Modernism and intellectual issues at the end of the Victorian period

Marty Robinson

The Crimean War (1853-1856) Causes:– Continuing Expansion of Russia into Black Sea

• 1828: Gained Armenia• 1829: Got Black Sea Coast of Caucasus and mouth of Danube

– Religious Tension: Russia claimed to be the protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire

• Upset when Turks gave France authority over Religious shrines Events:

– 1853: Russians, under Nicholas I, invade Moldavia and Wallachia• Turks declare WAR

– 1854: Britain and France declare War on Russia• Austria and Prussia remain neutral• Britain and France intervene because of fear of Russian expansion

into greater Europe– 1855: March- Nicholas I dies

• Battle of Sevastopol- Russians are conquered by the British and French

• Alexander II, seeks peace Peace Settlement

– Treaty of Paris (1856) : • Russians acknowledge neutrality of the Black Sea and Danube• Revokes its claim to be the protector of the Christians• EFFECTS: Concert System is DEAD, Russia is WEAK, Ottoman Empire

is a JOKE

Italian Unification: The Planning 1848 and its Aftermath

– Roman Republic established in 1848 by Giuseppe Mazzini and Garibaldi

– Failed after Napoleon III sent in troops in 1848– Divided Italy into 3 Regions

• Kingdom of Two Sicilies in the South• Papal States in the Center• Small Austrian States in the North

– Also included independent Sardinia Piedmont Piedmont and Camillo Cavour

– Piedmont kept its liberal constitution, Statuo of 1848– Cavour became Prime Minister under King Victor Emanuel

II in 1852: his goal was to unite North and South Italy in a liberal constitutional monarchy, under Victor

– Cavour modernized Piedmont through financial and industrial reforms

– To get on France’s good side, he sent 10,000 troops to help France. Gave aid to Italian National Society

– 1858: Secret Meeting and Plombieres: Cavour and Napoleon III made a deal: France’s aid in a Revolution for France getting Nice and Savoy in the Peace Settlement

Italian Unification: The Events April 1859: Austro-Sardinian War

– Piedmont forces win decisive battles early on– Napoleon gets nervous about the reaction of Catholics and goes

back on his deal with Cavour Peace of Villafranca (1859)

– Austria cedes Lombardy to Piedmont– Keeps Venetia– Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romanga unite with Piedmont in 1859– Napoleon gets Nice and Savoy anyway

Problems with the South and Center– Garibaldi (the old Revolutionary) and the Red Shirts conquer Sicily

and Naples– Cavour fears the radical republican government proposed by

Garibaldi and takes Rome– Garibaldi agrees to cede the Sicilies to Piedmont

The Kingdom of Italy, with Victor Emanuel II as King– Proclaimed March 17, 1861; Creates a Liberal Constitution – After the Seven Week’s War(1866), Italy got Venetia – After the Franco-German War in 1870, they got Rome

Problems of Unification– North(Industrial) and South(Agricultural) Economies are

incompatible– Clerics in the Vatican oppose unification; retreat to Vatican City– Too many political parties– Tranformismo-bribes, favors “transform” opponents into friends– Trent and Trieste remain a part of Austria

German Unification: The Planning 1848 and Its Aftermath

– German Confederation was dominated by Austria, which was dominated by Metternich

– Burschenshaften created a system of repression by Austria Bismarck and Prussia

– Otto Von Bismarck (1815-1898), was a Prussian Junker who became Premier Minister of Prussia under William I

– Opposed parliamentary government, but wanted a constitutional monarchy- “blood and iron”

– Landtag, Prussian parliament, opposed new taxes, but Bismarck collected them anyway and reformed the Army

Schleswig-Holstein Affair (1864)– Danish King ruled both provinces, annexed Schleswig in

1863– Bismarck made an alliance with Austria, defeated the Danish– Convention of Gastein (1865) Prussia occupied Schleswig

and Austria occupied Holstein Bismarck Builds Alliances

– 1863- Supports Russia in suppressing a Polish Revolt– October 1865- Secret meeting with Napoleon III- agrees to

stay neutral in an Austro-Prussian Conflict– 1866- Secret Treaty with Italy- in Return for Italian Aid, they

would get Venetia

German Unification: The Events Seven Weeks War (1866)– Prussia accused Austria of violating the Convention of Gastein– Defeats Austria at Konniggratz– Treaty of Prague (1866): Austria loses Venetia to France,

