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Models for tackling Lebanon’s electricity crisis
Key messages1. Progressrequiresarecognitionofreality.EffortstoreformLebanon’s
electricitysectorhavefailedbecausetheyhaveattemptedtourgepoliticalactorstoimplementchangeswhichrundirectlyagainsttheirownpoliticalinterests.Thereissubstantiveinternationalevidence,includingfromSOASACE’sworkonthesectorinNigeria,thatprogresscanonlybemadewhenthereisaproperunderstandingofthepoliticaleconomyofthecontextandsolutionsareconsistentwiththenatureofthatreality.
2. ‘Secondbest’solutionscanbepoliticallyfeasible–buttheyareuncertainandcomewithrealrisks.Findingsolutionsthatarefeasiblerequiresaprocessofexperimentation;itishardtoknowinadvancewhetheranyparticularapproachwillwork,whichcreatesuncertainty.Moreover,thepoliticallyfeasiblesolutionsthatarefoundmaywellbe‘secondbest’–theymayyieldusefulimprovements,butfailtoaddresskeyweaknesses,leavesomegroupsbehindorevenunderminefaithinthecentralstate.
BriefingPaper
Credit:Fotokon/Shutterstock.com
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IntroductionLebanon’selectricitysectorissufferingseverechallenges,withincreasinglyfrequentandlengthyblackoutsandaseriousriskofthecollapseoftheentiresystem.Thenationalelectricityutility,ElectricitéduLiban(EDL),wasalreadyinafragilefinancialsituation,butthishasbeenexacerbatedbythesevereeconomiccrisisthecountryisexperiencing.Theconfluenceofbanking,financial,socialandhealthcriseshasresultedintheerosionofpublicconfidenceandarapiddeteriorationofbasicpublicservices.Theshortageofforeigncurrencymeansthattheutilityisunabletoobtainequipmentandsparepartsformaintenance,whilefuelsuppliesarealsothreatened.ThesefactorscompoundtheoperationalchallengesofbothEDLandprivatedieselgenerators,pushingcitizenstoseekalternativesolutions.
On4February2021,theIssamFaresInstituteattheAmericanUniversityofBeirut(AUB),incollaboration
1 Thefullwebinarcanbefoundonthislink
withThePolicyPractice(TPP)andtheSOASAnti-CorruptionEvidence(ACE)consortium,hostedawebinarentitled‘ModelsfortacklingLebanon’selectricitycrisis’.ThisbroughttogetherexpertsfromLebanonandaroundtheworldtoexploredifferentstrategiestoaddressthecountry’selectricitychallenges:fromthedecentralisedmodelpromotedbyconcessionssuchasÉlectricitédeZahle(EDZ),tothecentralisedgovernmentplanthatadvocatestheexpansionofthermalpowergeneration.Thediscussionalsoexaminedtheevolvingroleofrenewableenergyinbothmodelsanditsadoptionbyanumberofmunicipalities.
Thisbriefingpapersummarisestheviewsofthekeyspeakersanddiscussants.Itdrawstogetherthekeythreadsofthediscussion–identifyingthecommonalitiesandthepointsofdisagreement–andprovidessometentativesuggestionsaboutthewayforwardforthesector.1
Ali AhmadSenior Fellow, AUB Issam Fares Institute and Harvard Kennedy School of Government
Electricity concession models: achieving reform at the margins
ThecurrentpoliticaleconomycontextofLebanonhasbeenresistanttoanymeaningfulcentralreformsintheenergysector.Consequently,areformed,concessions-basedanddecentralisedpowergenerationwithsubstantialbutwell-regulatedprivate-sectorparticipationappearstobeaneffectivemodeltoaddressthecountry’smostpressingenergyneeds.Althoughthecurrentconcessionmodelisunsustainable–givenitsdependenceonseeminglysubsidisedelectricitypurchasedfromEDLanditsrelianceonimporteddieselfueloil–itprovidesastartingpointforreformforthreereasons.
