Modeling and Optimization in Scienceand Technologies

Volume 17

Series Editors

Srikanta Patnaik, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, IndiaIshwar K. Sethi, Oakland University, Rochester, USAXiaolong Li, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, USA

Editorial Board

Li Chen, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong KongJeng-Haur Horng, National Formosa University, Yulin, TaiwanPedro U. Lima, Institute for Systems and Robotics, Lisbon, PortugalMun-Kew Leong, Institute of Systems Science, National University of Singapore,Singapore, SingaporeMuhammad Nur, Diponegoro University, Semarang, IndonesiaLuca Oneto, University of Genoa, Genoa, ItalyKay Chen Tan, National University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeSarma Yadavalli, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South AfricaYeon-Mo Yang, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi,Korea (Republic of)Liangchi Zhang, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, AustraliaBaojiang Zhong, Soochow University, Suzhou, ChinaAhmed Zobaa, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK

The book series Modeling and Optimization in Science and Technologies (MOST)publishes basic principles as well as novel theories and methods in the fast-evolvingfield of modeling and optimization. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:methods for analysis, design and control of complex systems, networks andmachines; methods for analysis, visualization and management of large data sets;use of supercomputers for modeling complex systems; digital signal processing;molecular modeling; and tools and software solutions for different scientific andtechnological purposes. Special emphasis is given to publications discussing noveltheories and practical solutions that, by overcoming the limitations of traditionalmethods, may successfully address modern scientific challenges, thus promotingscientific and technological progress. The series publishes monographs, contributedvolumes and conference proceedings, as well as advanced textbooks. The maintargets of the series are graduate students, researchers and professionals working atthe forefront of their fields.

Indexed by SCOPUS. The books of the series are submitted for indexing toWeb of Science.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10577

Srikanta Patnaik • Siddhartha Sen •

Magdi S. MahmoudEditors

Smart Village TechnologyConcepts and Developments

123

EditorsSrikanta PatnaikDepartment of Computer Scienceand Engineering, Faculty of Engineeringand TechnologySOA UniversityBhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Siddhartha SenSchool of Architecture and PlanningMorgan State UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA

Magdi S. MahmoudSystems Engineering DepartmentKing Fahd University for Petroleumand MineralsDhahran, Saudi Arabia

ISSN 2196-7326 ISSN 2196-7334 (electronic)Modeling and Optimization in Science and TechnologiesISBN 978-3-030-37793-9 ISBN 978-3-030-37794-6 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37794-6

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Acknowledgements

The contributions covered in this volume are the outcome of the research on smarttechnology for the village and society at large, across the globe. We are thankful tothe authors of this volume and the departments which supported the research atlarge.

We express our heartfelt thanks to the Senior Editor Dr. Leontina Di Cecco,of the Springer Book Series on Modeling and Optimization in Science andTechnologies, for her constant support and time-to-time monitoring to bring out thisvolume.

We are thankful to the research team of Interscience Institute of Managementand Technology, Bhubaneswar, India, for constantly supporting, helping inreviewing, communicating with authors, and organizing meetings for bringing outthis volume.

We would like to thank Adam Kureshi of Morgan State University, in Baltimore,for his valuable research assistance. We would like to extend our thanks to NancyMenefee Jackson of the National Transportation Center at Morgan State Universityfor valuable editorial assistance.

Lastly, but not the least, we express our valuable thanks to all our reviewers tobring out this volume.

Prof. Srikanta PatnaikProf. Siddhartha Sen

Prof. Magdi S. Mahmoud

v

Introduction

Smart village initiatives are being undertaken in rural communities all over theworld to improve the lives of the people living in villages. The objective of suchinitiatives is to provide the benefits of an urban lifestyle to the villagers whileretaining several valuable aspects of rural communities. These initiatives enableinhabitants of rural communities to attain complete potential for the development byconnecting to the world and earning a viable livelihood while leading a healthylifestyle. Such initiatives also attempt to prevent the migration of villagers to citiesby providing immense opportunities in smart villages. They also bridge the digitaldivide between urban and rural areas. The digital divide consists of a gap in accessto the Internet and other services that are available in urban areas due to theadvancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) (Prieger 2013;Landers 2017). Many cities across the world, especially in the Global North, areusing data to understand their strengths and weaknesses and capitalizing onopportunities while eliminating threats. The divide in smart principles and appli-cations allows urban areas to prosper at the expense of rural areas that have notadapted or prepared for changes due to the progress in ITC.

