Module 1 - Operating System

8/12/2019 Module 1 - Operating System

1/20

Module of

Introductionto Computer

Engineering

Experiments

DigitalLab

2013[Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract

is typically a short summary of the contents of the

document. Type the abstract of the document here.

The abstract is typically a short summary of the

contents of the document.]

Operating

System


2/20

EXPERIMENT 1

OPERATING SYSTEM

A.OBJECTIVES

Describe BIOS configuration

Make partition in hardisk

Describe installation steps of Linux operating system

Operating system troubleshooting

B.THEORYS AND SIGNIFICANCES

Operating system is a program that control program execution and function as

interface between user and hardware computer, also connector between

applications, utilities, and user at one sided, with computer hardware at the other

side. Operating system responsible to activity that related to memory management

(memory usage, memory alocation, and program priority).

Three main functions of operating system are:

1. Simplicity : operating system make computer is easy to use

2. Efficiency: operating system enable the energy efficiency of computer system

3. Developing ability: operating system must be constructed as well as effective

development, test, and new function integration can run without disturb the

normal condition.

The major operating systems that used computer system general (including

PC, personal computer) are divided into 3 major groups:

Family Microsoft Windows - which is comprised of Windows Desktop

Environment (version 1.x to version 3.x), Windows 9x (Windows 95, 98, and

Windows ME), and Windows NT (Windows NT 3.x, Windows NT 4.0, Windows

2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server

2008, Windows 7 (Seven), which was released in 2009, and Windows 8 which was

released in 2012.


3/20

Families that use the Unix operating system POSIX interface, such as SCO

UNIX, families BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution), GNU / Linux, MacOS / X

(based on a modified BSD kernel, and known as Darwin) and GNU / Hurd.

Mac OS, an operating system for Apple computers usual output called Mac or

Macintosh. The newest operating system is Mac OS X version 10.7 (Lion).

a. BIOS

Before we can use operating system, there is a basic program that has

many function to configure the computer system. That basic program called

BIOS. BIOS or Basic Input Output System is a basic program that serves low

level interface to control hardwares. BIOS is the nearest program with

hardware, so it uses machine code (assembly programming) to interact with

the hardwares.

Initialization (ignition) and the testing of the hardware (in process

called the Power On Self Test, POST)

Load and run the operating system

Set some basic configuration of the computer (date, time, storage

configuration, the configuration of the boot process, performance, and

the stability of the computer)

Helps operating systems and applications in the device settings

hard to use BIOS Runtime Services.

b. File Format and Partition on in Hardisk

Format the hard drive is a way of giving the system on a hard drive so

the hard drive can be used more efficient. Possible to know in advance before

the operating system is being used. Format hard drive do after we finished

partitioning.Partitioning means dividing the hard drive space on the hard drive.

Each partitioned hard drive must be at least one time, and to adjust the system

operations that will be used. A computer that has more than one operating

systems typically have multiple partitions. The advantage of partitioning over

one another to minimize the complexity of the system operation, the data can

be made more secure, efficient use of space, facilitate back up of data and file

searches. In a hard drive partition has several types, namely:


4/20

1) Primary partition

A primary partition is a primary partition on the disk that contains

the a number of data files. The function of this primary partition as the

partition first that is accessed by the computer to boot.

2) Extended partitions

The extended partition is also a primary partition on the hard drive.

Extended partition functions to overcome the limitations of partitioning.

The extended partition is not directly handle data processing. For we can

use it we have to create the first logical partition first.

3) Logical partitions

Logical partitions are partitions that are byproducts of the extended

partition. Logical partitions can accommodate a wide range of file data.

Before we partition the drive then we must consider first first:

1) The type of partition that we will use:

Adjust the partition with the operating system to be run, because

operating system must be run in accordance with the environment itself,

eg:

Windows 95 = FAT 16

Windows 97 & 98 or 98SE = FAT16 & FAT32

Windows 2000 & XP = fat32 & NTFS5

Linux = Ext2 or Ext3

2) Large-capacity hard disk partition type must be qualified, for example:

FAT16 = maximum 2 GB hard drive

FAT32 = whole disk 850 MB and above.

NTFS = maximum over 1 terabyte hard drive

Given system on the disk we are familiar with the term FAT (File

Alocation Table), where the key of the entire management of information on

hard drive or any other term File System. File system served to allocate space

on the hard disk data information and organize spaces are still empty. File

system is also responsible for taking care file names and directories as well as

where the files are located. File system consists of three important parts,

namely


5/20

boot record and operating systems

directory

files.

Each system has a file system opersai different. All operating systems

from DOS, Windows, Macintosh and UNIX derivatives has its own file

system to put the files in a hierarchical structure. Examples of file systems

including FAT, NTFS, HFS and HFS +, ext2, ext3, ISO 9660, ODS-5, and

UDF. Some file systems, among other journaling file system or a file

versioning system. File system also determines file naming conventions, and

file laying on the directory structure. Following explanation of some types of

file system you need to know.

1) FAT 12

Fat 12 is FAT was first used in the operating system DOS on the IBM PC

(1981). It uses FAT file allocation table is 12 bits, so often referred to

FAT 12. The maximum capacity formatted to FAT 12 is a 4086 Cluster,

making it suitable FAT for small capacity hard drive.

2) FAT 16

FAT 16 FAT 12 is a development of that used on the Windows 95

operating system first version (1990). FAT is used file allocation table by

16 bits. Maximum capacity, formatted is 65,526 cluster. And usually

handle hard disk capacity of 16 MB-2048 GB.

