Models and Dimensions of the Earth

8/14/2019 Models and Dimensions of the Earth

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Models and Dimensions of the EarthModels and Dimensions of the Earth

I. Model

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________

2. ______________________ provides us with information

through our sense of sight.

6. ______________________ a physical model with moving

parts so that it can perform the

functions as the originalobject.

9. ______________________ provides a picture of a

relationship of symbols, formulas

and equations.

11. ______________________ models that can only exist in

someones mind.

Anything that represents the propertiesof an object

Physical

Mechanical

Graphic

Mental


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Shape of the Earth

A. __________________ - __________________

2. __________________

1. __________________

3. Diagram of an ____________________________________

4. Earths equatorial circumference is__________________

than its polar circumference.

6. Polar circumference is______________________________.

5. Equatorial circumference is _________________________.

Oblate Sphere Flattened sphere

Flattened at poles

Bulges at equator

oblate sphere

greater

40,076.16 km

40,008 km


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B. Causes of the Earths Shape

2. _________________-an inward pulling force. This force pullsinward equally in all directions and causes earth to be__________________.

7. _________________-an apparent outward force caused by thespinning (or rotating) of earth on its axis. This force causes earthto ____________________.

a. The faster the rotational speed, the _________________ thecentrifugal force.

b. How long does it take each

location to make one

complete rotation?

X ________

Y ________

c. Which location, X or Y travels

a greater distance to make

one complete rotation?

_______________________

d. At which location, X or Y, is

the rotational speed the

greatest?

________________________

e. At which location, X or Y, the centrifugal force greater?

____________________________________________________

f. Given the answer for E, the greater centrifugal force causes the

earth to bulge at the ____________________________________

KEYForce ofGravity

XY North Pole

Gravity

spherical

Centrifugal force

bulge

greater

24 hrs

24 hrs

Y

Y

Y

equator


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C. Evidence of Earths Shape

1. Photographs from Earth reveal that the Earth is

_______________________

2. Observations of ships on the horizon

The gradual APPEARANCE or DISAPEARANCE of a ship over the

horizon is evidence that Earths surface is ___________________.

3. Observations of an eclipse of the Moon

a. As viewed from space:

As the moon orbits Earth and travels from Position 1 to Position 2, it

asses throu h .

1

2

almost a perfect sphere

curved

Earths shadow


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b. As viewed from Earth:

At Position 1 At Position 2

c. Earths shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipseprovides evidence that Earth is ______________.

8. Measurement of Gravity

a.

g. The shorter the distance between two objects, the greaterthe gravitational force. Therefore a person or object that iscloser to the center of the Earth would weigh more thanwhen the person or object is farther from the center ofgravity.

h. (1) If Earth is an oblate spheroid where on the surface of

earth would a person be closer to the center of the Earth?

_______________________________________________

(2) Where on the surface of Earth would a person weigh the

most? __________________________________________

k. Under what circumstance would a person weigh the same

everywhere on Earth? _____________________________

_______________________________________________

spherical

At the poles

At the poles

If Earth was a perfect sphere


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1. Observation of the North Star, Polaris

a.The altitude of Polaris changes as an observer moves north orsouth (in the Northern Hemisphere): this is because Earth is_________________ and its surface is _________________.

4

3

2

1

ALTITUDE OFPOLARIS

LATITUDEOBSERVER

Latitudeis alwaysequal to

thealtitude of

Polaris

round curved

90 90

58 58

26 26

0 0

1

2

3

4


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_________________________

Location 1 = ________ N Lat.

_________________________

Location 2 = ________ N Lat

________________________

ocation 3 = ________ N Lat.

_________________________

Location 4 = ________ N Lat.

d. Summary __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

90 42

26 0

The altitude of Polaris is equal tothe latitude of the observer

Finding Polaris


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IV. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

A. Latitude___________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

3. Parallels _____________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

4. Equator _____________________________________________

____________________________________________________

5. North and South Poles _________________________________

____________________________________________________

Angular distance north andsouth of the equator

Lines used for measuring latitude; runeast to west parallel to the equator

O latitude, starting place formeasuring latitude

90 latitude, maximumlatitude

0

10

90

80 70

60 50

40 30

20


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B. Longitude____________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

2. Meridians ________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

3. Prime Meridian

________________________________________

____________________________________________________

4. International Date Line _________________________________

____________________________________________________

Angular distance east or west ofthe Prime Meridian

Lines used for measuring longitude;run north /south from pole to pole

0 longitude; starting place formeasuring longitude

180 longitude, it is the

maximum longitude

North Pole

Prime Meridian

International Date Line

0

180

1530

45

6075

90

115

130

145

160175

15 30

45

6075

90

115

130

145

160175

EasternHemisphe

reW

esternHemisphere


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10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

LongitudeLatitudeLocation

C. How to Determine Latitude and Longitude

GF

E

D

C

BA

CONTINENTS

L

K

J

I

H

OCEANS

North AmericaAntarctica

Australia

Europe

Africa

South America

Arctic

Asia

Antarctic

Pacific

Atlantic

Indian

N 65N 65 W 118W 118

N 20N 20 W 155W 155N 42N 42 W 76W 76

00 W 60W 60

S 45S 45 W 74W 74S 25S 25 E 25E 25

N 40N 40 E 65E 65N 65N 65 E 105E 105

N 50N 50 E 151E 151

S 30S 30 E 120E 120


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. Earths Time Zones. Earths Time Zones

1. As Earth rotates on its axis, half of earth is1. As Earth rotates on its axis, half of earth is

facing the sun and is experiencing daylight; thefacing the sun and is experiencing daylight; the

other half is in darkness and experiencing night.other half is in darkness and experiencing night.