First,thecurrentlyoperatingconcessions(EDZandÉlectricitédeJbeil(EDJ))havewidepublicsupportwithintheirrespectiveterritoriesduetotheirtrackrecordofgoodserviceprovisionandtheirabilitytonavigatethelocalpoliticalcontext.Second,theyhave
muchbettertechnicalandmanagementperformancethanEDL(suchaslowerlossesandhighercollectionrates),whichultimatelytranslatesintobettercommercialperformance.Third,concessionsarebetterpositionedtograduallyadjustthetariffduetotheirgoodserviceprovision,whichisacknowledgedbyconsecutivegovernmentsasanessentialconditionofpricingreforms.
OurresearchhasshownthattheLebanesepublicarewillingtopaythefullcostofelectricityiftheyreceiveareliableandhigh-qualityservice(Ahmadetal.,2020).Inthelongerterm,thereformedconcessionmodelcouldbeusedtoachievehigherpenetrationofrenewableenergy.Thiswouldbebeneficialnotonlyforenvironmentalandsustainabledevelopmentreasons,butalsotominimisefuelprocurement,whichisamajorcontributortorent-seekingandcorruptioninLebanon.
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Muzna Al-MasriAnthropologist, researcher, consultant and co-founder of the Ebla Research Collective
Clientelism for improved energy services? Observations on community mobilisation
Socio-politicaldynamicshavebeenkeyinallowingEDZtoachieve24/7power.EDZfosteredinstrumentalandaffectiveclientelistictieswiththecommunitytoimproveitspositioninnegotiatingapoliticalsettlementwiththenationalelite.Itdidthisthrough:
1. Quality service: pre-datingthestartofEDZ’sownpowergenerationin2015,EDZoverhauleditsservicesinthe1990s.
2. Strengthening clientelistic ties: EDZprovidedsponsorshiptolocalsportsclub,schools,socialandreligiousinstitutions,journalistsandmediaoutlets,andalsoco-optedandemployedsomeofthegeneratorownerswhowouldhaveopposedEDZ.Since2010,thecompanyhascreatedandutilisedalocalcommitteetosupportitpublicly.
3. Building strong affective ties:advertisementcampaignsandreligious/communaleventshavegarneredsupportforEDZ,galvanizedprideinthecityofZahleandsustainedabondbetweenEDZandthepeopleofthecity.
Thiscommunitysupportwasevidentin2018when10,000peopleprotestedtodemandtherenewalofEDZ’sconcession.EDZleveragedthisinnational-levelnegotiations,whichresultedinthecompanybeinggrantedacontractextension.EDZ’sactionsillustratethevalueof‘bottomup’dynamics,eventhoughthiswasengineeredbyaprivate-sectoractor.
Box 1: The impact of 24/7 electricity in Zahle
Theprovisionof24/7electricitybyEDZhashadawiderimpactinfourways:
1. A decrease in stress,connectedtohavingtoadapttothe‘rhythm’ofelectricity.Intervieweeshavespokenof24/7powerasa‘blessing’andas‘relieffromamajorburden’.Thislargelypositiveeffectisfeltmostlyatthehouseholdlevel,bywomeninrelationtodomesticaffairsandbysmallbusinesses.
2. A sense of dignity.Zahleresidentsseetheprovisionofahigh-quality,reliable24/7electricityserviceasmuchmorethanjusttheproperfunctioningofatechnicalsector;theyattachtheirpositiveevaluationofthecompanytofeelingsof‘dignity’and‘humanity’.AlocalresidentofFerzolvillagedescribedelectricityinZahleasthe‘onlythingthatmakesusfeelhuman’.
3. Questioning the role of the state.TheperformanceofEDZisoftenviewedmorefavourablyrelativetothepoorperformanceofEDLandstateinstitutionsingeneral.WhenexplainingwhyEDZprovidesagoodservice,respondentselaboratedonthelonglistofproblemstheyhavehadwithEDL,includingfrequentpowercuts,low-qualityserviceanddelaysandcorruptioninrepairs.Similarcomplaintshavebeenmadeaboutotherstateservices,suchaswatersupplyandroadworks.OneactivistfromBarEliasexplained:‘ourexperiencewiththestateisreallybad....[Thestate]hasnotbeenhonestwithus...andthisiswhyyouwouldseeusexcitedaboutEDZ,becausetheyhavebeenhonestwithus.’