Some of the basic aspects of smart village initiatives focus on sustainableenvironment, renewable energy, health and sanitation, food and clean water,eco-friendly production-oriented enterprises, education and awareness, and, lastly,democratic involvement of the villagers in various issues. The production of andaccess to renewable energy also form the backbone of the entire developmentalprocess as energy access must be integrated into other initiatives for the develop-ment of smart villages. For instance, the development of productive enterprises byharnessing local suppliers and employing sustainable energy can result in greattransformative changes.

For the successful development of smart villages, ICT plays a significant role byconnecting the smart villages to towns and cities. To begin with, these technologiesalong with the Internet will link the smart village schools and people to the entireworld’s knowledge base through distance learning, thus enhancing education.Further, smart village initiatives attempt to offer students ample time to study byaddressing several negative factors that impact their ability to learn. For example,

vii

through Internet connectivity in schools, educational materials and resources fromall over the world are available. This will generate new opportunities for distancelearning for students, thus minimizing the need to migrate to cities for qualityeducation. Another important factor that has been addressed in the development ofsmart villages is improving the quality of the lighting system so that students canstudy in a safer, pollution-free environment.

Similarly, in smart villages, households can consume clean and safe water alongwith nutritious food while minimizing the cost of boiling water for drinking.Replacing traditional biomass-based cooking stoves in the villages of the GlobalSouth with cleaner fuel-based advanced stoves will reduce indoor pollution.Likewise, health services in smart villages in the Global South can be enriched by thesupport of telemedicine and mobile health services. Mobile health services canprovide mobile health diagnoses and corresponding healthcare solutions in villagesat a reduced cost. Again, collection and analysis of epidemiological data will gen-erate early warnings to prevent the spread of contagious diseases in smart villages.

Next, in the Global South, providing sufficient food to the citizens to lead ahealthy life is a major concern. Sustainable energy along with ICT in smart villagescan contribute to a great extent in this context by providing smart irrigation systemsto monitor the water requirements of crops; advanced weather forecasting systemsfor supporting farmers in the planting of crops at the right time; cold storageinfrastructures to reduce the wastage of harvested perishable crops; and agronomicand market information awareness among villagers, thus helping in capturing thevalue chain by adapting to modernization. Furthermore, the development of smalland medium enterprises in rural areas such as textiles, agro-product processing,handicraft developing units, and machinery providing enterprises will support theoverall economic growth of smart villages, since such development mainly dependson the energy access scale in off-grid villages. However, an increase in the avail-ability of energy access at local sources promises more participation of both formaland informal businesses and transforms them into productive enterprises, increasingopportunities and employment. Smart villages will strengthen the rural industrythrough multiple channels such as delivering a highly skilled workforce throughICT-enabled education, developing renewable energy sources, and extending workhours as per requirement with high-quality lighting. Moreover, incorporating ICTwill enable access to updated market information with several mobile financialservices, which in turn will support reaching international markets with a largercustomer base and competitive advantages.

In addition to the above, smart villages in the Global South will also protect theenvironment through modern technologies. These technologies can be employed tomonitor several indicators to measure environmental qualities. Some of theseindicators include water quality, forest health and density, soil conditions, andlandscape-based changes. Also, as charcoal and wood serve as a major source ofbiomass energy, the use of modern cooking stoves reduces deforestation. Again,recycling of organic and water waste using next-generation technologies can reducepollution from agro-processing. Next, ICT can also improve rural wealth bytransforming smart villages into local ecotourism hubs depending on geographic

viii Introduction

attractions. Smart villages empowered through ICT will also increase the social andpolitical awareness of people living in such village communities while engagingthem in governance processes and policy making at all levels. Thus, smart villageinitiatives will improve the quality of life with modern energy, public lighting, andincreased education and awareness, accompanied by the capability of self-sustenance by adopting renewable energy systems while reducing the cost of liv-ing. Above all, the smart villages are expected to complement the overall economicgrowth of the rural communities in the Global South by delivering agricultural aswell as rural industry-based products not only to local rural markets but also tonational and international markets.

The benefits of smart villages are not only limited to the Global South. In theGlobal North, many parts of rural Europe are facing population decline. Measuresto promote the development of intelligent and competitive rural areas can stem suchpopulation decline. In addition, the development of smart villages can improveservices such as health, social, education, energy, transport, and retail in rural areas.Even in the United States (USA), many rural areas have poor cell phone service andlack high-speed Internet. Both in Europe and the USA, digitalization in rural areascan enhance public transportation and carpooling, improve caregiving, and createnew value chains for rural entrepreneurs. In rural areas in the USA, various types ofgreen infrastructure can be used for an eco-friendly solution for storm watermanagement. In addition, vertical farming can add to the economic productivity ofperi-urban areas in the USA. Like their counterparts in the Global South,empowerment and citizen participation are important aspects in developing smartvillages in the Global North.

