Modul ke:

Fakultas

Program Studi

BAHASA INGGRIS 3

PLANNING

0808

EKONOMI DAN BISNIS

MANAJEMEN

PLANNING

Bahasa Inggris 3

“Plans are nothing; planning is everything”Dwight D Eisenhower, 34th President of USA

PLANNING

What do you consider when you plan these things?a holidaya special family occasion, for example; a weddingan ordinary working day/weekyour career

Which of the following do you use to plan your day or week? Which do you prefer? Why?

desk or pocket diaryask someone to remind younotes stuck on board fridgeelectronic organizermemorywrite on hand

PLAN (Brazil Tries to Kick-Start Tourism)

Brazil has everything to offer to visitor: 7.300 km of coastline, much of it empty,endless beaches; the plant’s biggest rainforest; an area of wetlands full ofalligators and jaguars; colonial cities and spectacular waterfalls.

The Bahia coast in north-east Brazil is a particularly attractive area for tourism.Several luxury resorts have been built there. Recently, a $ 170 million five-hotelcomplex at Saupie opened. With its 18-hole golf course and designer shops.Saupie is hoping to attract rich, foreign visitors.

The tourist industry had problems in the past because of high inflation whichled to short-term planning. Hotels, however, are long-term investments, oftenwith payback periods of over 15 years.

If resorts such as Saupie are going to attract significant numbers of tourists,they have to solve several problems.

• For a start, Brazil needs cheaper and more frequent international air travel.

• Foreign visitors also demand a level of service that need lengthy training – aconsiderable task for most of the resorts in the northeast which do not havea well-educated population to provide suitable staff.

• The other big challenge for Saupie’s managers is to avoid the social problemsthat other new resorts have caused.

• The resort is hoping to deal with these pressure by setting up courses in thesurrounding villages for making handicraft which will be sold at Saupie andby organizing credit for local co-operatives to produce foodstuff for thehotels.

Planning for TourismMatch these words to their meanings. Use a good dictionary to help you.

• Complex a. things such as pots or baskets which are made at home and sold to tourists.• Inflation b. a poor area of a city where the houses are in bad condition.• Devaluation c. buildings and equipment that are used for a particular purpose.• A challenge d. removing sewage and rubbish and providing clean water.• Slum e. the speed at which price increase.• Handicrafts f. a goal that is difficult to achieve.• Facilities g. a reduction in the value of a country’s currency• Infrastructure h. a group of buildings that are built close together• Sanitation i. a period of 10 years.• A decade j. things such as transport, communications or banks

SIMPLE FUTURE To express PREDICTION – either WILL or BE GOING TO is used :

a. According to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow

b. According to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow

c. Be careful! You will hurt yourself!

d. Watch out! You are going to hurt yourself!

When the speaker is making a prediction (a statement about something

s/he thinks will be true or will occur in the future), either will or be going to

is possible.

There is no difference in meaning between a and b.

There is no difference in meaning between c and d.

To express a PRIOR PLAN – only BE GOING TO is used:

a. A: Why did you buy this paint?

B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow?

a. I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He is

going to buy a car. That is what he told me.

When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something the speaker

intends to do in the future because in the past s/he has made a plan or

decision to do it), only be going to is used.

In e: Speaker B has made a prior plan. She decided to paint her bedroom

last week. She intends to paint her bedroom now.

In f: The speaker knows Bob’s intention to buy a car. Bob made the

decision in the past and he intends to act on this decision in the future.

Will is not appropriate in e and f.

To express WILLINGNESS – only WILL use:

a. A: The phone’s ringing

B: I will get it

a. A: I don’t understand this problem

B: Ask your teacher about it. She will help you

In g: Speaker B is saying: “I am willing, I am happy to get the phone.” He is

not making a prediction. He has made no prior plan to answer the phone.

He is, instead, volunteering to answer the phone and uses will to show his

willingness.

In h: Speaker B feels sure about the teacher’s willingness to help.

Be going to is not appropriate in g and h

FORMULA

REPORTED SPEECH

There are a number of ways to report what people say.

• We didn’t often use say, tell and ask to report speech.

• We use tell with an object.

DIRECT INDIRECT

‘The new job is challenging.’ She said (that) the new job was challenging.

DIRECT INDIRECT

The new job is challenging’. She told her boss (that) the new job was challenging.

• We use ask (with or without an object) to report questions.

• We usually make the following changes in reported speech.– The verb goes back one tense.– Nouns and pronouns may change

• When we report things that are either very recent or generally true, we often use the same tense as the speaker.

DIRECT INDIRECT

‘When do you want to start?’ Her boss asked her when she wanted to start.

DIRECT INDIRECT

‘I want to see Pierre.’ Pierre, Susan has just phoned and said she wants to see you.

SHIFT TENSEBackshift of tenses

FROM TOSimple Present Simple PastSimple Past Past PerfectPresent PerfectPast Perfect

Will wouldProgressive forms

am/are/is was/werewas/were had beenhas beenhad been

EXAMPLEBackshift of tenses

FROM TO

Peter: "I work in the garden." Peter said that he worked in the garden.Peter: "I worked in the garden." Peter said that he had worked in the garden.

Peter: "I have worked in the garden."

Peter: "I had worked in the garden."

Peter: "I will work in the garden." Peter said that he would work in the garden.Peter: "I can work in the garden." Peter said that he could work in the garden.

Peter: "I may work in the garden." Peter said that he might work in the garden.

Peter: "I would work in the garden."(could, might, should, ought to)

Peter: "I would work in the garden."(could, might, should, ought to)

Progressive formsPeter: "I'm working in the garden." Peter said that he was working in the garden.

Peter: "I was working in the garden." Peter said that he had been working in thegarden.Peter: "I have been working in the garden."

Peter: "I had been working in the garden."

Shifting of expressions of time

this (evening) that (evening)

today/this day that day

these (days) those (days)

now then

(a week) ago (a week) before

last weekend the weekend before / theprevious weekend

here there

next (week) the following (week)

tomorrow the next/following day

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

• Catton David, Falvey David , and Kent Simon, MARKET LEADER, CourseBook, Pre-Intermediate Business English, 2002, Edinburg Gate, Harlow,Essex, CM 2JE, England.

• Trappe Tonva. 2005. Intelligent Business. England: Pearson EducationLimited

• Azar. S. Betty. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar 2nd

Edition. New Jersey: Prentice – Hall, Inc• Philips Deborah.2001. Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test: New York:

Addison Wesley Longman• Wishon, E.G & Burks. M. Julia. 1980. Let’s Write English Revised Edition.

New York: Litton Educational Publishing• Oshima, A & Hogue A. 1997. Writing Academic English Second Edition:

New York: Addison Wesley Longman• Karnedi. 2001. Grammar Translation Exercises: Pusat Penerbitan

Universitas Terbuka

Terima Kasih