4. Stronger support for privatisation.ThesuccessofEDZhasledmanytoadoptanarrativeofprivatisation.EDZ’sperformance,comparedtothatofEDLandotherstateinstitutions,isseenasproofthatonlytheprivatesectorcanresolvesomeoftheprotractedproblemsofthepublicsectorinLebanon.
Source:Ahmadetal.(2020).
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Hassan HrajliProgramme Advisor and Project Manager, Energy and Environment Programme, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Mitigating the barriers to the integration of distributed renewable energy schemes
WhilewearewaitingforanewgovernmenttobeformedinLebanonandbegintheoverduereformsinthepowersector,distributedrenewableenergy(RE)canassistthecountrytoachievebetterenergysecurity.However,therearelegal,technicalandadministrativeconstraintsthatlimittherealisationofthefullpotentialofdistributedRE.
ThelegalbarriersarebeingtackledthroughaninitiativetoenactadistributedRElaw,whichissupportedbytheEuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(EBRD),theMinistryofEnergyandWater,EDLandtheLebaneseCenterforEnergyConservation(LCEC).Thislawwillpavethewayfornetmeteringinallitscategories,peer-to-peeron-siteandoff-sitetradingofREpower,andREequipmentleasingmodels.IfenactedbyParliament,thelawwouldfacilitateandexpandthedistributedREmarketinLebanon.
Yet,achievingeffectiveintegrationofrenewablesrequireswellgovernedcentralinstitutions.ThekeychallengeremainstoempowerandenableEDL’sautonomy,financialintegrityandhumancapacity,aswellasthatofanyentitythatmaybedesignatedwiththeresponsibilityforthemanagementandoperationofthedistributionnetworkundera
restructuredelectricitymarket.ThisisneededtoensuretheintegrationofdistributedREinthepowernetwork,toadministertheallocationofexportedortradedpowerfromdistributedrenewables,andtoenforceappropriatebillingprocedures.TheinnovationspermittedbythedistributedRElawalsorequireoversightfromaregulatoryauthority,onceestablished,toensurefairpricesandstructuresforpowerwheelingandnetmeteringschemes.Untilsuchanauthorityisestablished,distributedREsystemshavetobedesignedtomaximiseinstantaneouson-sitedemandandtominimisetheexportofpower(orusepower-to-Xmodels,includingstorage).Unfortunately,thecentralgovernmentcontinuestoprocrastinateontheimplementationofLaw462/2002,whichrequirestheestablishmentofanelectricityauthority.
Asaconsequence,Lebanesecitizensandinstitutionsarebetteroffreducingtheirrelianceoncentralisedsourcesbygeneratingtheirownpowerthroughmoresustainableandcost-effectivetechnologies.However,thefullpossibilitiesorpotentialofdistributedREgenerationwillnotbeachieveduntilthereareefficientmanagement,assetsandoperationswithinthecentralisedpowermarketwithwhichthesesystemscaneffectivelyintegrateandsuccessfullycomplement.
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Alix ChaplainPhD student in sociology and urban studies, Centre for International Relations Studies (CERI), Sciences Po Paris
The emergence of hybrid mini-grids in Lebanon
Overthelastfewyears,becauseoftheshortcomingsoftheLebaneseState,certainsmall,ruralmunicipalitieshavedevelopedcollectiveelectricitysupplysystemsbasedonrenewables.Comparativeanalysisoffourhybridphotovoltaic(PV)/dieselmini-gridsrevealsthestrategies,relationshipsandintereststhatshapethedevelopmentofthesesocio-technicalinnovations.
● Acommunity-ledprojectinBaaloulembodiesacooperativeandparticipatorymodelandhasstrengthenedthelocalcommunitybyprovidingacollectiveandlocalelectricityservice.Initially,inhabitantswantedtheirowndieselgenerationsystem,buttheythenreceivedagrantfromCaritasandtheUnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID)tobuildandinstallamini-PVgridsystem.
● AsimilararrangementisinplaceinMenjez,withthedifferencebeingthatmanagementofthesystemisnotparticipatorybutrathercomesfromalocalleader/individual.ThemunicipalisationofthehybridPV/dieselmini-gridinMenjezisatoolforlocalgovernmenttolegitimiseanewlycreatedmunicipality,throughacollaborationwithapoliticisednon-governmentalorganisation.