Hapsburgs are excluded from German affairs, Prussia gains Schleswig-Holstein, Some Northern states are annexed

Problems with the North German Confederation– Established by Prussia in 1867– Catholic Liberals from the South give in to Bismarck after he

grants Universal Manhood Suffrage Other Foreign Issues

– Hohenzollern Conflict: 1868- Spain offers crown to Leopold, a relative of William I

• French are upset; meet with William, who agrees to withdraw Leopold• 1870: French ambassador meets with William I at EMS. Telegram is

intercepted and released The Franco German War (1870-1871)

– EMS telegram causes Napoleon III to declare War on Prussia– Battle of Sedan (1870) Prussia defeats French and kidnaps

Napoleon– September 1, 1870- Because of the Treaty of Prague, rest of

German Confederation joins with Germany– May 10, 1870- Treaty of Frankfurt ends the War

• French give up Alsace and Lorraine and have to pay 5 billion francs

France: The Third Republic Napoleon III: The Liberal Empire

– By late 1860’s Napoleon relaxed press censorship and allowed labor unions

– 1870’s he allowed a liberal constitution– BUT he had foreign problems:

• Supported a disastrous military regime in Mexico in 1866• Franco-Prussian War in 1870 led to the end of the empire• Napoleon was kidnapped and then allowed to go to England,

where he died in 1873. Paris Commune

– Radicals proclaimed a new government after Sedan– 1871-Monarchists won a majority in the National Assembly– In response, Radicals overthrew the government and

proclaimed the Paris Commune• Marxists declared it a proletarian revolution

– May 1871 Adolphe Thiers leads troops into the city and overthrows the commune, killing 20,000

Third Republic– Loyalty in the National assembly was divided between

monarchists who supported the House of Orleans and House of Bourbons

– 1875- came to a stalemate; decided to regularize the political system instead:

• Chamber of Deputies elected by Universal Male Suffrage• Senate indirectly elected• President elected by the two houses

Problems of the Third Republic Because no party held a majority, had to form coalition

cabinets 1880’s: Government established Secular schools, and

expelled the Jesuits– Upset the Catholic Church Clergy

1905-Catholic Church formally ended the Concordat of 1801, officially separating Church and State.

1889: Georges Boulanger tried to do a coup d’etat, but failed.– Monarchists lost support

Dreyfus Affair– Army court marshaled Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer, for

spying– In 1896the head of the French Intelligence, Picquard, accused

another officer, who was acquitted.– Picquard also revealed that the documents of evidence were

forged– Was really a political conflict of anti-semitism.– Emile Zola wrote a famous newspaper article, J’Accuse,

accusing the government of conspiracy– Public outrage led the president to pardon Dreyfus

1905- Jean Juares and Jules Guesde formed the United Socialist party.

Victorian Reforms in Great Britain Under Benjamin Disraeli in 1867-1868

– Conservative; wanted to pass a reform bill before the liberals could

– Reform Bill of 1867• Franchise given to Urban Workers• Some redistribution in he House of Commons

Under William Gladstone (1868-1874)– “Great Ministry” of Gladstone– Major Reforms

• 1870: Civil Service reform: examinations required• Education Bill of 1870: financial support to non-religious and

religious schools• 1871: Unions legalized• Ballot Act of 1872: Australian or “secret” ballot

– Economic policy remained laissez-faire Disraeli Returns: 1874-1880

– “TORY DEMOCRACY” Program to benefit working class– Major Reforms

• Factory Act regulated work hours• Public Health Act gave state power in urban sanitation• Artisans Dwelling Act- slum clearance and housing construction• Legalized picketing by Unions

Gladstone Returns 1884-1886– REFORM BILL OF 1884: franchise to farm workers

Foreign Problems and More Reforms The Irish Problem

– Since 1801, Ireland was ruled by Great Britain– Irish Catholics in the House of Commons wanted Home Rule;

opposed by the Ulsters in N. Ireland– Gladstone tried to pass Home Rule in 1886 and 1893, but it failed– 1914: Home Rule passed

