MODULE 2

KINDS OF IS

-GROUP 4

INDEX

I. Transaction Processing System (TPS)

II. Office Automation Systems (OAS)

III. Management Information Systems (MIS)

IV. Decision Support Systems (DSS)

V. Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)

VI. Expert Systems (ES)

TRANSACTION PROCESSING

SYSTEM

TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM [TPS]

The TPS records the data from every day operations throughout every

division or department in the organization.

Transaction processing system supports day – to – day operations:

Examples of TPS are order – entry systems, cheque processing systems,

accounts receivable systems, accounts payable systems, payroll systems and

ticket reservation systems. These systems help any company to conduct

operations and keep track of activities.

TPS was first developed in the 1950 s in accounting departments of major

corporations. It is the oldest type of information system and can be called as

the ‘work house’ of the information system industry for the last 50 years.

An event occurs in the business world. The event is recorded by keying it

into the computer system as a transaction. The transaction is a representation

of the event. TPS is nothing but a computer program which processes the

transaction against TPS data.

Example : In case of a ticket Reservation system, say Railways, the TPS data

contains the location of available seats; in the case of an order, this data

contains a list of products available for sale, their prices and related data.

In case of cheque processing this data contains the account balances,

customer lists and other data.

TPS program generates 2 types of outputs

i ) It sends message back to the operator generator.

ii ) It generates printed materials.

Example : A ticket reservation system, displays a message on the terminal

indicating seats sold out to people. It also prints the tickets and perhaps a

mailing label for sending them.

The following diagram shows the architecture of a generic TPS application

Objectives of TP S

• Process data generated by and about transactions.

• Maintain a high degree of accuracy.

• Ensure data information integrity and accuracy.

• Produce timely documents and reports.

• Increase labour efficiency.

• Help provide increased and enhanced efficiency.

• To build and maintain customer loyalty.

• Achieve competitive advantage.

Characteristics of TPS

1. Type – These activities occur at the operational level.

2. Inputs – Day –to – day transactions or events are inputs to TPS.

3. Processing – Converting of input into output and providing

meaningful information.

4. Output – TPS updates the database and generates printed materials.

5. Users – All operational level personnel's, stores manages H.R manager

etc.

6. Decision making – It is computer based application system which is

highly structured.

Types of TPS

These are 2 fundamental types of TPS

• Online systems( On line transaction processing )

• Batch systems (Batch transaction processing)

1. On – line systems:

In this processing system data are processed as they are entered as

opposed to batch processing. It involves direct connection between

the operator and the TPS program. They provide immediate results.

They are used to process a single transaction at a time.

Example: An order arrives by telephone call, it is processed at that

moment and the results are produced.

Real time Processing ( Quick response systems )

This system is same as OLTP but fast. It is a type of online processing

which is capable of processing, faster advances in computer hardware and

soft ware have made a real time processing capable to many of the

functions of modern information systems.

The following diagram shows the online transactions processing cycle.

Online Schematic

2) Batch processing :

This is a second type of TPS, where transactions are grouped together

and processed as a unit. Transactions are accumulated over a period of

time and prepared for processing as a single unit or batch.

Example: A cheque processing system in a bank. All the cheques

received in a particular time frame, say on a particular

day are then sorted by the account number and processed in a batch.

The following diagram shows the Batch transactions processing

application.

Here the transactions are grouped into a transaction file as indicated in the

program. The batch is then read in order by TPS program. This program reads

the stored data, often called ‘old master file data’, process the transaction and

creates the ‘new master file data’. In the process, it generates reports.

OFFICE AUTOMATION

SYSTEMS

OFFICE AUTOMATION

The term office automation refers to all tools and methods that are applied to

office activities which make it possible to process written, visual, and sound

data in a computer-aided manner.

Office automation is intended to provide elements which make it possible to

simplify, improve, and automate the organisation of the activities of a company

or a group of people (management of administrative data, synchronisation of

meetings, etc.).