● Themini-gridinQabrikhaembodiesaninternationalexperimentledbyCountryEntrepreneurshipforDistributedRenewablesOpportunities(CEDRO)andUNDPtoreformLebanon’smonopolisticmodel.Thisinitiativeproposesnationalregulationtoallowmunicipalitiestobenefitfromnet-meteringandinhabitantstoreducetheirelectricitybills.
● Finally,inafourth,anonymous,casestudy,severalprivatecompaniesdecidednotonlytobypassthepublicgrid,buttocompetewithitbyofferingconsumersanautonomousenergysupplywithbatteries.Thesemini-gridconfigurationsaimtosupplyelectricity24/7fortheinhabitantsofpoorandisolatedvillagesthroughamarket-drivenstrategywithprivateregulationandatariffthatenablesproviderstomakeaprofit.
However,inthefaceofpersistentshortagesandtheneedforrenewablesolutions,itremainsunclearhowmunicipalandprivateactorscanbegivenmoreopportunitieswithoutdeepeningterritorialdivisionsinLebanon.
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Jamil MoawadSenior Fellow, Arab Reform Initiative (ARI) and Lecturer in Politics, AUB
Reforming the electricity sector through the lens of a ‘kind’ state
AtatimewhentheLebanesepeoplearewitnessingboththecollapseoftheeconomicmodelandanincreasinglackoftrustinthegovernmentanditsinstitutions,whatdoesitmeantoreformtheelectricitysector?Leavingasidethetechnicalaspectsofreform,fromapoliticalperspective,oureffortsshouldprioritisethewell-beingofcitizensandequitableaccesstoservices.
Inparticular,reformingtheelectricitysectorisawayforthestatetore-establishitssovereignty,toenhancestate–societyrelationsandtorevivepublictrust.Themissionshouldbetomovefromthepost-civilwar,security-baseddivisionofthecountryintoseveralstatestowardsasinglecivilstatethatactsasaneutraldevelopmentalactor.Thereformofelectricityisawindowofopportunitytoreassertthecentralstate’scontroloverthecountryandtoguaranteeequalityforthepopulation.
Asacompany,EDZhassucceededbecauseofitscloseconnectionwiththecommunityandbecauseitprovides24/7electricity.However,ifwetakeintoaccountenvironmentalconcerns,aswellasconcernsoverthetypeofsocietyandstatewewanttobuild,EDZisnotasuccessstory.Rather,EDZpromotesseparatism(throughitsadvertisementsandgeographicalfocus)andlocalism(byinvolvingonlypeoplefromtheareaofZahle).Italsopromotesadecentralisedmodelofpowergenerationandsupply,whichdoesnotacknowledgetheimportantroleofthecentralstateinmonitoringtoavoidfurtherspatialinequalities.
Generally,whenorganisationsbehaveinthisway,peoplecallthemmafias.Insteadoffurtherentrenchingclientelismandpatronage,whichonlybenefitsthewealthy,thecentralstateshouldberevivedthroughreformoftheelectricitysectortoprovideaservicethatbenefitsallLebanesecitizens.
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Eric VerdeilProfessor, Sciences Po and researcher, Centre for International Relations Studies (CERI), Sciences Po Paris
Towards a more just model for decentralised electricity
SeveralresearchstudiesonthetopicofelectricityinLebanonhaveaddressedthequestionofwhethertocontinuetopushforthereformofEDLorifreforms‘atthemargins’,suchasthosebyEDZ,wouldbeamoreeffectivewayforward.Thefourspeakershaveshownthatattemptsatdecentralisedelectricityprovisionhavethreecommoncharacteristics:
1. Partial autonomy from state supply. BecauseofchronicshortagesandunreliabilityofsupplyfromEDL,additionalpowerisprovidedbyahybridofdieselgenerators,solarPVandsometimesbatteries.
2. The involvement of private companiesabletoinvestandefficientlymanagelocaldistribution.
3. Reliance on municipal and local powers or communities, whicharesupposedtorepresenttheinterestsoflocalcitizens.Thisisaformofpoliticaldecentralisation,whetherofficialornot.
