Farewellto an Idea EpisodesfromaHistory of Modernism T.J . Clark Inthisir1ll'nSl"farrl'nirom,hrpuhli.h." ... Prinredi nSing.poro LibroryofCOwedIhdrpictum QUI inthefi, ,,,pbee. HiuorianS;ql.fffthatSeptembC"r'711}w,"atumingpoinlin1M Jacobins'rdalioos wilh 1M 5111110\>1 an end 10, the It\.'Tions an intlcpcndcntforce. This doth. COntntinwhichthe ",en .. nl Vendcmioirc.huuldheunderstood.Septemberisthemonth., think.whenDJvid 10""lheke)'decisions in hispainting of M3f"i1l. I rclliu l hanrubbcdmyrcadcr'5noscinthcdelailofpoli,icsinI 7Y" Art,'"cryc."cryda)'ncM'1uiel lymirJcuIQl1s .S"ffendc,.allI....daEntl)intoJcru"",lcm., lamntM "'ling lh .. "bou,VendCnliain:Year! .' 111 .. df'm, we .haIl1'f,rty.I darc Sol)"311thlft3ftist$ wooldhavt' btlhal'pywilhlh.'itkaofth.. tll5R)' Ih('lim(of dealh w:ulargelyreo.:ondkd\I>; lhthe cmergingpowen. Mklitlelhas-.I'l;lrdoni(:forJU(lC17'): "Rnlxspicrre and,\1;1(;1{,

Butlooka(."linOIlII..,phraow.sfromI: Am; dHPtuplt qUOledTh";r conlcnl,Ikitrhclorialrc:mpcr3lu ....IrctypicalofMa,. t's journalism.And an:enough10l U,l;C'S1,hal,m;on.:i1ect.1 AnOlh(, ''''.181, ThWphilcleduc. foHuwrd."il witha run of I: Am, JII I'nlpk in .... mmer and urly /all. Ho!krt. inlhe Pm DufflrsTIr. tu;.hcd toa ... orehi. rca.k", Ihalno duoScgindhCTiplion ufI'rocCMwith what 'he jllCnbins .lid. CoOt\tmment) and pressure frombelo ......I dlink Jacobins .....ere often trying II)dr.twSOlI\("5uchIiI!C5rionwouldnocbe:robbcdofil::$edsc.implrby['C5lion,withhis ,harat"tmni( \"ehemencc,lIul a Jacobinanswe . The OIC3oryhad In hne ",mClhing beils sign.Amung 1M signifyingpossibi lities on offer to' ; 9 ,. hUrat"","med one 01 liltbc$1.AIlem inhim 11\(0OlegOI)"WIS pcr.s.onified. Thu mis}llmean Ihat Ih.1aratthefirstformsofa liturg)'andrirua linwhich the truths of therevolutionit..,lf wouldbemade flesh_ People,Nation, Virtue, Reason,Liberty.How couldhenothavethrilled, as Ihe summerandfa llwent on, to the glamorous details of Marat', deification?News of twenty-ninetOWns and vil lagescalling them.., lvesafter the m3rI)'rcdsainI." Of Maratbecoming a favoriteanti -Christiannamefornewbornbabies.Of churchafterchurch,in Brumair.andFrimaireespecially,takingdownthecrucifixandVirginand purring upMarat andLe Pe)etierintheirplac"-onehisruriancoumsfiftysuch ceremoniesinParisalone. ""That thebuildingpreviouslySt:rvingasachurch becomeahallfor,essionsofthesociilipopu/aire,andinconsequence,lhat busts of Maral and Le Peletier bepur inplace of,ratues ofSaim Pel erandSaint Denis,itsone-timopatronsaints,andthalthcvillageofMennecyYi li eroy henceforthbenamed OfandspCII.. of 353whk. AndIhcanswer ohviom>,alily:.kindofs.,..id Upc\1N hisVM:wer (0 be. Someone ku lruSling . 79}migh'c'cnhawbttnputOllguardhrlhefacrolC..... r1onc althemc:'M D,hyIII.:.... 3"/. WI...:hinsl)dunuy wilh ctI/IUJIX''''( IInll..lnlcre dejtn{,,,,s(n dONIIe:mil'; rSI (hcrt Ihings ot .... ,IO j!;rl difficult,Ihe11(1'n ...... tpcrfunetQfy,:I'Ift heir .... runninJS,001.:lnd1M10curlsli)!hllyupwardollpanjlori.il mortll ... />0'"t..de{{e .. u (pow, dt{{t..u:of.... hal. JlfeIa p.,trlt.. .I,.MyouwillKi,tthU i, ')I\epassi ....MIOnlOlhrrot fi"r rhllJrrnhU,",prt'SemtdmOrdH 10bekIlled.Eilh... rformulalionwilldo.isIhe N I:lT:lI.1bc:fOfe. had lObe malklo.landPfi)Jlle.Bynow lhe enormily of