• Protestants in Ulster organize a militia• Irish nationals also organize a militia

Socialism in Great Britain– Labor Unions join with Fabian Society in 1900 to form Labor Party– Fabian Society

• Formed in 1883; Leaders were Sidney and Beatrice Webb, George Bernard Shaw, and HG Wells

• Gradual approach to Socialism ,eventually public ownership of the means of production and distribution

• Labor Party won 29 seats in 1906; continued to grow More Liberal Liberals

– Led by PMs Henry Campbell-Bannernam and Herbert Asquith– Major Reforms

• 1906: Workmen’s Compensation Act- aid to workers injured on the job• 1909: Old Age Pensions Act- pensions for low-income citizens over 70• Parliamentary Act of 1911:

– House of Lords could not refuse to pass a money bill if Commons passed it 3X

– Higher income taxes for the wealthy and increased inheritance taxes• 1911- Salaries to the House of Commons• 1911: National Insurance Act-• 1912: Minimum Wage Law

Russia under Alexander II (1855-1881) Domestic Reforms

Emancipation of Serfs Emancipation Edict of 1861 Serfs got some land, which landowners were compensated for Ex-Serfs, Peasants, had to pay redemption dues for 49 years Land was inadequate, and discontent continued

Rural Zemstovs1864 Authorized to levy local taxes, establish and operate schools and

orphanages, build and maintain roads, and promote health Elected under Three-Tier Voting System: Landowners, Townspeople,

Peasants Rich were over represented

Municipal Dumas- 1870 Like Rural Zemstovs, except in cities and towns

Judicial Reforms- 1864 Equality before the Law New Court System Trial By Jury and Public Trial

Military Reforms 1874 Universal requirement to be drafted Draft term reduced from 29 to 6 years

Foreign Affairs 1863: Revolution in Poland- crushed by Russia with Prussian support

(Bismark) Got Manchuria and North Persia and Afghanistan

Agitation and Revolt Populism expanded Agreed to create an advisory committee right before he got

assassinated

Alexander III (1881-1894) Autocrat Secret Police

– Vyacheslav Plehve was head– Used Censorship and Crushed Revolutions

Religious– Increased Control over Education– Russification of minorities and Poles increased– Economic and Social Restrictions on Jews

• Pogroms, Riots, started

Nicholas II (1894-1917) Spread the Industrial Revolution

– Industry under Sergei Witte• Put Russia on Gold Standard• Started Construction of Trans-Siberian Railroad: Moscow to

Vladisvostok– Agriculture continued to be backward

Socialism– Marxists organized the Russian Social Democratic Party under

Piekhanov– Split into Two Parties:

• Mensheviks- moderate• Bolsheviks- revolutionary under Lenin

Nicholas II: Discontent Revolution of 1905

– Bloody Sunday (Jan 1905)- troops fired on a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg

– Nicholas issued the October Manifesto: Promised Constitution, Civil Liberties, and the Duma

– Nicholas wrote Fundamental Laws- a “constitution”• Tsar had control over financial and foreign affairs• Could Dissolve Duma and Rule without it when it wasn’t in Session• Cabinet Ministers were responsible to the Tsar, not the Duma• Conservative Upper House, The Council of State, had to pass Duma

Laws Political Parties:

– Socialists: Mensheviks, Bolsheviks, and Social Revolutionaries– Middle Class Liberals: Octobrists and Cadets (who wanted more

reforms) Duma

– First elected in 1906, and dissolved as soon as it opposed Nicholas– Second Duma in 1907

• Agrarian Reform Act 1906- allowed peasant to gain title to their land• Dissolved

– Third Duma: 1907-1912• New electoral laws increased conservative representation• No further reforms, discontent eventually led to the 1917 revolution

Personal Problems– Listened to his German Wife, Alexandra, to the point where she had

more power than he.– Rasputin, “Priest” to Alexander IV, had too much influence

Themes of the Second Industrial Revolution

Rapid Expansion Emphasis on Steel, Chemicals, Electricity,

and Oil Made Possible by the Railroad Mass Production of Consumer Goods

changed work and leisure patterns Required Financial Capital, Infrastucture,

Capital Equipment

Second Industrial Revolution Henry Bessemer invented the Bessemer system to

produce steel in mass quantities– By 1913, GB, France, Belgium, and Germany produced 32M

tons Solway process of Alkali production

– Allowed the recovery of more chemical by-products– Used to make fabric dyes and laundry soap

Science began to be used in the making of consumer goods

Electrical energy replaced coal– Plants could be built anywhere– 1881- First Power plant in Great Britain

Automobile invented in 1886 by Gottlieb Daimler– Produced first significant demand for oil.

