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Modification and Validation of Modification and Validation of Diesel Particulate Matter Diesel Particulate Matter
Cassette for PM-1.0 Sampling at Cassette for PM-1.0 Sampling at Different Flow RatesDifferent Flow Rates
Saulius Trakumas and Peter HallSKC Inc., Eighty Four, Pennsylvania
Objective:Objective:
Modify Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM) Cassette for PM-1.0 sampling at various flow rates.
Outline:Outline:
Why PM-1.0 is important
DPM cassette: purpose, operation, and performance
Experimental validation of modified DPM Cassette
Conclusions
There is evidence from epidemiological studies that adverse health effects are associated with increased exposure to fine and ultra fine particles.
Particulates smaller than 1.0 micrometer (PM-1.0) represent a significant fraction of the emissions from many industrial sources.
Airborne Particle Size Distribution in a Diesel Equipped MineAirborne Particle Size Distribution in a Diesel Equipped Mine
Aerodynamic Particle Diameter, da, m
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Du
st M
ass,
M, m
g/m
3
0
1
2
3
Diesel Particulate
Mine Dust
Total PM mass measurements can be strongly influenced by mechanically produced large particles, which may not be associated with adverse health effects.
Size-selective Sampling Using ImpactorSize-selective Sampling Using Impactor
AccelerationNozzle
ImpactionPlate
AirStreamline
Impacted Particle
Particle too Small to Impact
Particle Collection Efficiency CurveParticle Collection Efficiency Curve
Aerodynamic Particle Diameter, da, m
Co
llect
ion
Eff
icie
ncy
, E=
(1-C
DO
WN/C
UP)1
00, %
0
25
50
75
100
d50
Actual
Ideal
AccelerationNozzle
ImpactionPlate
AirStreamline
Impacted Particle
Particle too Small to Impact
Diesel Particulate Matter CassetteDiesel Particulate Matter Cassette
Diesel Particulate Matter CassetteDiesel Particulate Matter Cassette
Inlet
Cassette Body
Impactor Assembly
Filter (in capsule)
Outlet
Diesel Particulate Matter CassetteDiesel Particulate Matter Cassette
Impactor Assembly
DPM Cassette Performance at 2.0 Lpm DPM Cassette Performance at 2.0 Lpm
Aerodynamic Particle Diameter, da, m
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Co
llect
ion
Eff
icie
ncy
, E, %
0
25
50
75
100
Dioctyl Phthalate
Aerodynamic Particle Diameter, da, m
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Co
llect
ion
Eff
icie
ncy
, E, %
0
25
50
75
100
Glass Spheres
Aerodynamic Particle Diameter, da, m
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Co
llect
ion
Eff
icie
ncy
, E, %
0
25
50
75
100
PSL particles
Impaction Theory Predicts:Impaction Theory Predicts:
The original DPM Cassette will sample PM-1.0 when operated at approximately 1.0 Lpm flow rate.
In order to sample PM-1.0 at higher flow rates the size of impactor orifices should be increased.
During this study the DPM Cassette impactors with orifice sizes of 0.6, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.4 mm were tested at different flow rates.
Experimental Experimental SetupSetup
Clean Air(20-100 Lpm )
ChargeNeutralizer
TurbulenceGenerators
Honeycom bFlow Straightener
Clear PlexiglassCylinder
(D=12 , H=48 )” ”
AccessPort
Foam
Sam plingLines
TestDevice
To Filter
APS is switched between twosampling lines
Add/SubtractM akeup Flow
AerosolGenerator
Aerodynam icParticle
Sizer
E = 100%1 - CDOWN
CUP
Aerodynamic Particle Diameter, da, m
0 1 2 3 4 5
Co
llect
ion
Eff
icie
ncy
, E, %
0
25
50
75
100
Dioctyl Phthalate
Glass Spheres
QS=3.0 Lpm ,
QS=2.0 Lpm ,
QS=1.0 Lpm ,
Performance of the Original DPM Cassette (d=0.6 mm)Performance of the Original DPM Cassette (d=0.6 mm)
Performance of the Modified DPM Cassette (d=1.0 mm)Performance of the Modified DPM Cassette (d=1.0 mm)
Aerodynamic Particle Diameter, da, m
0 1 2 3 4 5
Co
llect
ion
Eff
icie
ncy
, E, %
0
25
50
75
100
Dioctyl Phthalate
Glass Spheres
, QS=5.0 Lpm , QS=4.0 Lpm
QS=3.0 Lpm ,
QS=2.0 Lpm ,
QS=1.0 Lpm ,
Performance of the Modified DPM Cassette (d=1.4 mm)Performance of the Modified DPM Cassette (d=1.4 mm)
Aerodynamic Particle Diameter, da, m
0 1 2 3 4 5
Co
llect
ion
Eff
icie
ncy
, E, %
0
25
50
75
100
Dioct
yl
Phtha
late
Gla
ss
Spher
es
, QS=10.0 Lpm , QS=8.0 Lpm
QS=5.0 Lpm ,
QS=3.0 Lpm ,QS=1.0 Lpm ,
Sampling Flow Rate, QS, Lpm
0 2 4 6 8 10
50%
Cu
t D
iam
eter
, d5
0,
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
Dioctyl Phthalate
Glass Spheres
d=1.4 mm
d=1.0 mm
d=0.6 mm
50% Cut-off Size at Different Flow Rates50% Cut-off Size at Different Flow Rates
Sampling Flow Rate, QS, Lpm
0 2 4 6 8 10
50%
Cu
t D
iam
eter
, d5
0,
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
Theory for solid collection surface
Sampling Flow Rate, QS, Lpm
0 2 4 6 8 10
50%
Cu
t D
iam
eter
, d5
0,
m
0
1
2
3
4
5
Theory for porous collection surface
Impactor Orifice Diameter as a Function of the Flow Rate Impactor Orifice Diameter as a Function of the Flow Rate for Sampling PM-1.0 for Sampling PM-1.0
Sampling Flow Rate, QS, Lpm
0 2 4 6 8 10
Imp
acto
r O
rifi
ce D
iam
eter
, dO
R, m
m
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Experimental data
Theoreticallypredicted
ConclusionsConclusions
The original DPM Cassette can be used for PM-1.0 sampling when operated at 1.0 Lpm.
Results of this study can be used to modify the DPM Cassette for sampling PM-1.0 at preferred flow rates ranging from 1.0 to 10.0 Lpm.