Ihetailwn",nddlUf(:handfromlbr bdongHl8'of hn;gtsarro.Hispicturei,partlyaoomthe quiet ofinherentinacerrainscaleandser-up.) looking atTw()Y()""gPea.a"tWomm,lhen,weshouldlose. ighr of it.,trangcrdation roPi"arro'.ownnorm.;alllhemorr50aslhehrslcoIllexl inwhichtheappeared the50powerfull yofwhal lho"."aodnton.Onlywhellthsuni,highand ullub;;'m': 'cddOt!.na,u,.11ligh'n".rwhd",i,sslIl>$,i,u,,,,,,- Andrhar when 1i/.'oy"UlI!lI'kplaof public") m"am10r,,,,,monq foth"fJ ""lyand ,ht'ground, of h" .lbandont "g ,h,1,011''00''''''', andp.rtly,he"",II",m"of .Ircw.I),,,frc,,"rII'")ll ilJ'"'cenlpolS! .Th.01 ... "h'"sho""who.:hl'IS ... rroilJd 1""upo"l y .)"cro,e.'BlIl's",J.HldV.. I.,d"n.",);JIlL,,,doy"an hrot h.r. h"d,.r,ll1l""S h)' G.,",:,,,n 1',."",',p.II 11 ll11g'- e,'en nepill suirr,re l,d '" ,'oloredwood.Soye, "",ollre",;eohst, WlIf> h'p... Jh,m, the.\c"()swors hipuon - anEl i",,", Re..:lu 'ype quemun - whorher every kind of lookIng at tholo",e .:lJ."'. hJS toin, r",",'. " nddisciplinary. )The',""uwomcnMemeamto,"un"mental.bu,nO! nlly"("t"weal l,h"laner)J.e,hetw"wor"'lual i"., p",Jrro, hink,hi,,on may f>e"a"hin!,:In189'fromh"Engh.h.urrounil",gs,"Th",kofrhep;"rure. then. inreia, ,,.n'" M,ller'. Anile/lISOrbener mil,,,, "n CxaClcontem poraryIokeJule.4S),.howninIheSalonofThe",. ,e ,hepic,u,e.Ti,,,,r Oll"lIf'e,1s,,,,tWf)I"ell"pJ"'teilJg.linsr.Th"t"'" ligure.' mm",pltIene.;doc,nOlilanenor Jereali,ethem,They"",.tronglyenoush mocthepJ int lnsdoe.nmofferu,.ufti",.mclut.10 "nswer,hc", kind.ofqut';I;on.,onddoe,nO!mCJ nto. !tmea".'" tobe'" 1",,00.WehJcum,C'/l()iMrs Foy, h"rst:lf10Ihc beinfelligihlc.G;.c upthcidc30frebuildinganew3rtbyrnean.ofreasonalone. PuI Yo"r trusl II; .."""U, ::i:=:::::::':'- ". .

.....erepoisoned.lThereW3San id.aalm'adin,h. early Nie'zscheand.11 lheotherproph." ofirrationalism(;Quid 'implybeplundered, .nd uSentstoteappafat",sho" ldbt'all3ckrdhereandnow,andwilhwhal'rTof weapons.Anatchisrswereanti. rnili'''ri,,!,"'orkin;;1s"hventhe'''yair)'of wldiers.-thaT wa, whyso man)'of ,hem e"dedupinjailin,S\lI, The\' htlieved incor>frming'hepli,candthcc5resi,mnceanddcmonslfa,ionrowardthebreaking-poi", of cbss and>f3terepl)',Nigh",;"h andthe ofcorbine"In these",aTters ""nedonIheoi[(),h." ..;"nrI.nd unpb""fdlnd unprediclable! movementto lurn1 inw 0 dJy " i worldwide dass ,olidariry andJeti"ninIn theMayDJ)'demo",tmliom,whichhad onlyhe"unin.arncst Ihc)'carborder,kil lingItnp"oplc.Therewasa smaller,Jnd"em;nglyins ignifiean',dashdO"f tohomeforParisiJns,int he f.crofy.uburboiClichy,!>etwccnpsunle",ttconn",,,dwi(h u,hrr "mol,ofagll.",on. nd"'ork.Il lllth,>(,,:1i.i,,,,, lfIthe.."mplrff"uh, ... , ln.",..",ary.M-')'"IIwtllnot ... ,h" ,ht, model" troublcatrhe." lgcolademon,rr.l!ton.o,aq,,,,;k,tri\;r,,,nrttorJ , man ",,!-nedT""'nHall.Not()",,) th.Ion,bomb",. T he mornemofanarcht>lpolll"' mlalet8r.ll1rJntVery, :>nJarr..,,dun /o,b'.:h.Hi,trial"1'I!I ...andt ho;n"u",,,,,onatJ'"l,strikesand b!ood,h.dtnl'ilr,burgn.Tlots inllerlin,One an.",ht>t g"H'p,t"Chri"coed'1,,"lf "Rcveng'fu r Tht"T!newspapers,,,, .Iper.>nnnd,0'"i/s belle!diable!1Itisnotagood a"efor;,.you'redamnedtThey areg"ingtoh"'e 10surround wilh""Idiersfromnowon."" "Somc)ncsentme- I don'tknowwho- ,hehookletof I :lm ""odingilon10you":I'i ..arro10Lucien.!6Aprilt89!Idayoneof,he Ravolaterloreadandvilifyan intcrvicw Onana".;hi.mZolahadgi vento uFig"'o.inanarchistswere ofbeingideologu.,;.ndulOpi.n wilhnotenough.-onfide""ein",i e""e."SoIhepeoplearegoing10befreed ,.;iemifieJliy. Thal'lIbe rig hI!When,he menof Kienee g''''em, 'he(1I go"ern nO lesstyrannicallyfot doing SOin..,ienct,name!"" Pissarrowasnogrcalpoliticallhinker.Heknewhislimits,andduckedthe invilaliontoPUIhis, "archisminp"blishabkform.(HeWa'not