Communication technology greatly increases– 1876- Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone– 1895-Wireless telegraphy

The New Middle Class Middle Class, not aristocracy, became the arbiter

of consumer tastes Middle Class re-divided into three groups:

– Most prosperous- owners and managers of businesses and banks

• Krupp family of Germany

– Middle Middle Class• Small entrepenuers and professionals- shopkeepers,

schoolteachers, librarians• Had private homes, furniture, pianos, pictures, books,

journals, education, and vacations

– Petit Bourgeoisie• “White collar” workers- secretaries, retail clerks, lower-

level beaurocrats• Spent much of their income on stylish clothing and

furniture

Urban Life and Housing Reforms About 50% of the population in Western Europe lived in cities LED TO REDISIGN

– Paris 1853-1870• Led by George Haussman, commissioned by Napoleon III• Broad Boulevards, parks, and new buildings • Subway construction began in 1895• Eiffel Tower built in 1889

– Suburbs• Middle class built apartments and houses outside of the city• Separated Work and Home

Sanitation Issues– Science led to the discovery that Cholera was caused by poor

hygiene– Books linked the issues of bad living conditions and public health– Led to the Creation of Sewer systems– Also led to legislation that allowed Government to condemn

unsafe areas• Public Health Act of 1848 (GB)• Melun Act of 1851 (FR)

Housing Reform– More and more people began to associate the violence of the poor

with bad housing…reforms begun but not fully until after WW1.

Ante-Bellum Women’s Issues Problems– Couldn’t Own Property– Laws required women to “give obedience” to their husbands– Divorce was hard to get, especially by a woman– Women had less education, could not attend college

Partial Progress– 1882 Married Women’s Property Act- allowed women to own property– After 1857 Divorce allowed in Great Britain– After 1884, Divorce made legal in France– University of Zurich admitted women in 1860s– Cambridge and Oxford- women weren’t allowed to earn degrees until the

1920’sNew Jobs

– School teaching became a women’s job– Typewriters and telephone receptions, secretaries, clerks and shop

assistants– Women still earned far less than men, and few married women worked

Cult of Domesticity– Woman symbolized her husband’s worldly success– Married Women were expected to do charity work and pray– Home was to be a “refuge” for the husband

Political Feminism– Great Britain- Millicent Fawcett founded the National Union– Emmeline Prankhurst was much more radical, led the Women’s Social and

Political Union– France- Hubertine Auclert organized the National Council of French women– Germany- 1894- Union of German Women’s Organizations– Women could only vote in Norway (1907)

Modernism: intellectual and artist Before 1870: Reason, science, rational,

universe, optimism and progress With second IR higher living standard, material

good, consumption, urban improvement, mass education, higher income BUT

New view, a transformation that appealed to the irrational, alternative views of human nature, radically innovative forms of literary and artistic expression, shattered old beliefs, challenged the physical universe run by nature laws

Intellectual Modernism Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

– Developed doctrine of Positivism– Said that humanity had passed through two stages of civilization,

the religious and metaphysical and was entering the positive– God would be rejected in this stage– Father of Sociology

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)– On the Origin of Species (1859) stated the theory of natural

selection-”survival of the fittest”– The Descent of Man (1871) applied evolution to humans

Social Darwinism– Thomas Huxley (1825-1895)- strong supporter of Darwin’s theory,

attacked everyone who questioned it– Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

• Synthetic Philosophy applied natural selection to life and society, supported laissez-faire

Racism– Count Arthur de Gobineau (1816-1882)- asserted the superiority

of the Aryan race– Houston Stuart Chamberlin (1855-1927)

• Denounced Jews, saying that they tainted the pure white blood

Religious Modernism Rejection of Jesus and the Bible

– David Friedrich Strauss wrote Life of Jesus (1836) rejected the divinity of Jesus