Considering that company organizations requires increased communication,

today, office automation is no longer limited to simply capturing handwritten

notes. In particular, it also includes the following activities:

• exchange of information

• management of administrative documents

• handling of numerical data

• meeting planning and management of work schedules

Office suite tools

The term "office suite" refers to all software programs which make it possible

to meet office needs. In particular, an office suite therefore includes the

following software programs:

• word processing

• a spreadsheet

• a presentation tool

• a database

• a scheduler

The main office suites are:

• AppleWorks

• Corel WordPerfect

• IBM/Lotus SmartSuite

• Microsoft office

• Sun star office

Automation Systems Overview

Utilizing an automation system can be a simple change like providing

production workers cordless drills in place of corded drills to allow for greater

freedom of movement in performing their task. Complex automation systems

integrate computer hardware and software, robotic equipment, line equipment,

shipping processes, inventory control and employee training to increase

manufacturing efficiency and product quality.

Automation Systems Are Everywhere

Look around and you will find automation systems everywhere. That email

system your corporation uses to share calendars, schedule meetings and send

communications with is an automation system. Fast food chains employ

integrated automation systems to ensure everything from supplies to data

collection, right down to fulfilling your order, is done quickly and succinctly.

Office Automation Systems

Office automation systems (OAS) are configurations of networked computer

hardware and software. A variety of office automation systems are now applied

to business and communication functions that used to be performed manually

or in multiple locations of a company, such as preparing written

communications and strategic planning. In addition, functions that once

required coordinating the expertise of outside specialists in typesetting,

printing, or electronic recording can now be integrated into the everyday work

of an organization, saving both time and money.

Types of functions integrated by office automation systems include (1)

electronic publishing; (2) electronic communication; (3) electronic

collaboration; (4) image processing; and (5) office management.

Electronic Publishing

Electronic publishing systems include word processing and desktop publishing.

Word processing software, (e.g., Microsoft Word, Corel Word-Perfect) allows

users to create, edit, revise, store, and print documents such as letters, memos,

reports, and manuscripts. Desktop publishing software (e.g., Adobe Pagemaker,

Corel VENTURA, Microsoft Publisher) enables users to integrate text, images,

photographs, and graphics to produce high-quality printable output. Desktop

publishing software is used on a microcomputer with a mouse, scanner, and

printer to create professional-looking publications. These may be newsletters,

brochures, magazines, or books.

Electronic Communication

Electronic communication systems include electronic mail (e-mail), voice mail,

facsimile (fax), and desktop videoconferencing.

Electronic Mail

E-mail is software that allows users, via their computer keyboards, to create,

send, and receive messages and files to or from anywhere in the world. Most e-

mail systems let the user do other sophisticated tasks such as filter, prioritize,

or file messages; forward copies of messages to other users; create and save

drafts of messages; send "carbon copies"; and request automatic confirmation

of the delivery of a message. E-mail is very popular because it is easy to use,

offers fast delivery, and is inexpensive. Examples of e-mail software are

Eudora, Lotus Notes, and Microsoft Outlook.

Voice Mail

Voice mail is a sophisticated telephone answering machine. It digitizes

incoming voice messages and stores them on disk. When the recipient is ready

to listen, the message is converted from its digitized version back to audio, or

sound. Recipients may save messages for future use, delete them, or forward

them to other people.

Desktop Videoconferencing

Desktop videoconferencing is one of the fastest growing forms of

videoconferencing. ﾀ Desktop videoconferencing requires a network and a

desktop computer with special application software (e.g., CUSeeMe) as well as

a small camera installed on top of the monitor. Images of a computer user from

the desktop computer are captured and sent across the network to the other

computers and users that are participating in the conference. This type of

videoconferencing simulates face-to-face meetings of individuals.

Electronic Collaboration

Electronic collaboration is made possible through electronic meeting and

collaborative work systems and teleconferencing. Electronic meeting and

collaborative work systems allow teams of coworkers to use networks of

microcomputers to share information, update schedules and plans, and

cooperate on projects regardless of geographic distance. Special software called

groupware is needed to allow two or more people to edit or otherwise work on

the same files simultaneously.