versionof sociali,m WdS .imple. He hatedbourgeoi. ,o..:i[ywithapassion, and waerg,who"d"uredI',s"",,, g,eall)',w"" a, f,,, ,I'I knowIhe firstf(jPOlllt"'"thc",nd,of",k.,nddefi.;ic11ci",,h"f"llowedf'umIus '''lIludcto , htworld,He,. ,dof l''''Jrro ,ha, a1m"fl"","",e-thewIJllin, 1 d ftc dechool.. . Theimbecile enemy oflegendand credul ity,fullof thevanity of theparvenu,gi ving itscl f theairsofacathedral;fatlingitselfontheoldblood-feud,ofthecoumryside, so thatitsverysweatrun,pink;huffing andpuffing tillitswcllslOthit,rival,theChurch .. Andoutbeyondthevillage squarc, along the dirt roads riseup newfarms, withtheirpreciouspinkbricksallcarefullyprotcctedbylitrleStraWharso! croppedthatch;andalltheiropeningscorrectandrcclangular,withbli nds andshutterstomatch... Mudernityha,eute"erythingdownto,izc! '" You seenow,I hope,whyDu PtJ},SI111enpeinlllreisrhete:versionofmodernismisunbearable.Everythingwe valu.in[hepast,itsays-and thatmeansal lthedream,andduplicitiesthe peasantWaSmade10standfo roverfourcentur ies- isbeingdestroyedby progr .... ProgressisudioU5and absurd; andy.tw' cannot argue that wh at we "alueinthepastshouldsurvive, beIkrnard.Theyformp.nofptthctrce carries with it the shodow of SOmany nineteemhcemury images of women held ""XU" ] capti,'e." AndromedaandAngelica,theharemandthe cnve ThisasmIlchasreverie Maybesomewherebackof the pictureliememoriesof Titian',two sreat primalscenes,Diana and Acraeon andDitma mId Callis/Olfig.86). which .imilarly,urnon""eingthe"nspeakableandpayingtheprice.Thestriding womani, Actaeon, rough ly,bu'also , he pi,; le.s nymphinTitian's other picture li ft ingthedmpesfromCaliislO'Sgiveaways,omach, If wearelookingfortheultimatesourceofthedreamingfigurein Channe'sart, I thinkwehaveto go back evenfurt her ,han,he gloomyhermaphroditeontherightoftheTcmpldt;o"of $aimAmhnny, doneinlS7oort hereanouts(fig,87i.ThedoreHefflongogoidentifiedthisas andremorse, " Onl},what at thatstagehad sceminglybeenguil tathaving]inphama.y)toomanygcndersbewmcs,in lhe Barnespainting,sadne., alneverquileallainingtoany - ornever qui tebeing ablctodoso ina waythatward,offthegllfflin onthc'lairs, Thescript. asI S.1Y,i,easy to write,Thi,paticnt'sphanta,iesare close,o \he surfoce.Orra' ner,theyart:onthe, ,,rface-,h,,,isthepoint .A,remeodous, interminable effort hasbecn"'ade to ha". ,heexisten"" of,he body inphant asy beliteralized,madepre""ntassomanydeterminedstatesof specifia blematerialpar!;cies,-Weshouldnotbesurpri""diftheeffortfinally opens onto asceneand drama'is personae whichlheticdignity. A 101here depends onchange of formal.Thel'hiladelphiapailltingisas high asIheBarnespaintingiswide.andafoolandahalflonger.Itmeasures82 itstwoprcdl"Cessors, andvisuallyreg;"ering aSa h;sulterl y unlike the previouspackedrcStwa)'" I , ....,hi f,h"twecn h"mtly "'",lin""onfi"'lfmi",,, "om.... ",c .... 