3) FAT 32

Appears as FAT 32 FAT 12 and 16 no longer able to manage large-

capacity hard drive. FAT supports windows operating system 95C and

so on. FAT uses a 28-bit cluster while 4 bitnya digumakan to spare /reserved.

4) NTFS (New Technology File System)

NTFS is commonly used in the Windows NT operating system and

offspring. Compared with the system FAT, NTFS is much more effective

and safe in the management of files, because the files can be encrypted

NTFS.

5) HPFS (High Performance File System)


6/20

HPFS is used on the operating system OS / 2 (made by IBM). HPFS able

read data faster than the FAT system.

6) VFAT

VFAT and FAT are different, the difference is the ability to supports long

file names, improved system performance operation, and better data

management capabilities.

To customize the use of the file system and the operating system can

you can see in Table 2.1. the following:

File Format Operating System

FAT 12 DOS ver. 1.X and 2.X

FAT12 & FAT 16 DOS ver. 3.X-6.X and Windows 3.X

FAT 12, 16, & VFAT DOS ver. 7 and Windows 95A

FAT 12, 16, 32,

&VFAT

DOS ver. 7.1 and Windows 95B/C

FAT 32 Windows 95B/C, Windows98, ME, 2000, and XP

NTFS Windows NT, 2000, 2003, and XP

HPFS OS/2, Windows NT Old

EXT2, EXT3 Linux

BeOS BeOS

C.PROCEDURES

Tools: A full set of computer

VMWare Application

Work Steps

Open VMWare or start directly with Boot Disc

Start the computer

Press the button on the keyboard that related to BIOS at the startup

window (depends to the brand)


7/20

After BIOS showup, config it to boot from CD, and save & exit

After restart, choose language

Choose Install Ubuntu Server

Choose language

Choose location


8/20

Choose keyboard type

Choose Keyboard Layout

Loading Process


9/20

Choose network interface that would be used

DHCP Setting, click Cancel if you want to set manually

Confirm


10/20

Configure network manually

Fill with IP Address

Fill with Network Mask


11/20

Fill with Gateaway Address

Fill with Name Server Address

Fill hostname


12/20

Enter the domain name

Loading Server Time

Select your time zone


13/20

Partition the hardisk

Choose guided use entire disk

Choose the disk that you want to partition


14/20

Confirm partition

Wait for installing


15/20

Set up username and password


16/20

Confirm to encrypt the home directory or not

Setting HTTP Proxy


17/20

Choose software that you want to install

Install the choosen software

Installing Boot Loader


18/20

Finishing installation

Boot Loader interface then login


19/20

D.POTENTIAL HAZARDS

Wear shoes to avoid electricity hazard

Avoid water and other liquid during experiment

E.QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. Suppose you have two VGA cards, one in AGP and one in PCI slot. Explain

how to select VGA which used at boot time!

2. Boot loader installation function in more than one OS from one hard drive,

give an example? Explain how to configure it!

3. Explain the various beeps caused by errors occurs during POST. Both the AMI

bios and the Award BIOS.4. Explain what is called a boot virus detection. Explain how to

works!

5. Explain what is meant by POST, Explain things performed by the computer

during the POST process. Explain the halt on error, what to do with POST?

6. Suppose you're formatting a hard drive partition, then all of a sudden sudden

power failure, explain the possibilities that occur on that partition!

7. What will happen when a driver on Windows XP Graphic Card yet installed.Describe at least 3 kinds of possibilities that exist at the time computer starts

up!

8. Describe any events that cause the system to restore the Windows XP creates

restore points automatically?

9. Explain what is a "safe mode" on windows? how to go into "safe mode"?

explain the difference between normal mode "safe mode"?


20/20

10.Explain what is meant by the SPD, EPP and XMP! users can include different

configurations of the SPD? Explain what consequences!

F. REFERENCE

Ubuntu Server Guide;http://ubuntuserverguide.com/2012/05/how-to-install-

ubuntu-server-12-04-lts-precise-pangolin-included-screenshot.html

www.ubuntu.com

www.pchardware.co.uk/software

www.microsoft.com

www.apple.com
http://ubuntuserverguide.com/2012/05/how-to-install-ubuntu-server-12-04-lts-precise-pangolin-included-screenshot.htmlhttp://ubuntuserverguide.com/2012/05/how-to-install-ubuntu-server-12-04-lts-precise-pangolin-included-screenshot.htmlhttp://ubuntuserverguide.com/2012/05/how-to-install-ubuntu-server-12-04-lts-precise-pangolin-included-screenshot.htmlhttp://ubuntuserverguide.com/2012/05/how-to-install-ubuntu-server-12-04-lts-precise-pangolin-included-screenshot.htmlhttp://www.ubuntu.com/http://www.ubuntu.com/http://www.pchardware.co.uk/softwarehttp://www.pchardware.co.uk/softwarehttp://www.microsoft.com/http://www.microsoft.com/http://www.apple.com/http://www.apple.com/http://www.apple.com/http://www.microsoft.com/http://www.pchardware.co.uk/softwarehttp://www.ubuntu.com/http://ubuntuserverguide.com/2012/05/how-to-install-ubuntu-server-12-04-lts-precise-pangolin-included-screenshot.htmlhttp://ubuntuserverguide.com/2012/05/how-to-install-ubuntu-server-12-04-lts-precise-pangolin-included-screenshot.html

Documents

Module 1 - Operating System