Modeling and Simulation in Emergency Response Charles McLean and Sanjay Jain DHS MS&A Support Project Modeling and Simulation for Emergency Response Project Manufacturing Systems Integration Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD Topics Project backgroundProject background Simulation and gaming system architectureSimulation and gaming system architecture Need for standardsNeed for standards Concept demonstration Dirty bomb attack scenarioConcept demonstration Dirty bomb attack scenario MS&A taxonomyMS&A taxonomy Exercise Control SystemExercise Control System SummarySummary Emergency Response Workshops at NIST March 2003: M&S for Emergency Response Open invitation, attracted 160 attendees Open invitation, attracted 160 attendees Focused on identifying technical capabilities Focused on identifying technical capabilities Recommended actions included: Recommended actions included: Standards development Integration framework development Input from user community Development of a roadmap Over 100,000 downloads of workshop report Over 100,000 downloads of workshop report March 2004: A Roadmap for M&S of Emergency Response Working group of 30+ invited attendees Working group of 30+ invited attendees Focused on developing a coordinated roadmap plan that: Focused on developing a coordinated roadmap plan that: Rapidly brings integrated M&S capability to emergency responders Allows collaboration among multiple organizations Avoids duplication of effort More details at: Training Needs and Opportunities First responders and incident management personnel need better training resources to prepare for future disastersFirst responders and incident management personnel need better training resources to prepare for future disasters Live training exercises while valuable are often very expensive to organize and conductLive training exercises while valuable are often very expensive to organize and conduct Frontline first responders may experience many training cycles in a typical exercise, managers and higher level support staff tend to have far fewer significant cyclesFrontline first responders may experience many training cycles in a typical exercise, managers and higher level support staff tend to have far fewer significant cycles Training using modeling, simulation, and gaming technologies could be provided to:Training using modeling, simulation, and gaming technologies could be provided to: Prepare for a more diverse range of scenarios than possible through live exercises Support individual, team, or multi-organizational training needs Allow more flexible scheduling of training times Reduce overall long term cost to the Federal government Utilize commercially- developed and marketed systems offered by competing software vendors An Example: Hurricane Katrina New Orleans 2005 A Vision for the Future Integrated modeling, simulation, and gaming technology could be used to support education and training, research and development, system and process improvement, and planning for the emergency response community including: public safety organizationspublic safety organizations medical emergency response, hospitals and related facilitiesmedical emergency response, hospitals and related facilities Federal, state, and local government agenciesFederal, state, and local government agencies public transportation networks and systemspublic transportation networks and systems voluntary relief agenciesvoluntary relief agencies National GuardNational Guard logistic support systemslogistic support systems The development, testing, and deployment of interoperable systems through the identification and/or creation of an appropriate suite of interface standards is the key to achieving this vision. Problems We Face Today Existing training applications are often not extensible to support real scenarios, locations, or enhanced capabilities Current development efforts are typically carried out by independent organizations using custom or proprietary interfaces Most development efforts start from scratch using general purpose game engines or software development kits Large efforts are usually required for integration with other simulations, training games and data sources Many standards exist, more are needed Reference libraries and test case data sets do not exist What solutions are needed? Modeling, simulation, and gaming tools that can be rapidly configured to support various training scenarios in different regions of the country, i.e., data driven simulationsModeling, simulation, and gaming tools that can be rapidly configured to support various training scenarios in different regions of the country, i.e., data driven simulations Interoperable tools to allow rapid integrationInteroperable tools to allow rapid integration A suite of recommended data interface standards for use by software developersA suite of recommended data interface standards for use by software developers Validated scenarios, tools, and data sets for a wide variety of incidents available in standard formatsValidated scenarios, tools, and data sets for a wide variety of incidents available in standard formats A communication and computing infrastructure that is flexible, easy to use, and satisfies both performance and security requirementsA communication and computing infrastructure that is flexible, easy to use, and satisfies both performance and security requirements A Systems Approach to Interoperable M&S Systems for Incident Management Training Technically-correct simulations of: -physical phenomena -the environment -social behaviors -organizations -infrastructure systems Computing andModular Standard Validated communicationssimulationinformation scenarios and infrastructureand