'shr u r;ngThemon10.s;"":anJ , .....1';onall)agi ng ,hc: cronjuring Irick u.... himsi.;allytn1ingl>cyunJ." rn,ne.. , h'" "m' ch"'d,,,ck01,ha'hlJ " ' ;gi""II)'Ai" t n;t hirth. It was ' 0 ,h,)",rhem..J)n"ninA un - ' "'''",ing - as ilwas.NntnudehutIl3krd,I'hib&lphiapieru,.is routup!,,"""')'",thc ""me ""'}"" is notT.... u " I F,.udsrtteIlI "'1)" U'If,.. pointthaIwhatma. b"ff his ",,"i,mof fmm mhe,s isth.. ......In whichhlcf, -hJndS!defli, kers.,,,,b,,,o, ri l),Dct"''-''''ligur,andgfOj,,,, ,j,anJpft" 'cntthef",,,,, next1o"fromsidhn): and ' hdingil\[o ,he "OIJ. Th,wasIIk.'wisein",J.....:!,b)," Jarkre[' -' 10p,,,,dy, And", on, Allof Ib,,.,aite':! tion, m"" h."'e>eem,J rhc"'0Ticas:;orememberedLcoSre;Il.",dl- l.lIl'sebllrslill goUl bughing Infront01HIISIofo [fig,IIOJin190M.and Stt'in""' ing

Y.,ttherci$am"in drift10,he""and;1l' 909IIIlllolllelltscropupofposnl\'dy fi ...,-" CXPO"t"'"andrec:lI',,"bllOnof theproblclllS "if roin.i.tlhatprogre.swa$ bei ng",,,de.Oneof, hc""mOlllell!>.",,",)'o,,eagret"S.occllrsm rhe.ummeral Iln"a deFi-,ro(fig.'Ill.I sh.11IdonomorethanIndlCatrlhegc'neralform-n\a)' beIhe,ontrolling figure- "I" ofthewo,kL('Ih.;:gi"ffixed",[hepoi'"ofma"imumsal ienc' c' hcm:Khmeryopen 1J,,,,eOnlII.oppos.t"orLIS ThcworJsI ,h", kwe....aOIto de"'flbewha,is IICL Ll"rried forhcccaredeadlock.ra,e-off.warlihc""xi"cncc The rc,ers,bl,cube ",nc ,hcs.c;an,!of(0u,""I,,"'rid'l """'__10 ,,,,,1.0,1on n" ....7' 'llookedso good,In man)'"':!ys"mu ..h:ll'e"",,,,,eda1"1>, ... 1 ,'o'KI","ontoth.Itnof''}I- I'}I I.",d 11110,he ,h.log,.ofWa.llIu,I .10mean '.r/ ,b,I")ll,lh,propJg.mJ.,booa,d. ln .,""nsc."".h .. WnOI.nl:>.'g"n , olackle lhea'p"'-t olitt hJ , ....,,,,,lnn"'Ih,' "ue",..Jtof IOJLissu,kys ll lnpionis"': thal l>,hlS .. n",'oflh.' posstbl.'reiarions, Lll'p,mg,mJ,umnw,be,,,,,cenIh.twog,,'alfrlll'of(">t"bli,h.. JSIgn Ih,','"It",, al ia,!>,"- "i,ual and",,hJI. pie,,,,e .,nd text.IIis"lllx'C"""" ,ne ,irrum,r:l nCt"' following , ,, I 7 W'rlt th. " ilt' "J"1""dIh",lorin1910 -thi,i, pa's:'gt"i'omh"GodIiNut (:.1$11)"".", ,,"ritt"n Ih"l Y"", inVileb,k - t he terms God an.lI'Jofcannonpttredoutover steppesonceoverrunbythearchersofGengi'Khan.Gentlemenwith immaculate bodies d.ube,Jw;(hcologne, wearing perfectlyI."ndered"ndcr. wearbenealh,heuniformsoftheGreatPowers,.. watch.dtheRu"ian earthpassby(hewindow,ofth.irPullmancars.Theirorderswered.,.d Washingl'on.London.Pari Rome,Tok)'se,thagreementwastornup The R. ma)' benlOnlh .Fromm)'pomt01"!t.",.u ",'x."ly' his"ndColhd 1.1 '" andr.flon,luy.bmh apocalyp",.nd"tupIJ-bt...: .u>cupn'>ent"d"",If",,ueh.ill"Aurryol ... tu ' ht mod.rn lSm "'ean:l{){)ktn);at Prulc!HI,mrule.>a)",KriTSmJ" ."exud""n"'Ill"ic",holen,,>,unknownto cap",h,m. gtvtngJf""',,StCf,hef",urc,,,,,.I,hce'h ..""f , nepresen,.-"It i,nO!hJrJ10"'ch"wIh"lam.sy01dlp,,,,k,,,,, hehl" w,liv.no"'- ,he IIJ!impera,, "."I uropia"PIh,'reon Ih,b,llbuJrd.i roni uJ h)''he cn1p'ydr",b,ion JII"roundI1 - d,. ,' hrpho", graphref", ...10d,e.0 1 hones of.,1 1 ,hi.w",,1..1 ,,,>JyIhJtW.>rC"",,,,,,,,i,,,,. ,arl'e'Ih"nhl'ing""f.'''''''""d,,(tI,,TT.I!I$II,,'"/',r', ,,I.wa' .1nM!l'mp'Ie) J,'S'",yu'ShM""i'(\' ;1Ihe!r.n,ir innhl' I\Wen""pi",lis'",,,,dIh"",f",,,,,,,( ,,,..r",Ju,'tiona"J Ihar,'""IJI'"'therei, n""yet"g.l in.Fromourpi,,'ofm,IIIl'" is, implyIhcexlr:lIIrdinJry ht'irlg' I'>gerher inlyl o oflhe grssesrsm'!!o'",,1""lin s),mp'o'" lIfrl,(Jis.:.'se,Arli,nne"f, hesel'fr"lform, - !sh""ld"IV perm.lnenlforolS,"nl"""'"yh"weLlk ..Il"kharin'. '"hruaderview'"- 01imagin ;"g olher",i,.,.Th.lIi.d,ief,h,ngitdnes.An)' ,,, ' cn'pl,HIIhepUtorlileslateII'0",(0)(" onIh,,,,,,, ,k..