MODERN PERIOD – 1750-1914MODERN PERIOD – 1750-1914

The long 19The long 19thth century… century…Shaped by the West. West is Shaped by the West. West is

king. West is the best.king. West is the best. - you are better off being a colony - you are better off being a colony in most of the world (except in the in most of the world (except in the Americas).Americas). - Major question – how did groups - Major question – how did groups react/resist/reform to the Western react/resist/reform to the Western aggression and power?aggression and power?

MODERN PERIOD – 1750-1914MODERN PERIOD – 1750-1914

How did China handle the West in How did China handle the West in comparison to Japan?comparison to Japan?How did China handle the West in How did China handle the West in comparison to the Middle East? Ie. comparison to the Middle East? Ie. Ottomans responded with greater Ottomans responded with greater flexibility but neither did that great flexibility but neither did that great in responding.in responding.Africa/India – both colonies but had Africa/India – both colonies but had different results.different results.

ThemesThemes

Two themes end, Two themes keep Two themes end, Two themes keep going, Two new themes.going, Two new themes.

1.1. Themes that end:Themes that end: Colombian Exchange ends – Colombian Exchange ends –

Western Hemisphere population Western Hemisphere population surge slows but persists in surge slows but persists in Europe / world.Europe / world.

Theme 2 that ENDSTheme 2 that ENDS

2. Land-based gunpowder empires 2. Land-based gunpowder empires end. Why? A. new pressures from end. Why? A. new pressures from Europe (ie. Mughals, OttomansEurope (ie. Mughals, Ottomans

B. Global implications of B. Global implications of nationalism – people are wanting nationalism – people are wanting POLITICAL identity / political POLITICAL identity / political individuality – smaller states are individuality – smaller states are created. created.

2 themes that continue2 themes that continue

1.1. Rise of the West – Rise of the West – Increasing industryIncreasing industry Increasing military edge, Increasing military edge,

especially in regard to land-based especially in regard to land-based power – including sending boats power – including sending boats upriver (Africa), telegraph, upriver (Africa), telegraph, repeating rifles, artillery, and new repeating rifles, artillery, and new medicines (more effective in medicines (more effective in tropical areas.tropical areas.

1.1. World Economy.World Economy.

Continued theme 1 -Rise of the WestContinued theme 1 -Rise of the WestRest of the world notices – ie. France Rest of the world notices – ie. France beating Egypt (Mamelukes) in 1798 – beating Egypt (Mamelukes) in 1798 – shows M.E. that they are in trouble.shows M.E. that they are in trouble.Opium Wars in ChinaOpium Wars in ChinaCrimean WarCrimean War1853-54 – Conquest of Japan1853-54 – Conquest of JapanConquest of AfricaConquest of AfricaWest can go anywhere they want West can go anywhere they want militarily (exceptions – Japan and militarily (exceptions – Japan and Ethiopia).Ethiopia).

Continued Theme 2 – World Continued Theme 2 – World EconomyEconomy

Economic advantage of West Economic advantage of West expands.expands.Making processed goods – and Making processed goods – and MORE of them.MORE of them.Undercutting Latin American and Undercutting Latin American and Indian handcrafters (many who are Indian handcrafters (many who are women).women).Sell more produced goodsSell more produced goods

Continued Theme 2 – World Continued Theme 2 – World EconomyEconomy

World economy drives World economy drives Imperialism – military and market Imperialism – military and market needs – Mahan, Turner, Social needs – Mahan, Turner, Social Darwinism.Darwinism.World economy works much World economy works much better during this Modern Period better during this Modern Period than it did in Early Modern Period.than it did in Early Modern Period.

Continued Theme 2 – World Continued Theme 2 – World EconomyEconomy

West still has dominant West still has dominant economies.economies.Cheap imports.Cheap imports.Gap continues to grow.Gap continues to grow.

When did Mercantilism end?When did Mercantilism end?

Formal mercantilism ends with Formal mercantilism ends with the French Revolution, although the French Revolution, although elements persist.elements persist.

How did poorer countries strike How did poorer countries strike back?back?Cheap labor, raw materials, food, Cheap labor, raw materials, food, cheap factory goods (Oriental rug cheap factory goods (Oriental rug factories).factories).

How did poorer countries strike back?How did poorer countries strike back?

Textiles, plasticsTextiles, plasticsJapan and Korea were successful Japan and Korea were successful at fighting back – used cheap labor at fighting back – used cheap labor to close the gap with West. Ie. to close the gap with West. Ie. Japan in 1900 – silk produced by Japan in 1900 – silk produced by slave women.slave women.Japan pushed against Western Japan pushed against Western pressure.pressure.

Continued Theme 2 – World EconomyContinued Theme 2 – World Economy

Additional areas brought into Additional areas brought into subordination:subordination:

•Africa – what do you do to replace Africa – what do you do to replace the slave trade to make money later the slave trade to make money later on in the Modern Period? Answer – on in the Modern Period? Answer – vegetable oil, other goods including vegetable oil, other goods including still some slaves.still some slaves.

Continued Theme 2 – World EconomyContinued Theme 2 – World Economy

Externality is abolished – you HAVE to Externality is abolished – you HAVE to be a player in the world economy to be a player in the world economy to survive – applies to China / Asia – no survive – applies to China / Asia – no territory is outside of the world territory is outside of the world economy during this period.economy during this period.Coercive labor ends mostly – Coercive labor ends mostly –

•Economics – slavery too costly – free Economics – slavery too costly – free labor you can fire people with no upkeep. labor you can fire people with no upkeep. Growth in world population also helps Growth in world population also helps end slavery.end slavery.

Coercive labor ends mostlyCoercive labor ends mostlyIe. AmericasIe. AmericasAbolitionists and humanitarians Abolitionists and humanitarians also help end slavery.also help end slavery.

Two new themesTwo new themes

1. Industrial Revolution – starts 1. Industrial Revolution – starts around 1750 and goes for about around 1750 and goes for about 80 years plus.80 years plus.

Effects:Effects: Children become an economic Children become an economic

liability – start going to school liability – start going to school (although many work in factories as (although many work in factories as well early on).well early on).

Reduction of birthrateReduction of birthrate Changes family structureChanges family structure

New ThemesNew Themes2. Non-Western response – second half 2. Non-Western response – second half of 19of 19thth Century – how much do other Century – how much do other countries need to change or copy to countries need to change or copy to get the West off their back?get the West off their back?

•Military buildup – have to copy Military buildup – have to copy West.West.•Industrialize – Industrialize –

Japan does a good job of handling Japan does a good job of handling both of the issues above without both of the issues above without becoming too Westernized.becoming too Westernized.

Theme 3 – REAL GlobalizationTheme 3 – REAL GlobalizationReaches the lives of everyday Reaches the lives of everyday people.people.Components:Components:

•Technology – telegraphTechnology – telegraph•Transportation – steam, shipping, Transportation – steam, shipping, RailroadsRailroads•Canals – Suez, PanamaCanals – Suez, Panama•Corporations – Singer sewing, Corporations – Singer sewing, international harvesterinternational harvester•Cultural – spectator sports.Cultural – spectator sports.