Teleconferencing is also known as videoconferencing. As was mentioned in the

discussion of desktop videoconferencing earlier, this technology allows people

in multiple locations to interact and work collaboratively using real-time sound

and images. Full teleconferencing, as compared to the desktop version, requires

special-purpose meeting rooms with cameras, video display monitors, and

audio microphones and speakers.

Telecommuting and Collaborative Systems

Telecommuters perform some or all of their work at home instead of travelling

to an office each day, usually with the aid of office automation systems,

including those that allow collaborative work or meetings. A microcomputer, a

modem, software that allows the sending and receiving of work, and an

ordinary telephone line are the tools that make this possible.

Telecommuting is gaining in popularity in part due to the continuing increase

in population, which creates traffic congestion, promotes high energy

consumption, and causes more air pollution. Telecommuting can help reduce

these problems. Telecommuting can also take advantage of the skills of

homebound people with physical limitations.

Studies have found that telecommuting programs can boost employee morale

and productivity among those who work from home. It is necessary to maintain

a collaborative work environment, however, through the use of technology and

general employee management practices, so that neither on-site employees nor

telecommuters find their productivity is compromised by such arrangements.

The technologies used in electronic communication and teleconferencing can

be useful in maintaining a successful telecommuting program.

Image Processing systems

Image processing systems include electronic document management,

presentation graphics, and multimedia systems. Imaging systems convert text,

drawings, and photographs into digital form that can be stored in a computer

system. This digital form can be manipulated, stored, printed, or sent via a

modem to another computer. Imaging systems may use scanners, digital

cameras, video capture cards, or advanced graphic computers. Companies use

imaging systems for a variety of documents such as insurance forms, medical

records, dental records, and mortgage applications.

Presentation graphics software uses graphics and data from other software tools

to create and display presentations. The graphics include charts, bullet lists,

text, sound, photos, animation, and video clips. Examples of such software are

Microsoft Power Point, Lotus Freelance Graphics, and SPC Harvard Graphics.

Multimedia systems are technologies that integrate two or more types of media

such as text, graphic, sound, voice, full-motion video, or animation into a

computer-based application. Multimedia is used for electronic books and

newspapers, video conferencing, imaging, presentations, and web sites.

MANAGEMENT

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Management information systems:

MIS can be defined as a system that processes information input in the form of

data (the raw material) and helps support the management in decision-

making and strategic planning. These systems assist lower management in

problem solving and making decisions. They use the results of transaction

processing and some other information also. It is a set of information

processing functions. It should handle queries as quickly as they arrive.

An important element of MIS is database

A database is a non-redundant collection of interrelated data items that can be

processed through application programs and available to many users.

Functions:

- sub serves managerial function

- collects stores , evaluates information systematically and routinely

- supports planning and control decisions

- Includes files , hardware , software , software and operations research models

Components of MIS:

1.Hardware

Input and output devices constitute the hardware components of MIS

2. Software

The programs and applications that convert data into machine-readable

language are known as software

3. Procedures

Procedures are sets of rules or guidelines, which an organization establishes for

the use of a computer-based information system

4. Personnel

The computer experts, managers, users, analysts, programmers, database

managers, and many other computer professionals who utilize the computer-

based information systems are the personnel in a management information

systems.

The Purpose and Scope of MIS - Management information systems

The Purpose and Scope of MIS Management Information Systems can be

defined as 'The combination of human and computer based resources that

results in the collection, storage, retrieval, communication and use of data for

the purpose of efficient management of operations and for business planning'.

The purpose of MIS is to help the smooth running of the business by providing

information on the firms data (such as accounting figures) employees from

different levels will then evaluate this information so that decisions can be

made to ensure that the business remains competitive and successful.

The information can be used for various purposes,

-strategic planning

-delivering increased productivity

-reducing service cycles

-reducing product development cycles

-reducing marketing life cycles

-increasing the understanding of customers' needs

-facilitating business and process re-engineering.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MIS

1. Management-oriented: The development of the system starts after

deciding the management needs and keeping in the view, overall

objective of the management.