However,thisapproachbegsseveralquestions:dothesemodelsrepresentaneffectivewayofsolvingtheelectricityprobleminLebanon?Isitpossible,ordesirable,tomovetowardscompleteautonomyfromthecentralgrid?Isitpossibletoscaleupfromthesemunicipalprojects?
TheEDZmodelhasachievedareasonablelevelofservicewhileavoidingchangingtheentiresystemand,critically,notchallengingtheinterestsinthefuelsupplychainforthecity.Buttheclaimthatthemodelcouldbereplicatedisdoubtful.OnekeyissueisthelowtariffthatEDZpaystoEDLforcentrallyprovidedelectricity,whichallowsEDZtoextractaprofit.Atthepoliticallevel,localauthoritieshavedisagreementsamongthemselveswhenitcomestothereplicabilityofthemodel,buttheysharethedesiretoobtainthesameprofitablearrangementasinZahle.Yet,thisarrangementhasacostforthewholecountry,which,ineffect,subsidisestheEDZmodel.Italsoshowsthatprivatisationshouldnotbeimplementedwithoutthepresenceofastrongpublicbodytomonitorandcontrolthefinances.Also,sincetheEDZmodeldependsonexternalfundingandexpertise,thisraisesquestionsaboutwhetherallmunicipalitiescouldgarnersuchsupport;ifnot,pursuingthismodelwillgeneratespatialinequalities.
Overall,theexamplesofdecentralisedprovisionshowthatthereisaneedformodelswheretariffstocustomersarebasedonthecostsoftheserviceandnotontheextractionofrents,aswellasformechanismstoreducethelargeinequalitiesinprovisionbetweenregions.
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Pallavi RoySenior Lecturer in International Economics, SOAS University of London, Research Director SOAS-Anti-Corruption Evidence Consortium
Aligning interests for feasible reform
Onethingthatemergesfromthediscussionsisthatbotheconomicandpoliticalriskmitigationarenecessaryforinvestmentsintheelectricitysectorwherethenationalgridisdysfunctionalorunderperforming.Insuchsituations,disaggregatedstrategiesofsupplymakesense,becauseitmaybeeasiertomakeprogressusinglocalnetworksandefficientinformalarrangements.However,sucharrangementsmaybeopposedbyplayerswhohaveaninterestinmaintainingthestatus-quo.Consequently,itisnecessarytochoosestrategiesthatalignwiththeinterestsofpowerfullocalplayers,andthatalsolinktheinterestsofthecommunitywiththoseoftheelectricitysuppliers.Unfortunately,suchstrategiesofpoliticalriskmitigation–asusedsoeffectivelybyEDZ–arelikelytobelessscalablethanstrategiesofeconomicriskmitigation.Thisposesachallengeforthereplicabilityofthemodel.
ThereareinterestingcomparisonsbetweentheLebaneseexperienceandtheworkoftheSOASAnti-CorruptionEvidence(SOAS-ACE)researchprogrammeonthepowersectorinBangladesh(Khanetal.,2020)andNigeria(Royetal.,2020).Inthosecountries,
anti-corruptionstrategiesrelyon‘insiders’havinganinterestinallactorsupholdingtherulesintheirsector.Suchhorizontalenforcementismoreeffectivethantop-downverticalenforcement,whichentailsattemptingtodisciplinepowerful,politicallyconnectedplayerswhohavelittleincentivetoadheretotherules.
Ingeneral,ourresearchhasfoundthatitisextremelyimportanttostudythepoliticaleconomycontextofthesector,particularlywhenlookingatdisaggregatedordecentralisedmodelsofpowersupply.Whileinthelongrun,thereisnosubstituteforthereformofthegrid,usefulprogresscanbemadeatthedisaggregatedscalefirst.Indeed,preciselybecausetheremaybefeasiblewaysofnavigatingthepoliticaleconomycontextatthelocallevelwhennational-levelprogressisblocked,disaggregatedmodelsflipthegrid-basedmodelwithinvestorslookingatnon-urbancommunitysupplyaseconomicallyviable.Suchdisaggregatedstrategiescanalsosolve(butoccasionallycreate)distributionaljusticeissues.Eitherway,thebottomlineisthatanti-corruptioneffortsintheelectricitysectorhavetobefeasibletohaveanimpact.
