Renewable energies | Eco-friendly production | Innovative transport | Eco-efficient processes | Sustainable resources

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland©20

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T. Euzen

Modelling of 4D Seismic Data for the Monitoring of the Steam Chamber Growth during the SAGD Process

E. Bathellier, L. Michel, S. Rodriguez, & F. Aubin

O. Lerat, F. Adjemian, A. Auvinet, A. Baroni, E. Bemer,R. Eschard, G. Etienne, G. Renard & G. Servant

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland2

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IntroductionSAGD: Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage

Fluvial/estuarine reservoirs are not homogeneousImpact on the steam chamber development ?

Cross-section ofthe steam chamber

SAGD process schematic representation

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland3

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Introduction4D seismic (Ex: Christina Lake)

between 2001 and 2004 surveys

Steam injectionreduction of viscosity and mobility ratio but also: rock and fluid expansion, compaction,oil vaporization,…

Map views of 4D seismic amplitude differencebetween 2001 and 2005 surveys

Zhang et al., 2005

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland4

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SeisMovie records a « movie » of productionPermanent network of buried sources and receivers High repeatability : tiny changes in reservoir can be measuredContinuous signal monitoring to observe short period variationsA wide range of applications

Steam and water injectionGas storageCO2 disposalEnvironmentally sensitive areas

What is SeisMovieTM ?

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland5

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IntroductionProject objectives

Imaging of the steam chamber evolution from 4D seismic data at early times of SAGD steam injection phaseImprovement of the interpretation of SeisMovie™surveys in heavy oil and bitumen productionImprovement of the understanding of physical laws driving the petro-elastic model during steam injectionDevelop a workflow for the interpretation of 4D

seismic data, based on a real field case

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland6

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Workflow

SensitivityTests

on PEM

InitialGeological

Model

1

1. Construction of the full-field static model

faciesΦ

K(initial)

Sagd PilotFluid-Flow Simulation

KΦKΦ

PT

SatPT

Sat

Geo-mechanical

Model

mechanicalproperties,constitutive laws

σε

2

2. Reservoir-geomechanics coupled modeling

TWT Velocities

Impedances

Maps of Attribute

Differencest3t2t1t0

t3t3t2t2t1t1t0t0

Sat, P, TStresses

Petro-ElasticParams 3

3. Seismic modeling and sensitivity tests

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland7

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1. Construction of the full-field static modelGeological model and static properties

2. Coupled modelingReservoir simulation (PumaFlow)Geomechanical modeling (Abaqus)

3. Seismic modelingImpact of thermal production on PEM (petroelastic model)

Illustration on a synthetic case

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland8

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1- Construction of the full-field static modelGeological model and static properties

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland9

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3434343434

1 mile

Q P

O J

I

HK

L N

F

M

ABC D E

Well pair trajectories

Hangingstone Field

Athabasca region (Alberta, Canada)

McMurray FormationOil viscosity 1 000 000 cp

(@ reservoir condition)Oil density 8° API16 horizontal well pairs50 vertical observation wells10 cored wells Production data (90 months)

All public data

"E"wellpair

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland10

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Well Log InterpretationM

cMur

ray

Fm.

Lithofacies 1

Lithofacies 3Lithofacies 2

Lithofacies 4Lithofacies 5

DevonianCarbonates

Open bay shales

Stacked tidal flats, Channels and bars

Tidal ravinementStacked meandering channelsWith tidal influence

Amalgamated fluvialBraided channels

Channel belt incision

Base Cretaceous unconformityUnit 1

Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 4

Coastal plain ?

COREDESCRIPTION

RESERVOIRUNIT

ELECTRO -FACIES

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland11

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Geostatistical Simulation of Facies Distribution

vertical exaggeration x10

1

32

45

reservoir

heterogeneity

5 lithofaciesMethod: Truncated Gaussian90 layersX,Y: 10m x 10mZ: 0.5m5.106 cells

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland12

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2. Coupled modeling

Reservoir simulation (PumaFlow)Geomechanical modeling (Abaqus)

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland13

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Properties exported to the reservoir model

3000mD

0.005mD

1000mD

0.001mD

10%

34%

20%1.0

0.15

Horizontal Permeability Vertical Permeability

Porosity Water Saturation

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland14

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Very fine reservoir grid (235,000 cells):X:10x2.5m; 50x1m; 10x2.5m Y: 41x20mZ: 61x0.5m; 5x1m; 5x2.5m

Block size 900m x 100m x 320m

Definition of the local SAGD reservoir model

injectorwell

producerwell

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland15

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Operating conditions in the wells for SAGD modeling