2. Management-directed: Since MIS requires heavy planning and

investment, management is deeply involved in the design,

implementation and maintenance of the system.

3. An integrated system: MIS is the ‘catalyst and nerve centre’ of an

organization. It is necessary for the subsystems to work as integrated

system, to achieve the goals and objectives of organization.

4. Avoids redundancy in data storage: Since MIS is an integrated

system, it avoids unnecessary duplication and redundancy in data

gathering and storage.

5. Common data flow: Common data flow tries to utilize minimum data

processing effort and strives to minimize the number of output

documents and reports.

6. Heavy planning element: Design and implementation of MIS requires

detailed and meticulous planning of such activities as acquisition and

deployment of hardware, software, humanware, etc.

7. Subsystem concept: MIS gives provision for division into various

subsystems based on activity as well as functions of the organization, for

its effective implementation.

8. Common database: It acts as a master that holds the functional

subsystems together. It achieves this, by allowing access to different

master files of data into several functional subsystems.

9. Flexibility and ease of use: MIS is flexible enough to accommodate

new requirements. The system is easy to operate, so that no much

computer skills are required on the part of the user to access database.

10. Computerization: MIS can be computerized because of its nature as a

comprehensive system. This provides speed in creating and accessing

files, accuracy, consistency in data processing, reduction in clerical

work

BENEFITS OF MIS

1. Improves personal efficiency.

2. Expedites problem solving (speeds up the progress of problems solving

in an organization).

3. Facilitates interpersonal communication.

4. Promotes learning or training.

5. Increases organizational control.

6. Generates new evidence in support of a decision.

7. Creates a competitive advantage over competition.

8. Encourages exploration and discovery on the part of the decision maker.

9. Reveals new approaches to thinking about the problem space.

10. Helps automate the Managerial processes

OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of MIS are derived from company’s objectives.

Suppose the company wants to increase its market segment ‘A’ from 10% to

14% per year, numerous information must be available, like:

How is the market currently allocated?

Which are the competitor’s product offer to hold share in the market?

Pros and cons of this product

Customer set of each of these products

Money spent in advertising

In what stage of the product life cycle in each product and so on…

The main objectives are :

• To provide requisite information support for the managerial functions

within the organization.

• To make available, right information at the right place, at the right time

and at the low cost.

• To ensure that wrong and unwanted information is not generated,

APPLICATIONS:

Management Information systems been implemented in areas of

1. Transportation

2. Finance and Accounting

3. Laboratories

4. Trafficking Systems

5. Graphic Design

6. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

7. Telecommunication

8. Satellite imaging

9. Healthcare, etc

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS)

Decision support systems are computer-based information systems that

provide interactive information support to managers and business

professional’s during the decision-making process.

Decision support systems are an application of Herbert Simon Model,

which is a process of intelligence, design and choice activities that result in the

selection of a particular course of action.

Definition:

According to Scott Morton – “Decision Support System are Interactive

computer based systems, which helps decision-makers utilize data and models

to solve unstructured problems.”

• DSS is not structured, finished systems as TPS and MIS are.

• DSS is collection of data and data processing tools used to creatively

manipulate data to answer unknown and often unexpected questions.

• Unlike TPS and MIS which are regular and recurring, the need for DSS

can be irregular.

Architecture of DSS

External TPS MIS data data data

DSS Models Data Request Models

DSS Program

Responses

Graphs Reports

DSS User

The Architecture of a DSS application is as shown in above figure.

• Data from the organizations, TPS and MIS applications are input to the

DSS programs, along with data from external sources and DSS model

data. The DSS may store and later reprocess its own model data as well.

• The user interacts with the DSS online and requests are made, models

are created or adjusted and data is manipulated.

• The outputs of the DSS program can be either text, structured reports or

graphics.

• The programs supported by the DSS are spreadsheet programs, personal

database management systems, word processing packages, MBMS,

graphics generators, statistical packages, etc,.

