Modul Escalator 1

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    Escalators

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    Defintion

    An escalator is amoving staircase a

    conveyor transport

    device for carrying

    people betweenfloors of a building.

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    History

    In 1889, Leamon Souder successfullypatented the "stairway", an escalator-type

    device that featured a "series of steps and

    links jointed to each other". No model was

    ever built.

    In November, 1898, Piat installed its

    "stepless" escalator in Harrods

    Knightsbridge store in England.

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    Benefits

    The capacity to move large numbers ofpeople.

    Can be placed in the same physical space

    as one might install a staircase. No waiting interval (except during very

    heavy traffic).

    They can be used to guide people towardmain exits or special exhibits.

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    Main components:

    Landing Platforms. Truss.

    Steps and Tracks.

    Handrail. Wheel track & step chain.

    Driving & control unit.

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    Landing Platforms:

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    Landing Platforms:

    The top platform contains the motorassembly and the main drive gear.

    Each platform contains a floor plate and a

    combplate. The floor plate provides a place for the

    passengers to stand before they step onto

    the moving stairs.

    The combplate is the piece between the

    stationary floor plate and the moving step.

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    Truss:

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    Truss

    Assembly of structural steel that supports theweight and load of an escalator.

    A Control Panel, Drive Units for Steps andMoving Handrails and other components arehoused inside the structure.

    Main parts:

    - Top Machine Room/Bottom MachineRoom.

    - Main Track.- Trailing Track.

    - Moving Handrail Drive Unit.

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    Truss

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    Top Machine Room/Bottom Machine Room

    1) Control Panel: Controls stop/start operation and also

    supplies electric power to the Drive Unit.

    2) Drive Unit: A unit to drive the escalator, comprised ofelectric motor, decelerator, electromagnetic brake, Vbelt, Sprocket, and other components.

    3) Drive Chain: A chain that transmits the Drive Unit'spower to the drive wheel (Sprocket).

    4) Sprocket (top/bottom): Drive wheels installed at top andbottom to drive the Steps. The top Sprocket drives themoving Steps, while the bottom sprocket turns the Steps.

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    Steps & Tracks:

    The track system is built into the truss to guide thestep chain, which continuously pulls the steps fromthe bottom up and the other way around.

    Every step has 4 wheels: 2 step-wheels and 2trailing-wheels.

    For both type of wheels theres a separate track: thestep-wheel track (on the outer side) for the stepwheels and the trailing wheel track (on the innerside) for the trailing wheels.

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    Steps & Tracks:

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    Steps & Tracks:

    The wheels on the step-

    wheel track are the ones

    that are connected to the

    rotating step chain and

    so are pulled by the main

    drive gear at the top of

    the escalator. The other

    set of wheels just glide

    along its track, following

    the other ones.

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    Steps & Tracks:

    The steps themselves are solid, one piece, die-cast

    aluminum or steel.

    Yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly

    indicate their edges.

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    Step Chain:

    A chain, located on

    both sides of an

    escalator, connecting

    the Steps and driven by

    the Step Chain

    Sprocket.

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    Handrails:

    The handrail provides a

    convenient handhold forpassengers while theyare riding the escalator.

    Moves along the top of

    the Balustrade insynchronization with theSteps.

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    Handrail Driver:

    The handrail drive system

    is directly driven by the

    step drive system by

    adding an extra belt

    around the main drive gear

    that also drives the steps. Like this, both the steps

    and the handrail move at

    the same speed, making

    the ride for the passengers

    on the escalator more

    comfortable.

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    Driving Unit:

    The motor is a threephase squirrel cage

    AC induction motor

    specifically developed

    for escalator service.

    High starting torque.

    Minimal vibration.

    Reversing Type.

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    Motor starting:

    Direct-on-line. Star-Delta starter.

    Soft-starter(variable source voltage).

    VVVF Control (Variable Voltage, VariableFrequency)

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    VVVF energy optimizer Controller:

    Its soft starting feature also lowers excessive

    starting current and prevents wearing of

    mechanical gears, chains, belts etc. So it

    prevents mechanical shocks.

    Reduces losses in AC induction motors by wayof voltage reduction and soft starting capability.

    It provides the required motor operating voltage

    to suit various loading conditions, resulting in

    higher power factor (i.e. better power efficiency)

    and reduced motor losses.

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    On demand operation:

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    Braking:

    An intelligent braking system wouldrequire a brake that can be proportionally

    controlled.

    The most widely used brake types onescalators are either hydraulic or

    electromagnetic.

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    Electromagnetic Braking:

    The problem with electromagnetic brakesis that they can either be set in the on or

    off positions, and it is not possible to keep

    them in intermediate positions in order to

    vary the pressure.

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    Hydraulic Braking:

    Hydraulic brakes on the other hand can becontrolled by varying the oil pressure that

    acts against the springs.

    So modern escalators and intelligentbraking systems use hydraulic brakes.

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    Hydraulic Braking:

    The pressure applied by the hydraulicbrake is the result of the interaction

    between the spring force (trying to apply

    the brake pads on the disk) and hydraulic

    pressure (trying to keep the brake pads off

    the disk).

    The spring pressure is constant and

    cannot be varied, as it is a characteristic ofthe spring.

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    Hydraulic Braking:

    By controlling the hydraulic pressure, theexact braking effort can be applied. The

    hydraulic pressure is varied by controlling

    the valves that control the flow of the oil.

    Such a control can be done via two

    methods:

    Proportional valves.

    Pulse width modulation (PWM) control ofon/off valves.

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    Case Study:

    Swafyyeh Mall (Avenue):

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    General Specifications:

    Model :08JSB35-141

    Speed:0.5M/sec

    Capacity:1000 P/H

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    Motor Specifications:

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    Motor Specifications:

    7.5 KW 380V 15A

    50Hz 1450 rpm 78 Kg

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    Brake:

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    Brake:

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    Brake:

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    Brake:

    140 N.m 200 V DC 0.3 A

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    Main Wheel:

    Main Chain

    Main Wheel

    Step

    chain

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    References:

    Wikipedia. www.mitsubishielectric.com

    www.howstuffworks.com

    buckylab.blogspot.com Intelligent Braking Systems for Public

    Service Escalators by Dr. Lutfi Al-Sharif.