information quickly

organize and reorganize informationorganize and reorganize information

print and distribute information in a variety print and distribute information in a variety of waysof ways

Database AnatomyDatabase Anatomy

A A databasedatabase is a is a collection of one or collection of one or more database files more database files

A file is a collection of related information (records)

A A record is the is the information relating information relating to one person, product, to one person, product, or event (one row in the or event (one row in the table)table)

A field is a discrete chunk of information in a record (one cell in the table)

Database AnatomyDatabase Anatomy

Database AnatomyDatabase Anatomy

The The view is a display is a display of the information in of the information in fields based on a fields based on a particular layout of field particular layout of field data.data.

Form View

List View

These operations are used to manipulate the These operations are used to manipulate the information in the database:information in the database:

• Import: receives data in the form of text files

• Browse: navigates through information

• Query: finds records that match a specific criteria

• Sort: rearranges records (alpha or numerically)

• Report: printout of an ordered list of records

SQLSQL Structured Query Language Structured Query Language• Select * From Population Where Sex = M and Age > 18 and Age Select * From Population Where Sex = M and Age > 18 and Age

< 35< 35

Database OperationsDatabase Operations

What Makes a What Makes a Database Relational?Database Relational?

A database is relational when files are related to each other, such as this Student ID field in the Student file.

Database TrendsDatabase Trends

Real-Time ComputingReal-Time Computing Allows instant access to informationAllows instant access to information

Downsizing and DecentralizingDownsizing and Decentralizing Using a client/server approachUsing a client/server approach

Data MiningData Mining Allows technology to find valuable informationAllows technology to find valuable information

Databases and the WebDatabases and the Web Information is available via a company’s Information is available via a company’s IntranetIntranet and the and the InternetInternet

Database TrendsDatabase Trends

Multimedia DatabasesMultimedia Databases Serve as an index for art, photographs, maps, video Serve as an index for art, photographs, maps, video

clips, and other media files clips, and other media files

Natural Language DatabasesNatural Language Databases Allows users to ask for data using the same language Allows users to ask for data using the same language

used to address humansused to address humans

Object-Oriented DatabasesObject-Oriented Databases Make database construction and usage more flexibleMake database construction and usage more flexible

Corresponding Textbook ReadingsCorresponding Textbook Readings

P.100 – 121P.100 – 121 P.130 – 152P.130 – 152 P.156 – 166P.156 – 166 P.178 – 198P.178 – 198 P.210 – 235P.210 – 235

To Know – Module 2To Know – Module 2

KeywordsKeywords How do copyrights and licensing of How do copyrights and licensing of

software work?software work? What do operating systems do?What do operating systems do? What are the main characteristics ofWhat are the main characteristics of

Word processorsWord processors SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets Graphics and AnimationsGraphics and Animations

How do databases work?How do databases work?