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Chapter TenSection 4, Reform
Introduction
Not every person agreed with industrialism, laissez-faire, and harsh philosophies Some argued that Americans and their government should take a more active role in regulating
the economy and helping those in need
Concerned with the poor and unrestricted business practices
Early Reformers
Focused on wealth gap and helping the poor Henry GeorgeProgress and Poverty
Concerned with the gap between rich and poor Proposed a single tax on land
Basis of wealth
Early Reformers
Lester Frank WardReform Darwinism Humans plan to create desirable outcomes Different from regular Social Darwinism
Humans do not compete to survive and adapt Instead, they cooperate
Government should take an active role in regulating the economy, advancing education,and curing poverty
Naturalism
Social Darwinismpeople can control circumstances of their own lives to improve theirsituation in life
Challenged by naturalism
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People failed in life due to uncontrollable circumstances No regulation of economy means society does not create best result Peoples lives could be destroyed through no fault of their own
Helping the Urban Poor
Social GospelWashington Gladden, Walter Rauschenbusch Applying Christian law to societys problems
Either condemn society or help fix its problems Salvation Army and the Young Mans Christian Association
Both began in England in late 1800s, spread to the United States Christian missions
YMCAs gyms, cheap housing, citizenship training, libraries, pools
Settlement Houses
Offshoot of Social Gospel Established in urban poor areas by middle class to provide assistance to poor residents Jane AddamsHull House, Chicago, 1889 Lillian WaldHenry Street Settlement, NYC Medical care, recreation programs, English classes, hot lunches for factory workers Helped create social work profession
Public Education
Increased industrialism created a demand for skilled/trained/educated workers Demand led to a focused effort to build schools and colleges in the late 1800s
Push to increase schools
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1870- 6.5 million students 190017.3 million students
Crucial to immigrants Taught English, responsibilities of citizenship, how to act like an American, United States
History
Americanizationa process of an immigrant becoming more like an American Different from naturalization
Naturalizationprocess that involves classes, a citizenship test, interviews, andan oath of loyalty to become an American citizen
Americanizationbecome like an American in culture, norms, and manners(also known as assimilation)
Instill valuable work ethics into children for jobs later in their life Listen to orders, skills, work ethic, discipline, importance of attendance and promptness,
efficiency
Not all immigrants liked Americanization Feared a loss of their own culture
Not equal across America Mostly urban Mostly white Rural areas, heavily African American areas not well educated
Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama1881
Higher Education
Morrill Land Grant Federal land given to states Establish agricultural and mechanical schools across the nation
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1900Midwestern Land Grant schools were established 187050,000 college students 1900157,000 college students Womens education lagged behind mens
Started to change in this timeVassar, Wellesley, Smithwomens only colleges Harvard and Columbia added womens colleges
Public Libraries
Free education (books) to urban residents Andrew Carnegie and the Carnegie libraries
1,689 built in America between 1883 and 1929 Gave literate poor an escape from their harsh l ives