\"'vhe!h,,, wa, ""I wha!,he ' '''Ie w:""eJ, hl" i, , h,,,for .l whiiIc,.i>tccnwr ic",."" i\-1a)'beth" .. toc.lrrvlheJrgumelllw"h lhc,r,' almof .:o,,,,emionbeh, nd.and",(lin "'gmH"c.1i",,)',Thewordsfo r bttcr ",,' ft'.remained,I"gio, ,- So, nt"of Ihe",,,'Ct,' appa,cml)'",h;,'rs lungedtoward ofm",.' ph)",i(s:p,m' sens,nionorp,,,epla>l",i,,',-trUlh10I1I"e""I . ,"simpliciry."zen ,," an ab,,,lllle tnwardn." or I n eqo" II)'.lhsolllle,'x1ertomy,betn):"i ,, " ,htor esc,'pingfrompa'ntlllg" Iro);e,h",or p"intln):b.:,he uf so"" ' d,'cp unknown -the contents of wh",h nO!known 10II",'''",,"las,\-blc"i,hPUI"in' ':1 '51.''Alloflht'S '''''''' t;m,' _H'i, of revolutionarydiscu ..i,'ene ..adeferringofmeaning .evenof pcrception".shunlingiJetwnsesroilbygovunmenr andIhcpt"ople.Carrp.ys homage to Iheperiod .. illusrraring"thel"'rsistenceandingenuiryofhumanbeingsind.. i,ingways and m.ans to exchange goods whenIhisbe"omes ne"essary10their survi val. ... MoslwayshadlinleTdowithsocialism lIulagain,ourispe",eplion,notreality.UNOVIS its rations.Andwhatmarksoff thisperiod of frtehllfrommostorhers - fromIhe processasithappenedinGermany,forinSlan,,"- wasIhe seriously andpropagatedbyatleastsomeBolsheviks,Ihal Ihe end of money was anec"""ary parr of the end of capirali,m, 10bewekomed assuch.Makhno'sexaltalionwaswidelyshared TheCOnStanldecline of money (IhisisIheBolshevikeconomi>t Larin, wr i.ing inEkonomic/Jc.kayaZhi;:ninNovemberwillincreasein wirhthegrowthof the organized ehal3CTerof $ovieleconomy ... M..,ney,as a sole measure of value. does nOlexi.t.Money asameans of "irculalion o;a n alr.adybegolridofro a wnsiderable exlent.Money asa means of paymenr willcome to an end whenIheSovierbilily was. ba,h of Any.rr ,h., beli,,'eJitwuldposcthequestioninless'han.pucalyp,;';termsw"fooling i'sclfuuerly,anddoomingirselftotheWorslkindof failure-thefailureof prnendedpr.cticality,in asituotionwherepra"i.;e (.nd v.lue.and "'presenta' , ion, and production. and all,he vulgarprose of life) wasp ..edtoA".tol)'Lunach.r:sky.'heBolsheviks'Commi ...,rolEduc" tion,;n'9iO.0" theonehand:llunachaNkyWaS,alkingabout Meyerholdinparticular,butw;,h,hewholefamilyofmodernisminmind, uukGod I. Not (AslDown. it'0' f..-oritestudemin19H: For i,isnoc.,sierforcultureloguthrough,heeye of.needlelhanilisfor "comel:b'u>cculturerricsw;thitswil,ilScons.;iousne"andits..nscI" gorhroughsomething,ha,bsno(ullsciousn.'"110wilandnosen'e. Howeverwittyandbrilliantitmaybe.ilwillnever ge,inside,harwhi"his ... nscl . ss. ' " Anathlete'sslipperforthatC;mkreIiJ.Thecrackli ngulthemovementof nun-objectivity. "J IJ OlInknown rh .... 10, "" C"nbforms (one01 ,h,"go< of c" ,JNotlleing C""Down) Theo,he lex{e.>ni>ero"J as a frJn", J ", lc""Jlmedi(,ltI on onlh"e,,,oJesor mot11enls