– Ernest Renan wrote Life of Jesus (1863) rejected that Jesus had performed miracles or been raised from the dead

Reactions of the Church– Protestants split into fundamentalist and liberal camps– Jews split into Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform– Roman Catholic Reaction

• Pope Pius IX– Syllabus of Errors condemned materialism, liberalism,

freedom of speech, secular education and civil marriage– Called the First Vatican Council in 1870-proclaimed papal

infallibility

• Pope Leo XIII– Advocated social and economic reform– Accepted evolution as a scientific theory– Opposed socialism, thought employers should take care of

their workers.I

Scientific Modernism Atoms and Electrons

– John Dalton- chemical elements were distinguished by their atomic weight

– Dmitri Mendeleyev (1834-1907) published the periodic table

– Joseph Thompson and Hendrik Lorentz showed atoms are composed of electrons

– Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) devised the atomic theory, that electrons revolve around the nucleus

Radiation– Wilhelm von Roentgen discovered X-Rays (1895)

– Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered Radium (1898) Max Planck (1858-1947)

– Quantum Theory- atoms absorb and release energy as quanta

– Uncertainty Principle- impossible to know both the speed and location of a particle

Albert Einstein– Theory of Relativity- space and time are relative

– E=mc^2: small mass could produce a lot of energy (basis for atomic theory) matter is energy

Psychological Modernism Arthur Schopenhauer

– The World as Will and Idea- driving force in humans is the will to survive

Friedrich Nietzsche– The Birth of Tragedy (1872), Thus Spake Zarathustra

(1883), Beyond Good and Evil (1886)– Will provides man with meaning– Denounced Christianity because of its “slave morality”– Superman

Ivan Pavlov– Behaviourism- conditioned reflexes

Sigmund Freud– Importance of dreams and the unconscious mind– Behavior is controlled by unconscious drives– Developed Psychoanalysis and Dream analyzation

Artistic Modernism Impressionism– Immediate sense impressions of reality– Manet, Degas, Sisley, Monet, Renoir

Post-Impressionism– Showed the expressive possibilities of form and color– Cezanne, Gaughin, van Gogh

Fauvism– Bold and discordant colors: Henri Matisse

Cubism– Applied geometric approach to the portrayal of the human

figure: Picasso Sculpture

– Rodin introduced impressionism into sculpture: The Thinker Musical Romanticism

– Tchaikovsky Musical Nationalism

– Influenced by local folk music– Dvorak (czech), Grieg(Norway), Sibelius (Finland)

Dissonance– Igor Stravinsky- ballets Petrushka, The Rite of Spring

Attonality– Arnold Schoenberg used 12 tone scale.

Imperialism Motives:

– Created new markets for goods– Safe sources of raw materials– Higher profit from investments– Tax revenues– Place for the growing population to go– Social Darwinism- help the uncivilized– Nationalism– New Army and Navy Ports– Deflect Public Interest from Domestic Issues

Great Britain– Old Colonies and their troubles

• Canada- greater self government after The British North America Act of 1867

• Cape Colony- Boer conflict. Great Trek (1835-1837), Boers established the Orange Free State and Transvaal

• India- Great Mutiny in 1857 led to direct British control over India• China- Opium War of 1842, annexed Hong Kong and opened 16

ports– Expansion

• Egypt- 1875- Disraeli bought 44% of Suez Canal• Protectorate over Egypt in 1882• South Africa- Boer War of 1899-1902, GB united all of South Africa• Asia- 1907- Russians withdrew from Afghanistan• 1884-New Guinea partitioned• 1891- Borneo partitioned

Suez Canal

In 1854 the Egyptian government allowed a French company to build a canal across the Suez isthmus.

Egypt was given over half the shares in the venture

Construction began in 1858 101 miles long Built mostly by forced labor of poor

Egyptians Completed in 1869

In an effort to get out of financial ruin, the Egyptian government sold its shares of the canal to Britain in 1875. By 1882, Britain took control over the administration of Egypt and Sudan.

Berlin Conference

Otto von Bismarck, Imperial Chancellor of the German Empire, convened the conference in 1884 to peacefully divide up Africa.

13 nations of Europe plus the United States were invited to participate in the talks.