2. When the sun is directly over a certain meridian2. When the sun is directly over a certain meridian

(longitude line), it is 12 noon at any location at(longitude line), it is 12 noon at any location at

or near the meridian.or near the meridian.

3. THINK!3. THINK!

4. a. Number of time zones on Earth=4. a. Number of time zones on Earth=

________________________________________________________

b. Approximate width of each timeb. Approximate width of each time

zone= ______________________zone= ______________________

5. a. If it is Wednesday and you cross the5. a. If it is Wednesday and you cross the

International Date Line going west,International Date Line going west,

it would then be _______________.it would then be _______________.

b. It is Tuesday and you cross theb. It is Tuesday and you cross the

International Date Line whileInternational Date Line while

traveling east, it would then betraveling east, it would then be

_______________._______________.

. a. How many time zones are there in the continental U.S.?. a. How many time zones are there in the continental U.S.?

b. Is it earlier or later inb. Is it earlier or later in

California than New York?California than New York?

______________________________________________c. If it is 8:00 EST, what timec. If it is 8:00 EST, what time

is it in PST?is it in PST?

____________________________________________d. It is 6:00 MST, what time isd. It is 6:00 MST, what time is

it in EST?it in EST?

____________________________________________

24

15 degrees/1,669.8 km

Tuesday

Monday

Earlier

5:00

8:00


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V. FIELDS __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Isolines _____________________________________________

____________________________________________________

C. The diagram below shows an elevation field map of a

geographical region; the elevation is in feet (above sea level).

Complete this field map by drawing elevation isolines for 40, 50,

60, 70 and 8 feet.

1. What is the approximate elevation of point

A _____________________

B _____________________

C _____________________

2. Isolines that show elevation are called __________________.

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

6060

BB

70

7070

70

707070

80

80

80

50

50

5050

50

50

5050

50

4040

40

40

40

AA

CC

A region of space that has ameasurable value of a givenproperty

Lines on a field map connecting all

points of the same value

71-79

41-49

51-59

contour lines


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A. The field map below shows weather data plotted for a Marchmorning.

1. What measurable property is shown on this map?________________________

2. Based on this property, the isolines on this map are called_____________________.

10. What is the approximate measurement of this property for NewYork State? ______________________________.

K. The field map below shows the average yearly rainfall in NYS.

22. Approximately how much rain falls each year in:

a. Buffalo, NY __________________________

b. Syracuse, NY _________________________

c. Jamestown, NY ________________________

temperature

isotherms

40

36

4042


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I. A simple topographic map

_________________________

1. _____________________________

3. __________________________

4. Contour interval _______________________________________

5. Highest possible elevation _______________________________

6. Which side of hill is the steepest? _________________________

7. How do the contour lines show a steeper slope? _____________

______________________________________________________

8. What three basic features of a landform do contour lines show?

a. __________________________________________________

b. __________________________________________________

c. __________________________________________________

J. River Valleys (the law of Vs) contour lines bend upstreamwhere they cross a river. This can be used to determine thedirection in which a river is flowing.

Contour line

Depression line Index Contour line

south

Lines are closer together

elevation

Steepness/ gradient

shape

STREAM FLOW

100 200

20

229


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VII. MAP READING SKILLS

N


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Map Direction

Complete the statements below to give the correct directionsbetween cities including north, east, south, west, northeast,southeast, southwest or northwest.

1. Sapporo is ________________ of Akita.

2. Kobe is_____________of Hiroshima.

3. Yokohama is ___________________ of Sendai.

4. Mt. Aso is _________________ of Nagoya.

5. Kitakyushu is ___________________of Osaka.

6. The island of Hokkaido is ____________________ of the airport.

7. Japan is _____________________of South Korea.

8. East China Sea is _____________________ of N. Pacific Ocean.

Map Distance

Use the given scale of kilometers to determine the distance betweenthe cities listed.

1. Sapporo to Kitakyushu = ______________________km

2. Hiroshima to Akita = ______________________km

3. Airport to Kitakyushu = ______________________km

4. Kobe to Nagoya = ______________________km

5. Mt. Aso to Akita = ______________________km

6. Osaka to Sendai = ______________________km

7. Hiroshima to Sapporo = ______________________km

EAST

NORTH

SOUTH

SOUTH WEST

WESTNORTH

EAST

WEST


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OCEAN

2017

40

94

102

63

42

110 10599 80

6159

77

85 54 36

60

50

78

2738 9

23

28

31

23

10

20

40

15

19

13

18

2939

43

49

7525

76

80

98

9410080

70

7850

63

111

125117

6080

89

113

118

116123

82 109

VIII. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP SKILLS

A

B

105100

8060

40 40 6080

100 109

40

00

80

60

0 20 40 60 80

C

DE

F


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C. Gradient _____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

1. Formula

2. Calculating Gradient

Use the elevation field map that you drew contour lines tocalculate the gradient between:

a. Point A and Point C

b. Point B and Point D

c. Point B and Point E

d. Point F and Point C

Rate at which elevation changes fromplace to place


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IX. PARTS OF THE EARTH

A. The three spheres of the outer Earth

1. ______________________the shell of gases thatsurrounds the Earth.

2. ______________________ the waters of Earth; its oceans,seas lakes and rivers

3. ______________________ the dense, solid outer shell ofEarth composed of rock

______________% of Earths surface is covered by land.

4. Which sphere of Earth is:

a. Most dense ______________________

b. Least dense ______________________

B. Earths Interior

1. _______________

3. _______________

2. _______________

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere

Lithosphere

About 30

Lithosphere

Atmosphere

Crust

Mantle

Outer Core

1,260,000,000,000,000,000,000 L

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Models and Dimensions of the Earth