Module 02_Overview of Programming SQR Server

8/9/2019 Module 02_Overview of Programming SQR Server

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SQL Server Programming Tools

SQL Query Analyzer

Color-codes syntax elements automatically

Multiple query windows

Customizable views of result sets

Graphical execution plans

Execute portions of scripts

osql Utility

Command-line utility


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The Transact-SQL Programming Language

SQL Server Implementation of Entry-Level ANSI ISOStandard

Can Be Run on Any Entry-Level Compliant Product Contains Additional Unique Functionality


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Elements of Transact-SQL

Data Control Language Statements

Data Definition Language Statements

Data Manipulation Language Statements


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Data Control Language Statements

Set or Change Permissions

GRANT

DENY

REVOKE

By Default, Only sysadmin, dbcreator, db_owner, anddb_securityadmin Roles Can Execute


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Data Definition Language Statements

Define the Database Objects

CREATE object_type object_name

ALTER object_type object_name

DROP object_type object_name


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Naming Guidelines

Use Meaningful Names Where Possible

Keep Names Short

Use a Clear and Simple Naming Convention

Chose an Identifier That Distinguishes Types of Objects

Views

Stored procedures

Keep Object Names and User Names Unique


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Standard Identifiers

Standard identifiers can contain from one to 128 characters, includingletters, symbols (_, @, or #), and numbers. No embedded spaces are

allowed in standard identifiers.

Rules for using identifiers include:

. The first character must be an alphabetic character of a-z or A-Z.

. After the first character, identifiers can include letters, numerals, or

the @, $, #, or _.

Identifier names starting with a symbol have special uses:

An identifier beginning with the @ symbol denotes a local variable

or parameter. An identifier beginning with a pound sign (#) denotes a temporary

table or procedure. An identifier beginning with a double pound sign(##) denotes a global temporary object.


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Delimited Identifiers

Delimited identifiers can be used in the following situations:

. When names contain embedded spaces

. When reserved words are used for object names or portions of object

names

Delimited identifiers must be enclosed in brackets or double quotationmarks when they are used in Transact-SQL statements.

. Bracketed identifiers are delimited by square brackets ([ ]):

Quoted identifiers are delimited by double quotation marks (""):


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Additional Language Elements

Local Variables

Operators

Functions

Function Examples

Control of Flow Language Elements

Comments


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Local Variables

User-defined with DECLARE Statement

Assigned Values with SET or Select Statement

DECLARE @vLastName char(20),@vFirstName varchar(11)

SET @vLastName = 'Dodsworth'

SELECT @vFirstName = FirstNameFROM Northwind..EmployeesWHERE LastName = @vLastName

PRINT @vFirstName + ' ' + @vLastName

DECLARE @vLastName char(20),@vFirstName varchar(11)

SET @vLastName = 'Dodsworth'

SELECT @vFirstName = FirstNameFROM Northwind..EmployeesWHERE LastName = @vLastName

PRINT @vFirstName + ' ' + @vLastName


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Operators

Types of Operators

Arithmetic

Comparison

String concatenation

Logical

Operator Precedence Levels


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Comments

In-Line Comments

Block Comments

SELECT ProductName,(UnitsInStock + UnitsOnOrder) AS Max -- Calculates inventory, SupplierIDFROM Products

SELECT ProductName,(UnitsInStock + UnitsOnOrder) AS Max -- Calculates inventory, SupplierIDFROM Products

/*** This code retrieves all rows of the products table** and displays the unit price, the unit price increased

** by 10 percent, and the name of the product.*/SELECT UnitPrice, (UnitPrice * 1.1), ProductNameFROM Products

/*** This code retrieves all rows of the products table** and displays the unit price, the unit price increased

** by 10 percent, and the name of the product.*/SELECT UnitPrice, (UnitPrice * 1.1), ProductNameFROM Products


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Ways to Execute Transact-SQL Statements

Dynamically Constructing Statements

Using Batches

Using Scripts

Using Transactions

Using XML


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Using Batches

One or More Transact-SQL StatementsSubmitted Together

Define a Batch by Using the GO Statement

How SQL Server Processes Batches

You Cannot Combine Some Statements in a Batch

CREATE PROCEDURE

CREATE VIEW

CREATE TRIGGER

CREATE RULE

CREATE DEFAULT


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Using Scripts

Contain Saved Statements

Can Be Written in Any Text Editor

Save by using .sql file name extension

Execute in SQL Query Analyzer or osql Utility

Use to Recreate Database Objects or to ExecuteStatements Repeatedly


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Using Transactions

Processed Like a Batch

Data Integrity Is Guaranteed

Changes to the Database Are Either Applied Together orRolled Back

BEGIN TRANSACTIONUPDATE savings SET amount = (amount - 100)

WHERE custid = 78910 UPDATE checking SET amount = (amount + 100)

WHERE custid = 78910

COMMIT TRANSACTION

BEGIN TRANSACTIONUPDATE savings SET amount = (amount - 100)

WHERE custid = 78910

UPDATE checking SET amount = (amount + 100)WHERE custid = 78910

COMMIT TRANSACTION


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Check Your Understanding.


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Q.1. What are the features of SQL Server QueryAnalyzer.?


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Q.2. What are the elements of T-SQL .?


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Q.3. Which SQL Commands are meant for DataControl language.?


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Q.4. Which SQL Commands meant for Data DefinitionLanguage.?


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Q.5. Which SQL Commands meant for DataManipulation Language.?


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Q.6. What is delimited identifier.?


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Q.7. What are the types of Comments available inSQL Server.?


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Q.8. What is the Similarity between a Batch and aScript.?


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Q.9. What is the Difference between a Batch and aScript.?


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Thank You.

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Module 02_Overview of Programming SQR Server