No African nations were invited France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal

were the main European power brokers. The United States played a role, but its interests

were in the Pacific realm, not Africa.

Congo Free State The treaties gave King Leopold II of

Belgium personal control over the lands in the Congo River valley

Leopold announced that he would end the slave trade in the region

Stanley met with local leaders and signed treaties on behalf of the Belgian king

West Africa

Several of the colonies in the region began as lands owned by a private British firm, for example the Gold Coast and Nigeria

Sierra Leone was a refuge for former slaves after Britain banned the slave trade in 1807

Ruled indirectly through local leaders

Portuguese

British

French

French in west Africa Colonies were ruled directly and linked with the

government in Paris Assimilated upper class Africans in French

culture and language Difficult at first to acquire wealth from the region

because it was either desert without any natural resources or covered with dense forest that was difficult to gain access

South Africa

In 1652 the Dutch East India Company established a settlement near Cape Town to provide supplies for passing ships.

Within a few decades there were also German and French settlers. They established farms and later were called Boers (Dutch for farmer).

The Dutch East India Company imported slaves and expanded their territory inland.

Several African groups inhabited Southern Africa

Many wars were fought between European settlers and Africans over territory through the 18th century

The British seized the region from Dutch control in 1795

British settlers clashed with the Boers especially over slavery, which the British outlawed in 1833

Approximately 12,000 Boer frontier farmers, known as the Voortrekkers, migrated northeast to escape British authority

The Boers fought several battles against various local groups, especially the Zulus

They set up three colonies known as Natal, Orange Free State, and Transvaal

Boers called themselves Afrikaners and did not see themselves as European. They were not subjects of the British crown and did not want to come under British control.

Warfare between the British and Afrikaners was caused by British expansion into Boer territory and Afrikaner fear of British domination.

The Great Boer War lasted from 1899-1902.

British statesman Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) helped secure British

dominance of southern Africa. Rhodes arrived in the Cape Colony in

1870 and by 1890 he controlled the region’s diamond production. His

company, De Beers Mining Company, eventually controlled 90% of the world’s diamond production.

Cecil Rhodes

Rhodesia

Carving up

Africa was “carved up” in the following fashion:

– French West Africa

– British East and Southern Africa

– Belgians Congo/Central Africa

– Portuguese colonies in West & Southern Africa

– Germans one colony per region

Imperialism Continued France– African expansion:

• 1881-Tunisia, protectorate over Morocco, Senegal Guinea, Ivory Coast, Madagascar

– Asian Expansion• Indochina. In 1896 Britain and France established Siam as a buffer state

Germany– 1884-Togoland and Cameroons, Southwest Africa– 1885-German East Africa

Belgium– 1884-1885: Berlin Conference gave Congo Free State to Leopold II

Italy– Tried to get Ethiopa, but failed in 1896

Portugal/Spain– Guinea and Mozambique

Conflicts– FASHODA CRISIS (ANGLO-FRENCH IN SUDAN)

• 1898: No war, French yields Sudan to GB – SINO-JAPANESE WAR

• 1895: Japan wins, but Russia, Germany, and France intervene, forcing the Japanese to accept Korean independence and lease out Manchuria

– RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR• 1904-Japan attacks Russian forces because of their continued expansion

into Manchuria• 1905-Treaty of Portsmouth-Russia retains influence over Manchuria, Japan

annexes Korea in 1910

Europe Before WW1 Tensions Germany’s Bismarck was the peace-maker 1872- Bismarck starts the Three Emperors Leaugue

– Germany, Austria, and Russia form the Dreikaiserbund– They pledge to uphold the status quo

Bismarck as a Peacemaker in the Russo-Turkish War– Events of the War

• 1876: Revolution in Bulgaria vs. Ottomans results in massacre• 1877:Serbia and Montenegro respond by declaring war on the

Ottoman Empire• 1877: Russians go to war with the Ottomans, as slavic protector

– Treaties• 1878: Treaty of San Stefano

– Established the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Rumunia– Large autonomy to Bulgaria, under Russian domination– Turks give Caucasus land to Russia

• 1878: Congress of Berlin- Result of Tensions btwn Russia and GB– Bismarck is the “honest broker”– New Treaty confirmed the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and