endo,ufl'anJ.df "f iO'Np,eIJlloo - b, froll 'it - bu'a[l"fromit,"Foilowme, comrade avi,,,,,,s,, ,"0" Ihe Oil"hand a peremptory upward rush and rigidil)', asof forcesorpartk:le, 'rapped in adr adl""kof planetary inll"cnces (fig,IOr a dangerous see,awof spikesandgird ... (fig,(59),Or a of bal ls andbaton, inthe air 1601,.. A hard, "old, unsmiling system,"Malc"i,hpu, ilin inm"lionh)'phil",,,phi,,a l lhoughr,"'" ThisisthemodelwethinkWecanbl"vich, nd1':1Lissiuky hJ"e In WmmonIh"n onemif;hr ,u'p.,,,{, J . The neatne'S ,,,,.IorJerl,nessufEI LisSlrJ.k),.whichI h",'"born"dowllon"rd,nllcssl),.;lIcceriprionuftheformofaddress],since we'vegluedup moreposters.1IoverBudapesrthanthenumberufhairsonour heads.Do youthinkweactuallyh"'e timeroreadwhat'sonthem""'" Of "uursethesearetensionsandabsurditiesattendantonanyefforttomOVe poli.icsOutofitsusualcharmedcird.Iamnotsayi ngtheywerejusta Boishevil.UNO"'Sno.""'f!.uidw1.looughIImay hctn in.hinb "lt" m'gh.runlit .1>1.'0 pro"ie,;s.-"heideolog)'of- .....dOpn'ICIIIM forthQK I>o .. rgtisios tbat on .J Jm;ng of ' "wd-,unro.",dC-Jpi .. li, ....,0",,,,",, .. Iously "abilittd """,nodi.y ....Ollom). Th.01.\brxi .... d.um. rist 10inthetntwu to pur i. mildly.3 bil ..There n,ay hediffrr.,,,-'nofopinioJ n .monguS a.",wh.tr.er.inliglunf .hi,hi ltory. ,h. olddog 01 halOilYlif. l.. ftinil .How.:ould,hor.norlit f,ot haila.:.nn"y ofhe.. ingI-brxism outofUl b.iok"f what seem,10beanec""'1)" "...,ring intheindustri.lizingimaginarybetweenfan,a,iesofto,"lilyand6",.,i of ( curativeof,henorionsofguiltandanswerabil itywhicharetheprohlem.A lunati,rei...tion, byth. lookso/ i, . Butsomrtime.one lunaq- de..,rvesan",her. N ihi lismand answerability. then. These are ,he ,wo organizing ideas. it tun" ou,. 01aofUNOVISinVi"bsk.ItisEl'- i"i tlky',propa-gandahoardputs ,he ideasatoddswithnneano,herso tiercely- RedSquare versusBlack Cirde. Stank;ve ... os,he crackling of , hemovement01nun-objectivity_,h., ,hebondgoes on(andwillgoon.I think I havingaesthetic life Nihilismandanswerability.And above 311 - 'hird lerm_ thestate. The state. perhaps tho scofferswillbepro.ed right.Mtheage01 revolUTions"hascomcloanend,anditmayrvenbe,har,hedcathof,hemetaphmi,nobad 01idealizationsandapostasies-repeti'ionsofY.arL.Perhaps,hephraseof Marx's ,ha'willtum omtomost trul y prophetic (i t isMarx 3!hi, most utopian)i.hisopinion.orhope hat"th. workingdass has noidealsto realize." Ihopeso.Butthejobof this inany,a,c.hasnotbeentolaythe groundlorpred""ionsahoutthefutu,e.onlytopoi n'ou'thehorrorsofth p"st -the horrors of modernization. andofso many of the efforts (even ,he best andmOstruthless)toimaginemoderni, yo, herwi ..,.Weneed10knowIhese horrors. I 'hink,andwh3!the horr""tried to address. if weare 10have lh eleast "ho",.oftransformingan)thing.Weneedtoknow,h.truefaee01Our opponent.ThatiswhyEILis,inky'spropagandab(x ..dwi llnotgoaway.II shows u. rhe Sta'e shouti ng (asitusually doesl through the revol o'ion smouth. Thi.doubleimageough,' 0hestampedonourbrow, .Ifeel.or sewn on Oor sleeves.Forwhetherornot,h. age01revolut;onsisover.theageof, ta,e fmma'ionhasonly iustbegun. 6The UnhappyConsciousness Faraiunversciedrci,nicn' noncrdcminid"autragcn, nonerd',mor nidenickrrnau, qu'enonsio,roba" enciurmcn su,unchivau sp"'akofmeo, mh.r"lof ICarc".. alnlade; I'hosta'cptarl ha ....... rehi.cy..., Noftastewithstrong opinionsarc always"arbitersoftaste"1havealreadydecreedthatPollock'sisthegreat Americanpaiming Ih,worldhasbeenwaiting for:so thatDouglasMacAgyin theA1agdz;m:ofArl forMar,h'949,for""ample.writing ingentraltermSof thedi"orcebelwttn painters and firstof alldescribewhathesees

