Modified Notes - 10.4

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    Chapter TenSection 4, Reform

    Introduction

    Not every person agreed with industrialism, laissez-faire, and harsh philosophies Some argued that Americans and their government should take a more active role in regulating

    the economy and helping those in need

    Concerned with the poor and unrestricted business practices

    Early Reformers

    Focused on wealth gap and helping the poor Henry GeorgeProgress and Poverty

    Concerned with the gap between rich and poor Proposed a single tax on land

    Basis of wealth

    Early Reformers

    Lester Frank WardReform Darwinism Humans plan to create desirable outcomes Different from regular Social Darwinism

    Humans do not compete to survive and adapt Instead, they cooperate

    Government should take an active role in regulating the economy, advancing education,and curing poverty

    Naturalism

    Social Darwinismpeople can control circumstances of their own lives to improve theirsituation in life

    Challenged by naturalism

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    People failed in life due to uncontrollable circumstances No regulation of economy means society does not create best result Peoples lives could be destroyed through no fault of their own

    Helping the Urban Poor

    Social GospelWashington Gladden, Walter Rauschenbusch Applying Christian law to societys problems

    Either condemn society or help fix its problems Salvation Army and the Young Mans Christian Association

    Both began in England in late 1800s, spread to the United States Christian missions

    YMCAs gyms, cheap housing, citizenship training, libraries, pools

    Settlement Houses

    Offshoot of Social Gospel Established in urban poor areas by middle class to provide assistance to poor residents Jane AddamsHull House, Chicago, 1889 Lillian WaldHenry Street Settlement, NYC Medical care, recreation programs, English classes, hot lunches for factory workers Helped create social work profession

    Public Education

    Increased industrialism created a demand for skilled/trained/educated workers Demand led to a focused effort to build schools and colleges in the late 1800s

    Push to increase schools

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    1870- 6.5 million students 190017.3 million students

    Crucial to immigrants Taught English, responsibilities of citizenship, how to act like an American, United States

    History

    Americanizationa process of an immigrant becoming more like an American Different from naturalization

    Naturalizationprocess that involves classes, a citizenship test, interviews, andan oath of loyalty to become an American citizen

    Americanizationbecome like an American in culture, norms, and manners(also known as assimilation)

    Instill valuable work ethics into children for jobs later in their life Listen to orders, skills, work ethic, discipline, importance of attendance and promptness,

    efficiency

    Not all immigrants liked Americanization Feared a loss of their own culture

    Not equal across America Mostly urban Mostly white Rural areas, heavily African American areas not well educated

    Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama1881

    Higher Education

    Morrill Land Grant Federal land given to states Establish agricultural and mechanical schools across the nation

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    1900Midwestern Land Grant schools were established 187050,000 college students 1900157,000 college students Womens education lagged behind mens

    Started to change in this timeVassar, Wellesley, Smithwomens only colleges Harvard and Columbia added womens colleges

    Public Libraries

    Free education (books) to urban residents Andrew Carnegie and the Carnegie libraries

    1,689 built in America between 1883 and 1929 Gave literate poor an escape from their harsh l ives