Rumunia, and the Russian land gains– The size of Bulgaria was reduced– Turks would still have control of Macedonia– Austria controlled Bosnia and Herzegovnia– Great Britain controlled Cyprus

1897: Austro-Russian tensions lead to a formal dual alliance and a Reinsurance treaty between Russia and Ger

1882: Italy joins the alliance secretly

After Bismarck: The Road to WW1 1890: Bismarck Dismissed

– Emperor William II wanted to expand Germany– 1890: William II doesn’t renew the Re-insurance Treaty

New Alliances form– 1894: Franco-Russian Alliance– 1904: Entente Cordial:

• France supported British dominance in Europe• Britain supported French dominance in Morocco

– 1902: French-Italian Alliance• Italy promises to help France in Morocco in exchange for influence

in North Africa 1905: First Moroccan Crisis

– Events of the War• 1905: William II went to Tangier and spoke in support of Moroccan

independence– 1906: Algeciras Conference

• Germans could garner support from nobody but Austria Strengthening of New Alliances

– 1907: Anglo-Russian Entente• Recognized Russian influence in North Persia• Recognized British Influence in South Persia• Russia to withdraw from Afghanistan• Tibet to remain neutral

– Triple Entente established

Escalation of Conflict 1908-1909:Bosnian Crisis

– Austria and Russia sign Buchlau agreement• Russian support of Austrian Dominance of Bosnia and

Herzegovina• Austrian support of use of Russian Crisis

– 1908: Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, humiliating Russia 1911: Second Moroccan Crisis

– 1911: Germans send Panther to Moroccan port– 1912: British respond by sending their won warships into the region

1911-1912: Italo-Turkish War– Italy defeats the Turks and takes control of Libya

1912-1913: First Balkan War– 1912: Balkan League( Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece)

defeat the Turks– 1913: Treaty of London

• Ottoman Empire loses all European territory• Albania created to halt Serbian expansion

1913: Second Balkan War– Balkan League declare war against Bulgaria, forcing it to cede land to

Serbia THE SPARK

– June 28, 1914: Slavic Nationalist assassinates Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife

– War is declared: Triple Entente vs. Austria, Germany, and Italy.

World War 1 (1914-1918)• 1914-1917: War in the West

• August 4, 1914: Germany starts Schlieffen plan and invades Belgium

• Battle of the Marne: French stop Germans• 1916: Battle of Verdun-no advance (GR offensive)• 1916: Battle of the Somme: Tanks first used; stalemate (BR/FR

offensive)• 1914-1917: War in the East

• Germans advance against Russia easily• 1917: Germans have reached Rumunia, Russia agrees to settle• 1917: TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK

• Russia gives up all German gains• The USA enters the War

• Britain defeats Germany at Sea• 1916: Battle of Jutland- only time Germany uses its navy

• Submarine Warfare• 1915: U-Boat sinks Lusitania killing 139 Americans• 1917: Germany renews warfare, sinks laconia

• Zimmerman telegram urges Mexico to go to War with US• USA declares War on Germant

• Germany Falls• 1918: Battle of the Bulge- Allied forces push through into Germany• War ends

Treaty of Versailles Germany surrenders to Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points

– Open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, a reduction of armaments, self-determination for the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman people, and League of Nations

– France wants reparations

– Italy wants land Treaty of Versailles

– Rhineland would be occupied for 15 years by allies

– Alsace and Lorraine would be governed by League of Nations for 15 years

• France would get all the Saar coal

– Poland created from much of Eastern Germany

– Article 231: Guilt Clause

– Germany lost all its colonies

– League of Nations was created, US and USSR not members

– 1919: Treaty of St. Germain reduced size of Austria

– Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Rumunia expanded and creqted

Russian Revolution 1917: March Revolution

– War-weariness, food shortages, high inflation, and a corrupt government cause a rash of strikes in St. Petersburg

– Troops join the protestors, and Nicholas II abdicates Provisional Government

– Duma becomes head of Government, led by Geoge Lvov and Alexander Karensky

– Meanwhile Lenina and the Bolsheviks gain strength November Revolution

– Red Guard seized strategic locations in St. Petersburg– Lenin declared new government

Bolshevik Government– Separate Church and State– Organize secret police force– Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1919-1920: Civil War– Red Army easily defeats anti-Communist White Party