gamingmodels, sample data referencedatabases, andsets architecturemessage formats Acknowledgment: The building fire screenshot has been adapted from Sim City 4 website. Realistic role-playing interfaces for: -first responders -incident management -support personnel -civilian population -opposing forces -live elements Conformance testing procedures and systems System Reference Architecture Concept Simulation Communications Integration Infrastructure Organizational Simulators Social Behavior Simulators Environmental Simulators Physical Phenomena Simulators Simulation Federation Management Infrastructure System Simulators Gaming Communications Integration Infrastructure Live Elements MMOG Management Support Institutions Response Management On Scene Response Civilian Population and Opposing Forces Data Synchronization and Transfer Processor MMOG Data Servers Federation Data Servers Simulation Subsystem Modules Others Simulation Communications Integration Infrastructure Biotic Invasion Disease and Bio-agents Others Consumer Epidemic Organi- zational Simulators Social Behavior Simulators Traffic Crowd Plume Fire Others Ecology Indoor Climate Watershed Weather Others Terrorists Military Government Agencies Health Care Law Enforcement Fire Environ- mental Simulators Physical Phenomena Simulators Simulation Federation Management Federation Data Servers Infra- structure System Simulators Others Computers& Networks Communi- cations Transportation Water Supply Power Distribution Food Supply Explosion Earthquake Gaming Subsystem Modules Others Video,Sound and Data Feeds Others Public Transportation Others Military Command Gaming Communications Integration Infrastructure Support Institutions Government Agencies Fire and Rescue Police FEMA Shelters Utility Companies Hospitals Response Management Live Elements MMOG Management MMOG Data Servers Communi- cations System Emulator Devices Manual Data Interface Scenes and Props Actors On Scene Response Others Military Forces Rescue HAZMAT Civil Support EMT Police Fire Others Media Terrorists General Public Victims Civilian Population and Opposing Forces MSER Data Model The Need for Standards A standard reference architecture is needed to define the software building blocks that will comprise larger integrated systems A standard reference architecture is needed to define the software building blocks that will comprise larger integrated systems Standard interfaces are needed to allow different vendors software to interoperate Standard interfaces are needed to allow different vendors software to interoperate Working with source code to retrofit existing interfaces is costly and time-consuming Commercial vendors are reticent to provide source code or develop open source software Industry standards could enable the development and interoperability of both open source and proprietary software Industry standards could enable the development and interoperability of both open source and proprietary software Vendors are unlikely to develop compatible software in the absence of industry standards Vendors are unlikely to develop compatible software in the absence of industry standards System requirements will help determine what standards are needed System requirements will help determine what standards are needed Standards Domain Categories Spatial (includes GIS) Building Structures Chronology Demographics Environment Hazard Effects Incident Event Infrastructure Systems Organizations Policies, Procedures, and Protocols Response Operations Response Resources Social Behaviors Others (general purpose) Some Standards for Spatial Data Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM )Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM ) Governmental Unit Boundary Exchange StandardGovernmental Unit Boundary Exchange Standard Hierarchical Data Format-Earth Observing System (HDF-EOS)Hierarchical Data Format-Earth Observing System (HDF-EOS) Shapefile for Geospatial Vector DataShapefile for Geospatial Vector Data Earth-Referenced Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)Earth-Referenced Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) Standard for a U.S. National Grid (USNG)Standard for a U.S. National Grid (USNG) GeoTIFFGeoTIFF Keyhole Markup Language (KML)Keyhole Markup Language (KML) OpenGIS SpecificationsOpenGIS Specifications Vector Product Format (VPF)Vector Product Format (VPF) Incident Setting Event - Dirty bomb attack by terroristsEvent - Dirty bomb attack by terrorists Timing - 4 th of July fireworks event on Washington DC mallTiming - 4 th of July fireworks event on Washington DC mall Location - Outside Federal Triangle Metro StationLocation - Outside Federal Triangle Metro Station Timeline Pre-planning for event RDD explosion Emergency vehicles respond Crowd dispersing away Evacuation traffic jam Radiological plume spreading Evacuation using metro rail EMTs attend to victims Treatment of victims at hospitals July 4, 20XX evening MonthsWeeksDaysHoursDaysWeeksMonths Prevention/ PreparednessResponseRecovery/ Mitigation Long term treatment of victims Decontamination of buildings Public safety personnel deployed MinutesHours Concept Demonstration System Elements Explosion plume Crowd behavior Information flows Traffic flow and metro rail Emergency vehicle movements Hospital emergency department City maps withAvailabilityPopulation densityIncident hazard street details,of responseinformation by and mitigation police, fire,resourcestime of daystrategies hospital locations Decontamination and triage of victims Responsemanagement Incident Management Strategy Gaming Plume Simulation Crowd Simulation Incident Area Traffic Simulation Emergency Vehicles Response Simulation Triage