• DSS are often used to respond on an ad hoc basis to problems and

opportunities as they develop. So that flexibility and adaptability are

crucial. DSS often involves models of business activity.

Components of DSS Program

DSS Process

• Every DSS contains at least data management, user interface, model

management components and the end users. A few also contains a

knowledge management component.

• The data management subsystem contains all the data that flow from

several sources, and are extracted prior to their entry into a DSS

database or a data warehouse.

• A model management subsystem contains completed models

(financial, statistical, management science or other quantitative

models) and the routines to develop DSS’s applications.

• The user interface covers all aspects of the communications between

a user and the DSS.

• The user: the person (manager or the decision maker) faced with the

problem or decision that the DSS is designed to support.

• A knowledge-based or intelligent subsystem provides the expertise

for solving some aspects of the problem, or the knowledge that can

enhance the operation of the other DSS components.

Characteristics of DSS

1. DSS offer users flexibility, adaptability and a quick response.

2. DSS operate with little or no assistance from professional

programmers.

3. DSS provide support for decisions and problems whose solutions

cannot be specified in advance.

4. DSS uses sophisticated data analysis and modeling tools.

5. DSS is typically designed for either a particular decision-maker

or a group of decision-makers.

6. DSS provides more consistent and objective than complex

decisions that are mode intuitively.

7. Designed to help support decisions that are formulated as semi-

structured, complex problems.

Capabilities of DSS

1. A DSS provides support for decision makers at all management levels,

whether individuals or groups, mainly in semi-structured and

unstructured situations by bringing together human judgment and

objective information

2. A DSS supports several interdependent and/or sequential decisions.

3. A DSS supports all phases of the decision-making process – intelligent,

design, choice and implementation.

4. A DSS is adaptable by the user over time to deal with changing

conditions.

5. A DSS is easy to construct and use in many cases.

6. A DSS promotes learning, which leads to new demands and refinement

of the current application, which leads to additional learning.

7. A DSS usually utilizes quantitative models (standard or custom made).

8. Advanced DSS’s are equipped with a knowledge management

component that allows the efficient and effective solution of very

complex problems.

9. A DSS can be disseminated for use via the web.

10. A DSS allows the easy execution of sensitivity analysis.

Example of DSS:-

Sales managers typically rely on management information

systems to produce sales analysis reports. These reports contain sales

performance figures by product-line, salesperson, sales region, etc. The

DSS on the other hand shows the sales manager the effects on sales

performance of changes in a variety of factors (such as promotion expense

and salesperson compensation). The DSS could then use several criteria

(such as expected gross margin and market share) to evaluate and rank

several alternative combinations of sales performance factor.

Therefore, DSS systems are designed to be ad hoc, quick-

response systems that are initiated and controlled by business decision

makers.

DSS are thus able to directly support the specific types of

decisions and the personal decision-making styles and needs of individual

executives, managers and business professionals.

Comparison between DSS and MIS

Following are the few differences between DSS and MIS:

Points MIS DSS

1) Focus

2) Emphasis

3) Data access

4) Reliance

5) Access to data

6) Understanding the

nature of the decision

7) Emphasis

On structured tasks and

routine decisions

On data storage

Offer only indirect access

by managers

On computer expert

Possibility requiring a

wait for managers turn

and data

MIS manager not

understands completely

On efficiency

On semi-structured tasks,

requiring managerial

decisions

On data manipulation

Direct access by managers

On manager’s own

judgment

Direct access to computer

Manager understands

knowing decision

environment

On effectiveness

GROUP DECISION SUPPORT

SYSTEMS

Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)

Group decision support systems (GDSSs), a subclass of DSSs, are defined as

information technology-based support systems that provide decision-making

support to

Groups. They refer to the systems that provide computer-based aids and

communication support for decision-making meetings in organizations. The

group

Meeting is a joint activity in which a group of people is engaged with equal or

near-equal

Status. The activity and its outputs are intellectual in nature. Essentially, the

outputs of the meeting depend on the knowledge and judgment contributed by

the participants.

Differences in opinion may be settled by negotiation or arbitration.