Warm up phase Four months @ constant T = 220°C

Steam injection: up to 6 yearsReal injection-production history at wells Steam trap control implemented

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland16

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Field data : (flow rates) Production history of E well pair

Steam (m3/d)

Oil+water (m3/d)

Stea

min

ject

ion

and

oil+

wat

er p

rodu

ctio

n

Time from start of steam injection

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland17

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Oil & Water production in the E well pair producer

Time from start of steam injection (days)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Cum

ulat

ive

oil p

rodu

ctio

n (m

3 )

OIL

WATER- Simulation- Field data

Reservoir simulation with PumaFlow

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland18

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% of steam rate along the injectorReservoir simulation with PumaFlow

% o

f ste

amra

te in

ject

ed

heel toe

0123456789

101112

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40Grid section number

5 days10 days30 days61 days92 days122 days183 days

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland19

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Impact of the shale mechanical behavioron the geometry of the steam chamber

Shales remain a barrier

5 23

Shales can reach rupture

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland20

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Negative thermal expansion coefficientYielding of shale materials

Temperature in section 5

ExplicitCoupling

Temperature field goes through the shale inclusion

One-wayCoupling

Temperature field is stopped by the shale inclusion

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland21

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Negative thermal expansion coefficientYielding of shale materials

Pore Pressure in section 5

Strong overpressure above shale breaks : T is high, oil expands but can not be produced

One-wayCoupling

Pressure

Homogeneous over-pressure as for clean sections

ExplicitCoupling

Pressure

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland22

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1 5 9 14 18 23 30 36 41 1 5 9 14 18 23 30 36 41

Temperature

Pore Pressure

Effective Stress

Materials

heel toe

Update of the petroelastic model

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland23

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3- Seismic modelingImpact of thermal production on PEM

(petroelastic model)

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland24

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Velocities and impedance calculation

P and S wave seismic velocitiesV = f(Knd,Gnd,1/ρ)

Geomodeler (Geometry, Parameters...)

Reservoir modeling

inputvisco(T)

outputP,T,S

Geomechanical modeling

outputσeff, φ

inputP,T

Fluid parametersKfl=f(P,T,S),Gfl=f(P,visco(T),S),ρfl= f(P,T,S)

Grain parametersρgr, Kgr, Ggr

Drained ModulusKd =f(σeff)Gd=f(σeff)

Hertz

Densityρ = ρgr*(1-φ)+ρfl*φ

Incompressibility & shear modulusKnd = f(Kd,Kgr,Kfl,φ), Gnd = f(Gd,Ggr,Gfl,φ)Generalized

Gassmann

Acoustic impedance& reflectivity

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland25

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Seismic modeling before production

1D seismic modeling (reservoir zone): Lithofacies (top), reflectivity coefficients convolved

by a 80 Hz Ricker (bottom)

materials

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland26

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Synthetic Seismograms in time

May June July Aug.April Dec.March Sept. Oct. Nov. Jan.

Warm up production

1 2 3 4 5 6

initial

2000 2001

1D convolution, Ricker - 80 HzAt the initial stage and after 6 months of production

40 ms

500 m

March 2000 January 2001

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland27

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Horizontal slices of P-waveat the injection well (depth -314.5m)

Pwave seismogram difference t-t0

2 - 1 3 - 1 4 - 1 5 - 1 6 - 1

Toe

Heel

Difference of amplitude with the base survey at initial time after depth conversion

2-1: end of warm-up3-1: 1st month of prod. 4-1: 2nd month of prod. 5-1: 4th month of prod.6-1: 6th month of prod.

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland28

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40 m

s40

ms

1123

40 m

s40

ms

40 m

s40

ms

lithofacies distribution

P-wave seismogram

oil saturation

SAGD Model after 3 Years of Production

IEA Collaborative Project on EOR – 31rst Annual Workshop and Symposium – 18-20 October 2010, Aberdeen, Scotland29

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Conclusions 1/2Fully integrated study from static to dynamic modeling

Geology, petrophysics, geomechanics, petroacousticsSimulations of full production history

Steam rate satisfied in the injectorOil and water rate satisfied in the producerProportion of oil and water respectedLateral steam connection between sections is taken into account

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Impact of heterogeneities on steam chamber developmentInfluence of shale beds on the steam chamber development is clear on 3D visualizationsMechanical behavior of shales needs to be further characterized

Seismic modelingPetroelastic modeling shows realistic imagesModel updates according to dynamic properties evolution

MonitoringImproved understanding expected through Seismovie interpretation

Further work: integration of the real seismic data

Conclusions 2/2