Gaming Hospital Emergency Dept Simulation Databases MSA Taxonomy Categories A classification scheme for characterizing Modeling, Simulation and Analysis (MSA) applications Objectives Why?Objectives Why? Target Organizations and Mission Areas Who?Target Organizations and Mission Areas Who? Simulation Context - What?Simulation Context - What? Implementation Characteristics - How?Implementation Characteristics - How? MSA Objectives Decision Support Choice models Information control techniques Analysis and reasoning techniques Representation aids Human judgment amplifying and refining techniques Intelligence and Risk Analysis Component Module Planning Levels and Domains - Levels - Strategic, operational, tactical Domains - Products and services, financial and budgeting, facilities and equipment, organizational (structure, staffing, training, communications, and coordination), technology (trends, research and development), marketing (forecasting, media interactions, promotion), legal Standards Requirements definition Program management Design and engineering Efficient test planning Result prediction Supplement to actual test and evaluation Manufacturing Logistics support Training and Performance Measurement Recalling bodies of knowledge Using verbal information Rule learning and using Decision making, detecting Classifying Identifying symbols Voice communicating Recalling procedures and positioning movement Steering and guiding Continuous movement Performing gross motor skills MSA Target Organizations & Mission Areas Type of Organizational Entity Multinational bodies Multinational bodies Governmental agencies or departments. Governmental agencies or departments. Military services Military services Private sector organizations Private sector organizations Level or Scope International International National National State State Provincial Provincial Tribal Tribal Regional Regional County County City City Township Township Village Village Other lower level associations (precinct, school district or school, community, residential development Other lower level associations (precinct, school district or school, community, residential development Persistency of Time Permanent Permanent Temporary (limited, fixed duration, contract) Temporary (limited, fixed duration, contract) Ad-hoc or event-based Ad-hoc or event-based Mission Key Words Agriculture Agriculture Communications Communications Community services Community services Construction Construction Crisis management Crisis management Defense Defense Education and training Education and training Emergency response Emergency response Energy Energy Entertainment Entertainment Environmental Environmental Financial or economic Financial or economic Food distribution and services Food distribution and services Justice or legal Justice or legal Land management Land management Law enforcement Law enforcement Manufacturing Manufacturing Medical and healthcare Medical and healthcare Mining and natural resources Mining and natural resources Political Political Public works Public works Religious Religious Research and development Research and development Safety Safety Science, engineering, and technology Science, engineering, and technology Seas and waterways Seas and waterways Security Security Transportation Transportation Utilities Utilities MSA Simulation Contexts Modeling Domains Social Behavior - crowds, traffic, epidemics, and consumer behavior Social Behavior - crowds, traffic, epidemics, and consumer behavior Physical Phenomena - earthquakes, explosions, fires, chemical, biological or radiological plumes, disease and bio-agents, and biotic agents Physical Phenomena - earthquakes, explosions, fires, chemical, biological or radiological plumes, disease and bio-agents, and biotic agents Environment - atmospherics, climate, and weather, watershed systems, land contamination, indoor climate, and ecology Environment - atmospherics, climate, and weather, watershed systems, land contamination, indoor climate, and ecology Economic Economic Organization - fire departments, law enforcement, health care institutions, government agencies, military units, businesses, voluntary assistance, and terrorist organizations Organization - fire departments, law enforcement, health care institutions, government agencies, military units, businesses, voluntary assistance, and terrorist organizations Infrastructure Systems - food supply chain, energy distribution, water supply, transportation, computer and communications Infrastructure Systems - food supply chain, energy distribution, water supply, transportation, computer and communications Other System, Equipment, and Tools Other System, Equipment, and Tools Types of incidents, events, and activities Terrorist attacks and other criminal activities Terrorist attacks and other criminal activities Natural disasters Natural disasters Transportation incidents Transportation incidents Industrial and infrastructure incidents Industrial and infrastructure incidents Public events Public events Routine security operations Routine security operations Emergency support functions Transportation Transportation Communications Communications Public works and engineering Public works and engineering Firefighting Firefighting Emergency management Emergency management Mass care, emergency assistance, housing and human services Mass care, emergency assistance, housing and human services Logistics management and resource support Logistics management and resource support Public health and medical services Public health and medical services Search and rescue Search and rescue Oil and hazardous materials response Oil and hazardous materials response Agriculture and natural