thecompanyof wr iterscongenial"- and runonquite dend)',"' ifhisaudien'"willknowwhatIt,means,10twosignificant""ccp-tions, Thoma" !-Inrtlkntonandthe critic Thomas Craven, andGreenbergand Pollock:"ClementGreenberg'scSp"usalof JacksonPollock'sworkmuSthave beenus.!ultothntartist."" A lotof MacAgy'sreadns wouldhn,'cputitwith moreofa snarL Therelationbe,weenGrt't'nbergandPollockisallthemOTeinteresting becauseitwassodC:lrlynot.atthelevelofb"icaestheticpreferencesand commitment' .anea,yone.PollockwasdoingthebestpaintinginAmerica, Greenberg thought.buta10'of the timehewonderedhow.Al l of the qualities herightl yfoundin paintingin'946and[947- ,he"Goth ic-ness, paranoia andresemmen,,"the"morbid" atmosphere, thewish tobe"wildand ntraVOlgant."theAmericanandstridenc)',",he COnstantwhiff of Poe andSaJe" - alithese are the opposite of whar Greenbe rg considertdtberealstrengthsofthemoderntradition,andwhathe hopedmight next"i nthiscountry., hedevelopmentof"bland,large,balanced, Apollonianartinwhichpaoringqualitie,workedforhim-evenGrc'enbergdcspised mOSt."Gothicnes,," forexample, in was a code word for Surrealism,thanwhichartcOllklsinknolower.has revived all the Gothicrevivals,"flein'944, "andacquire,moreand of aperiod flavor,goinginforFaustianlore,andAamboyantinteriurs, alc hemisticmythology, what"'"", else areheld to kthe excessesintaste of thepast.""Whors' " .... ,h of "mcr.. l'I'nung. _'I Th.J,bs. 3 rtl'und Pur,h,,,) ah""'ClionW",rooled;n"pr,,';ou.(ma)"hecontinuing)dreamofgender wriring;Isclf 10dearh , Th" agai nispll,nt,.}",Inmyview - andprofoundl)'a masculine onc.),100,, (wa)',rhlnk Ihey canWrilerhelrwa)" 10Ih.worn""Insid. Ih na" o rheir,adi'lic cake and eat ir.The dreami.furi l."tidl\ssoofit"n,lh.mOfl'difficulrqueslioni,,,,I>'-lh,r lh. energy (Ih.forms)rclc""'d hyIhe dr.aming ,implyIh. orpun v;e",."inmindof itslimits. that thedramaofdas, i"pdt out dir.ctlyinPollock,Ullicnessandkingline,s occurinhisartonlyinsofarasthey arepartofadreamof sex- astagingof sexualpowersandhumiliations.MaybeI believeIwearehackto anof Foucault'sargument)thatthistoo- thefactthatsel fhoodcanonly,ormost oourgeoiseconomy 01bodie, .ButthatdoesnOtalterthefirstworkofinterpretation(whichin Pollock'sca"" hashardly I liSlare, for Pollock, firstand foremosl qualilies of bodie, on their way lor not on th10orgasm. Classmayor may nolbeKwhatPollockhasto sayH_ whathe say. itwilh i,alwaysgender.HNoner d'amor nidejoven" could never h avebtt n his \Var.Thedrippaintingthatseemstomedosestintemper10Ihe nightmaresof'943and'944isTheWooden Torhatextentiti, an excep,ion,almostaholdover,in,he drippaintingperiod:ildoesnotrepresent whatPollocknormallyhopedandworkedforfromhi,newtechnique.The

rakeovermorefullyfromtheUnhappyConsciousnessandgiverise,atleasl tentatively,to H"ales of Our of the""might (vcnrually come anewkind of figuration,andevenof sexualdifference - onenNHcutnotnegative, nol introducedbyfiar,nOIunformed nor unfounded hutWhichhrings me tomy startingpoint,thephotograph,inVogue. MentioningtheminthesamebreathasTheWoodmHorsemay""emlike loadingthedice.l donNdoittoglorifyonemomentofPollock'spainting at tnecxpenseof another,or evenrostigmatizethe whole of abstractpaint ingby