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Neil McCullochDirector, The Policy Practice
Finding a way ahead
Therearemanypointsofagreementbetweenthevariousspeakersanddiscussantsofthewebinar.Allagreethatthecentralstate’sroleintheelectricitysectorisinurgentneedofreform.AllagreethatitwouldbebestifLaw462/2002–whichcallsforaseriesofgovernancereformsinthesector,includingthecreationofanindependentregulator–wasimplemented.Allappreciatethatelectricityisacorepartofdailylifenotjustatechnicalservice;somethingthatprovidesdignityandwhichshapespeople’sviewsofthestate.Allwouldliketoseeagreaterroleforrenewablestoreducethedependenceonpollutingdieselgeneration.AndallunderstandthatthepoliticalsysteminLebanonisdrivenbyclientelism,whilerecognisingthat,sometimes,localclientelisttiescanbeusedtocreatethepolicyspaceforinnovation.
Buttherearealsotwomajorpointsofdisagreement.
Thefirstisaboutthe extent to which reform at the centre is a necessary condition for progress.HassanHrajliandJamilMoawadhaveemphasisedthecriticalroleofaneffectivecentralstateinbuildinganefficientelectricitysector.Theyseereformatthecentreasthecoreissuethatmustbeaddressed.Whileotherspeakersdon’tdenythevalueofsuchreform,AliAhmadandAlixChaplainhighlightexampleswheresignificantimprovementshavebeenachievedbyregionalorlocalplayerseitherbybypassingthecentre,orthroughstrategiccollusionwithcentralactors.
Thesecondissueisaboutfragmentation and inequality.JamilMoawadandMuznaAl-MasriregardEDZasamodelofclientelismandlocalism,inimicaltothecreationofaneffectivecentralstate.EricVerdeilpointstothewayinwhichEDZextractsrentsfromtherestofthecountry(aswellasitsowncustomers);anddoubtswhetherotherlocationswouldhavetheresourcesandinfluencetofollowasimilarpath.Allthreesuggestthatthiswouldnotbeagoodmodel
forthecountrysinceitwouldexacerbatespatialinequalities.Bycontrast,AliAhmadandAlixChaplainsuggestthatitmightbepossibletoadaptdecentralisedmodelsinawaythatwouldreducetheirnegativeimpactonthestatewhilepromotinginnovationandleadingtobetterservices,atleastinsomelocations.
Whilethereisnoeasyresolutionofthesedifferences,itispossibletodrawtwoimportantconclusionsfromthedebate:
1. Progress requires a recognition of reality.Fortoolong,effortstoreformLebanon’selectricitysectorhavefailedbecausetheyhaveattemptedtourgepoliticalactorstoimplementchangeswhichrundirectlyagainsttheirownpoliticalinterests.AsPallaviRoy’scontributionshows,thereissubstantiveinternationalevidencethatprogresscanonlybemadewhenthereisaproperunderstandingofthepoliticaleconomyofthecontextandsolutionsareconsistentwiththenatureofthatreality.
2. ‘Second best’ solutions can be politically feasible – but they are uncertain and come with real risks.Findingsolutionsthatarefeasiblerequiresaprocessofexperimentation;itishardtoknowaprioriwhetheranyparticularapproachwillwork,whichcreatesuncertainty.Moreover,thepoliticallyfeasiblesolutionsthatarefoundmaywellbe‘secondbest’–theymayyieldusefulimprovements,butfailtoaddresskeyweaknesses,leavesomegroupsbehindorevenunderminefaithinthecentralstate.
Byrecognisingthepoliticalrealityandexperimentingwithsolutions,whileattemptingtoamelioratetheirdisadvantages,itishopedthatLebanonmayfindapathwayoutofitselectricitycrisis.
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ReferencesAhmad,A.,McCulloch,N.,Al-Masri,M.andAyoub,M.(2020)From dysfunctional to functional corruption: The politics of reform in Lebanon’s electricity sector. ACEworkingpaper030.London:SOASUniversityofLondon(https://ace.soas.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ACE-WorkingPaper030-DysfunctionalToFunctional-201214.pdf).