Components of GDSS

The difference between GDSSs and DSSs is the focus on the group versus the

individual decision-maker. The components of a GDSS are basically similar to

those of

DSS, including hardware, software, and people; but in addition, within the

collaborative

environment, communication and networking technologies are added for group

participation from different sites.

Benefits claimed for GDSS

There are three benefits claimed for GDSSs: increased efficiency, improved

quality, and leverage that improves the way meetings run

Due to increasing computer data processing power, communication and

network

performance, the speed and quality for information processing and information

transmission create the opportunity for higher efficiency. Efficiency

achievement

depends on the performance of hardware (e.g., PCs, LAN/WAN) and software.

With regard to the software aspect of GDSSs, the software architecture with

database management and an interactive interface affects system run time

efficiency and performance.

Improved quality of the outcomes of a group meeting implies the increased

quality of alternatives examined, greater participation and contribution from

people who would otherwise be silent, or decision outcomes judged to be of

higher quality. In a GDSS, the outcome of a meeting or decision-making

process depends on communication facilities and decision support facilities.

Those facilities can help decision-making participants avoid the constraints

imposed by geography. They also make information sharable and reduce effort

in the decision-making process. Therefore, those facilities contribute to

meeting quality improvement.

Leverage implies that the system does not merely speed up the process (say

efficiency), but changes it fundamentally. In other words, leverage can be

achieved through providing better ways of meeting, such as providing the

ability to execute multiple tasks at the same time

ADVANTAGES

Group Decision Support Systems give groups several advantages

over many traditional, non-automated group meetings (Nunamaker, et

al., 1991):

1.More participation

In a typical meeting, group members have only few minutes to express

their ideas rather than the entire meeting time. In some non-

automated meetings, a few group members may exert undue influence or

monopolize the group's time; a GDSS makes every participant equal,

eliminating member status incongruities. Finally, more information

will be presented to the group as more participate.

2.Group synergy

Other group members will be able to use an idea in a manner that the

originator did not because participants have different information

skills. Also, the group as a whole will be better able to catch

errors in a comment than the individual who proposed the idea.

3.More structure

A GDSS also provides a certain amount of structure to the meeting.

With this structure in place, it is more difficult to deviate from the

problem-solving cycle and make incomplete or premature decisions.

The group has a more concentrated discussion, and they stay focused on

the issues throughout the meeting. Lower levels of non-task

interactions (gossiping, for example) in such groups have been

observed as compared with traditional meetings.

4.Other benefits

As a result of more participation, group synergy, record keeping, and

structure, many groups have been able to accomplish more in

significantly less time necessary for traditional, non-automated

meetings. Also, these factors have contributed to higher group

satisfaction with the meeting process. Finally, the new technology

has enabled larger groups to meet, resulting in more information,

knowledge, and skills that are brought to bear to the task at hand.

DISADVANTAGES

There are some disadvantages to the technology, however, and they

include:

1.Slow Communication

Most people speak much faster than they type, and thus would usually

prefer a verbal environment (other things being equal). However, a

GDSS allows participants to review recorded comments (people may read

and scan faster than they can hear and process). Other advantages,

including anonymity and parallel communication, may override the slow

typing speed. The break-even point, where it is more efficient to

type in parallel rather than speak and listen in sequence, occurs at a

group size of approximately eight members (depending upon typing

speed).

2.Not all Tasks are Amenable to GDSSs

Group meetings which involve "one-to-many" communication (for example,

a leader lecturing to the group) would not benefit from a GDSS. Only

those tasks which require group members to exchange ideas or

preferences efficiently ("many-to-many") would benefit.

EXPERT SYSTEMS

EXPERT SYSTEM

An expert system is a computer based information system in which

knowledge is represented in data and processing is directed.

Primarily by computer programs, greatest degree of computer control.

For example: To diagnose, human diseases as well as or better than a

human expert, many of the expert system, we encounter in business will

not have the abilities of a true human expert.

STRUTURE OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

Expert system can be viewed as composed of two major parts:-

1. The development environment:-

It is used by ES builder to build the ES components and introduce

expert knowledge to ES knowledge base.