resources Agriculture and natural resources Energy Energy Public safety and security Public safety and security Long-term community recovery Long-term community recovery External affairs External affairs Life cycle phases Prevention Prevention Preparedness Preparedness Response Response Recovery Recovery Mitigation Mitigation MSA Implementation Characteristics Representation techniques Conceptual diagrams and models Conceptual diagrams and models Mathematical models Mathematical models Dynamic models Dynamic models Programming paradigms Programming paradigms Analysis techniques Analysis techniques Interaction modes Live Live Constructive Constructive Virtual Virtual Human Interfaces Systems engineering and support staff Systems engineering and support staff Instructor and trainer Instructor and trainer System administrators System administrators Exercise management Exercise management On scene response On scene response Response management Response management Support institution staff Support institution staff Civilian population Civilian population Standards Architectures Architectures General Purpose Integration Interfaces General Purpose Integration Interfaces Domain-specific Integration Interfaces Domain-specific Integration Interfaces Equipment Specifications Equipment Specifications Operational Guidelines Operational Guidelines Document Formats Document Formats Data Sets Incidents Incidents Environment Environment Resources Resources Controlling documents Controlling documents Geography and layout Geography and layout Demographic and behavioral Demographic and behavioral Investigative intelligence Investigative intelligence Training Training Systems engineering Systems engineering Simulation support Simulation support Planning Scenarios Improvised nuclear device Improvised nuclear device Aerosol anthrax Aerosol anthrax Pandemic influenza Pandemic influenza Plague Plague Blister agent Blister agent Toxic industrial chemicals Toxic industrial chemicals Nerve agent Nerve agent Chlorine tank explosion Chlorine tank explosion Major earthquake Major earthquake Major hurricane Major hurricane Radiological dispersal device Radiological dispersal device Improvised explosive device Improvised explosive device Food contamination Food contamination Foreign animal disease Foreign animal disease Cyber attack Cyber attack Exercise Control System Provide exercise control functions and time clock functions for table top management exercisesProvide exercise control functions and time clock functions for table top management exercises Maintain database of exercise scenarios, injects, and messagesMaintain database of exercise scenarios, injects, and messages Dispatch injects to exercise control personnelDispatch injects to exercise control personnel Support common operating picture (COP)Support common operating picture (COP) Record inject consequences note by controllersRecord inject consequences note by controllers Provide editing functions for development of exercise scenariosProvide editing functions for development of exercise scenarios Longer term functionality will include automating calls and audio playback, transmission of video streams, and passing of messages and scripting instructions to other exercise systemsLonger term functionality will include automating calls and audio playback, transmission of video streams, and passing of messages and scripting instructions to other exercise systems Message Inject Exercise Control Hierarchy Scenario Exercise California Golden Guardian 2006 California Golden Guardian 2006 Earthquake centered in SF Earthquake centered in SF Civil disturbance at major intersection Civil disturbance at major intersection 911 call and police status reports 911 call and police status reports Raw Inject Sample Golden Guardian Google Earth Example Interface CAP messages Resources&EventsLayers Map area Incident location Google Earth Example Interface 3-Dimensional view Standards supported Import, export and validate standard format messages:Import, export and validate standard format messages: Common Alert Protocol (CAP) - OASIS Emergency Data eXchange Language (EDXL) - OASIS Iconic representation of resources, incidents, events and infrastructures using the Symbology Reference created by the Homeland Security Working Group of the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)Iconic representation of resources, incidents, events and infrastructures using the Symbology Reference created by the Homeland Security Working Group of the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) MySQL database in the Third Normal Form (3NF)MySQL database in the Third Normal Form (3NF) Summary Homeland security community must deal with many different domains and scenarios with multiple, interacting objectivesHomeland security community must deal with many different domains and scenarios with multiple, interacting objectives Simulation-based systems will need to integrate modules and data sources from different developers and user organizationsSimulation-based systems will need to integrate modules and data sources from different developers and user organizations Proposed framework, system concept definition, and architecture are initial steps towards addressing the challengeProposed framework, system concept definition, and architecture are initial steps towards addressing the challenge A coordinated effort is required to achieve the vision of interoperable simulation-based systemsA coordinated effort is required to achieve the vision of interoperable simulation-based systems Standards and testing capabilities are needed to enable the integrationStandards and testing capabilities are needed to enable the integration