Chaplain,A.(2021)L’émergencedemini-réseauxhybridesd’électricitéauLiban:versunedifférenciationterritorialedesdispositifsdefournitureénergétique,InstitutfrançaisduProche-Orient,https://ifpo.hypotheses.org/10952
Khan,M.,Matin,M.,Zahan,I.,Ashraf,Z.andAjefu,J.(2020)Cheaper, cleaner power: De-risking as an anti-collusion strategy in Bangladesh. ACEworkingpaper023.London:SOASUniversityofLondon(https://ace.soas.ac.uk/publication/de-risking-as-an-anti-collusion-strategy-bangladesh/).
Roy,P.,Iwuamadi,K.C.andIbrahim,J.(2020)Breaking the cycle of corruption in Nigeria’s electricity sector: a political settlements analysis. ACEworkingpaper020.London:SOASUniversityofLondon(https://ace.soas.ac.uk/publication/electricity-nigeria-political-settlement-analysis/).
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About the Anti-Corruption Evidence (ACE) Research Consortium:
ACEtakesaninnovativeapproachtoanti-corruptionpolicyandpractice. FundedbyUKaid,ACEisrespondingtotheseriouschallengesfacingpeopleandeconomiesaffectedbycorruptionbygeneratingevidencethatmakesanti-corruptionreal,andusingthosefindingstohelppolicymakers,businessandcivilsocietyadoptnew,feasible,high-impactstrategiestotacklecorruption.
ACEisapartnershipofhighlyexperiencedresearchandpolicyinstitutesbasedinBangladesh,Nigeria,Tanzania,theUnitedKingdomandtheUSA.TheleadinstitutionisSOASUniversityofLondon.Otherconsortiumpartnersare:
• BRACInstituteofGovernanceandDevelopment(BIGD)• BRACJamesP.GrantSchoolofPublicHealth(JPGSPH)• CentreforDemocracyandDevelopment(CDD)• DanishInstituteforInternationalStudies(DIIS)• EconomicandSocialResearchFoundation(ESRF)• HealthPolicyResearchGroup(HPRG),UniversityofNigeria
Nsukka(UNN)• IfakaraHealthInstitute(IHI)• LondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine(LSHTM)• Palladium• REPOA• TransparencyInternationalBangladesh(TIB)• UniversityofBirmingham
ACEalsohasawellestablishednetworkofleadingresearchcollaboratorsandpolicy/uptakeexperts.
The Policy Practice
ThePolicyPracticeisaleadingconsultancyworkingonthepoliticaleconomyofinternationaldevelopment.Itappliesmulti-disciplinarypoliticaleconomyanalysistounderstandtheprocessesofsocio-economicchangeindevelopingcountries.Thisunderstandingisthenusedtohelpdevelopmentpartnersdesign,implementandevaluateprogrammesbasedonarealisticassessmentofthechallengesandopportunitiesinanygivencontext.ThePolicyPracticealsomanagesoneoftheworld’sleadingprogrammesoftrainingonpoliticaleconomyanalysis.Seewww.thepolicypractice.comformoreinformation.
The Issam Fares Institute
Inauguratedin2006,theIssamFaresInstituteforPublicPolicyandInternationalAffairs(IFI)attheAmericanUniversityofBeirut(AUB)isanindependent,research-based,policy-orientedinstitute.Itaimstoinitiateanddeveloppolicy-relevantresearchinandabouttheArabworld.
TheInstituteaimsatbridgingthegapbetweenacademiaandpolicymakingbyconductinghighqualityresearchonthecomplexissuesandchallengesfacedbyLebaneseandArabsocietieswithinshiftinginternationalandglobalcontexts,bygeneratingevidence-basedpolicyrecommendationsandsolutionsforLebanonandtheArabworld,andbycreatinganintellectualspaceforaninterdisciplinaryexchangeofideasamongresearchers,scholars,civilsocietyactors,media,andpolicymakers.
Anti-Corruption Evidence (ACE) Research ConsortiumSOAS,UniversityofLondon,ThornhaughStreet,RussellSquare,LondonWC1HOXGT +44(0)2078984447•E [email protected]•W www.ace.soas.ac.uk
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