2. The consultation environment: -

It is used by a non expert to obtain the expert knowledge and advice.

COMPONENTS OF EXPERT SYSTEM

The following components exist in ES:-

1. Knowledge acquisition subsystem.

2. Knowledge base.

3. Inference engine

4. Blackboard (work place)

5. User inference

6. Explanation (gives logic)

7. Reasoning capacity improvement

1. Knowledge acquisition:-

• This is used by an individual who has expertise to create add or

change the knowledge base.

• Sources of knowledge include human experts, text books,

database, special research reports and users own experience.

2. Knowledge base:-

• Knowledge not mere facts are the primary material of ES.

• It can also have standard problem solving and decision making

models.

CONSULTATION ENVIRONMENT

DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

KNOWLEDGE BASE

RECOMMANDATION

INFERENCE USER INFERENCE

EXPLANATIUSER

REASONING CAPACITY

EXPERT

BLACKBO

KNOWLEDGE

• The info in knowledge base is incorporated into computer system

by process called knowledge representing.

• Facts, rules and global strategies are included in knowledge

development base.

3. Inference engine:-

• Brain of ES

• Applies rules and other forms of knowledge to make logical

conclusion to solve user’s problems.

4. User inference:-

• The ES contains language processor for friendly communication

between user and computer.

• Communication is carried out in a natural language, sometimes

supplemented by graphics.

5. Expert system language:-

• ES programs are written in special purpose, symbolic program

language such as prolog and LISP.

BENEFITS OF EXPERT SYSTEM

Expert system can be used to address number of different problems domain. In

increasing order of difficulty these domain are:-

I. Procedural

II. Diagnosis

III. Monitoring

IV. Configuration and design

V. Scheduling and planning

It provides major benefits to users benefits are:-

I. Cast reduction

II. Increased output

III. Improved quality

IV. Reduced down time

V. Reliability

VI. Response time

VII. Equipment operation

VIII. Educational benefits

IX. Enhancing problem solving

X. Solving complex problems

ADVANTAGES OF ES

It is faster and consistent.

It can have the knowledge of several experts

It does not get distracted by over work

It is not subjected to stress

They help to preserve and reproduce knowledge to experts

They build knowledge database for the organization

LIMITATIONS OF ES

They excel only in solving specific types of problems in limited domain.

They perform well with specific types of operational and analytical tasks

but latter at subjective decision making.

They are costly to develop and maintain

They don’t learn by experience as humans

They must taught new knowledge and modified as new expertise to

match developments in subjected area.

KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM

A knowledge system is a computer based system that represents knowledge

and makes it available to users in a tailored form to the solution of specific

problems.

TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM:-

a) Hyper text

b) Interactive video

c) Expert system

I. Hyper text:-

• It is an important methodology for the construction and

interactive use of text database.

II. Interactive video:-

• Interactive video is used primarily in tracking and advisory

capacities.

• It links video segments

• This application involves a greater degree of computer control

than the hyper text applications.

III. Expert system

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ES AND DS

ATTRIBUTE DSS ES

Objective Human decision

maker

Duplicate a human

and replace himRecommendation

about decision

Made by user or

system

Made by system

Major orientation Decision making Transfer of expertise

Query directions Human system System

Data manipulation Numerical Human symbolize

Problem area Complex, board Narrow specific

Type of database Factual knowledge Rules

Reasoning capacity Absent Present

Explanation Limited Total

Leasing capacity Absent present

DSS AND ES DIFFER FROM CONVENTIONAL MIS

Unstructured

Semi-structured

structured

Organization level

Computing involves DSS and ES, DSS differs from conventional MIS.

They have several advantage they are geared to information

manuplation

They are operated directed by their users and they help managers make

non- routine in unstructured decisions.

ES differ from MIS primarily is the use of artificial intelligence.

They are particularly relevant for unstructured problems and use

more tolerant of errors and imperfect knowledge than are

conventional programs.

KWS ESS

DSS

TPS

MISEIS