associatingitwithhautecouture,Theword asMichaelFried', useofitdemonstrates,islikelytorecoilonallofu,inlime.Whatthe juxlapositionismeant to suggeslissimply rhat abstra"t arthaslivedform,,,h ofils lifeinproducrive anxietyaooUItheusesthe culturemighlmakeof it.In particular ithasclaimedInotonlyinthalrncordcrs artwoulddiscover hydoing away with resemblance would be the opposile of easy or enticing: Iney wouldnot simplybeHdecorative."The claimwas serious, andhadrealeffects. Butinrofarastheciaimistestable by looking atwhatsociely actually didwilh abstract works of art, tnenwecould say that indeed Ihey havebttn thougnt 1o bed.corative, andputtnrollghrheirpacesintnarspirit. Th.y have Sttmedthe backdrop to ball gown and bolero, 10 the blackti . at the local musc"m,andthe""rioushusinessofmakingmoney. Of course, someone might reasonablyreply at thispoint that any culture will Useart asiI5.""nt,andlhatthe veryidea of artre,isting,nchincor porationis pieinrhesky.Ata eenainlevelof loworhighcynici,m,thereisnoanSwer to ,hal.Atorherlevels,afewunsatisfactoryanswersoccur.Y ..,thisideaaoour art'srelationtoitshostculrurrispieinIhcsky;burSOaremOSl,perhapsall, other ideas aoou! art's purpose, and responsibi1iries - art asrhc vehicle of TrUln or transcendence,forone;art as disrilling tnehardpossibilities of Geisl;artas openingOIUOaterriroryoffreeplayandpleasure;artaspUllinganendt referenceandbeingabletoliveoffitsownresourO"Comespurenon..,n..,).But "hot"'"isStill Rderenceisimper'urbable.Abstracrionisparasi,icOn likrness. h"wevermuch achievement inabsispoimin gloth.ir 7InDefenseof Abstract Expressionism you.peakof ,h. ageinwhichgrea,form. apP"ar, only",be':llC< ",'el y.The"m.in"P1""'ft\t""" ......... lddu,. lotGuill""LJ/.I ,s..>IOo.Ulds.to,yo' "",i . li,," h...boondiiferci0. CP.l:jJJ . "Andi1lCQn[''''''''''''Ypooi'iYi5l ...\l.:tlin.J/"....,Allt"Crooo,LzRioool",

10 ... ",,,Olin.M.rd"" .... rtIN.",York. MyloI.,wt.o..workon Cubrompu""'.lImh..... I>ocu ...... ,.rr .. i.I""onrl..ly, ....Po,01m""hI.,... mOnoto",..to""", ntth< """"""" ., nd_tw,,,,h' rgu",,,,r 'pi",, rhe" .w"ICobi"",[.mproJX" in g. Cobi"I"inting.i"Ein".i,,,opinIOn. ,ttClo.;".. et "n"'""Iunt lin,,, ,h< m. in"' ''o.o.uJ "'".'.... " hed100- didl.ny "''-'hEin",,,,w.. inhi. .r"",Pi...,.>VOI ..... I"' C".iu ..... "","noonlr.>b/omonvln.""'n>lt ,.:.h JcltI.........I'ic ...,no... '1'f'Oyy A!Jin .. ,." bl"InYr. AI .. ,n "li.>irzkr. .. J,doI....p.> ... ,n c.lc-....}t."Ch.u""linuto!os.... II'''....Y""' AIo",110, ...."Moll""''I'''',, ... H,,a. o6;SI,. . Wolf. Joo, Sj,j",,,,,,i"S5ub"J,,cJjj,SiI' rrT ,. 19JO),JL6, Jl:5t>mt,b,,,,of llM100. ,u.,l1.,.,.jj6.j46.j61.190: j60. )61: T..,. u./>.)'''T''' ....I.I'UOI/,.jOO'j60. .l6 r:T';"d.Uo. lI "T"",b/M Q .........)oc>;,60.,n: U1l"""",d ftg ...JH: U",,,IMlu.)J8. U",;,IM!Rhy,bmiraIDa"a). H6. 1O?:VM', ...j n 6.J7"W"'nyParlll.HJ.)76: '91' n". Wood .... 10_. JJJ. 11& P"'''''''''''' ]'. ' 10.' J6., 6J. J'J. )'j. jJ6 :mil,. ,ol Puond.Eua.40J. 40]-1 1'o",.in.No>I ". 'J'. ,1\0; &J""""I"'"R........... o{ ,0 1'"",1.1.117.111" ",'41 rr.oo. ..hrnd''''d.9...,) R ..... Adolph{rbylb...k ''''m''',lL.,b,.",..""Jlr"".n .;gnin..'i"",inC.. l>t.m.,8 ,I,; MaltvifiokAII, Ru"i."UniQl1of Art

Vi,okG>mmi" ... fortMSr,uggf. 'g>.""Unompl"""""""47 Vn.hokDisoricrCommi" ... fo