This transdisciplinary book brings together scholars from various fields such asengineering, public health, architecture, urban planning, and social and behavioralsciences to discuss some of the technological needs and managerial issues that areessential for the development of successful smart villages. The book’s uniquecontribution lies in the fact that most of the scholarly books are on smart cities(McLaren and Agyeman 2015; Townsend 2015; Kar et. al. 2017; Manika 2018;Green 2019; Karvonen et al. 2019), while very little exists on smart villages (forexceptions, see for example Heap 2015; Visvizi 2019). Yet, smart cities cannotexist without smart villages (Fennell et. al. 2018; Visvizi and Lytras 2018). Thetopics covered in the book are crucial for all the project developers, engineers,academicians, policy makers, researchers, and younger generation to understand,empathize, and undertake measures to enhance the life of the rural population. Thebook takes a very broad definition of smart villages that incudes urban villages andperi-urban areas. Urban village is a term that is generally employed in India to referto rural or semirural areas on the fringes of large metropolitan cities. Such areas arealso referred to as peri-urban areas in India as well as in other parts of the GlobalSouth. They have been consistently under the pressures of rapid urbanization in theGlobal South, which brings about changes in population, land uses, and livelihoodsof the inhabitants of such areas. The term also used to refer to the fringes of cities inthe Global North that may have semiurban or semirural characteristics (Geneletti et.al. 2017; Dadashpoor and Ahani 2019; de Falco et. al. 2019).

Introduction ix

Organization of the Book

The book has twenty chapters organized in four parts, namely smart village policyand technology, smart agriculture and water management, smart renewable energymanagement, and IOT and smart application. Seven chapters are presented in thefirst part. Chapter 1, entitled “Smart Village Initiatives: An Overview” by SroojaniMohanty, Bhagyashree Mohanta, Pragyan Nanda, Siddhartha Sen, and SrikantaPatnaik, sets the tone for the book by discussing the technological, managerial, andhuman needs for the development of smart villages. The chapter also argues that asmart village is built on the philosophy of a self-sustaining ecosystem, one that iscapable of adapting to changing governance regimes and generating resources inorder to augment human development. The chapter postulates that education,health, sanitation, information connectivity, electrification, and establishment ofcottage industries are the critical dimensions of a smart village.

Chapter 2 by Amanda Davies, entitled “IOT, Smart Technologies, Smart Policing:The Impact for Rural Communities,” discusses the relationship between the use of theIOT for policing and security as well as the potential of IOT-based systems andprocesses for enhancing safety and security in rural India. Various types ofIOT-oriented policing strategies are presented. These include reactive policing (RP),predictive policing (PP), problem-orientated policing (POP), community-orientedpolicing (COP), intelligence-led policing (ILP), and evidence-based policing (EBP).The discussion is contextualized through an examination of critical factors: theconcept of “smart”; urban vs. rural population statistics in India; prioritization ofneeds for communities living in rural Indian villages; the accessibility of IOT in ruralIndia; and the limited accurate and comprehensive reporting of crime typologies andrates for Indian villages.

Chapter 3, by Alejandro Barragán-Ocaña, Gerardo Reyes-Ruiz and HumbertoMerritt, entitled “Scientific, Technological, and Innovation Dynamics inNanotechnology for Smart Cities and Villages: The OECD Case and Its Implicationsfor Latin America,” identifies dynamics associated with the generation of patentsamong The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)member countries. Member countries have at least one application in one of theworld’s five most important intellectual property offices. There are two mainobjectives for the chapter. The first is to determine whether the (average) productionof an IP5 (Patent Families) nanotechnology patent had a first-order relationship withthe applicant’s place of residence (priority date) and inventor’s place of residence(priority date) during the same period in member countries. The second is todetermine whether the formation of this type of patent family by place of residenceof applicant (priority date) is associated with five variables. Despite the technicalnature of the chapter, it has policy implications. As the authors conclude, advancedeconomies as well as developing countries, especially those in Latin America, mustkeep on strengthening nanotechnology progress, taking advantage of their oppor-tunity areas by encouraging the development of more robust indicators in order tosupport the advancement of these activities. This, in turn, will help to stimulate the

x Introduction

construction of smart cities. Although technological advances are usually within thecontext of a large metropolis, technical progress on nanotechnology can beextrapolated to rural areas with the intention of solving everyday problems that callfor new technological solutions such as the generation of new materials, applica-tions, and processes, which could contribute to the strengthening of these initiatives.

Chapter 4, by Reto Bürgin and Heike Mayer, entitled “Digital Periphery? ACommunity Case Study of Digitalization Efforts in Swiss Mountain Regions,”analyzes how technological changes are changing rural economies in the mountainregions of Switzerland. The chapter describes the challenges faced by ruralmountainous regions of Switzerland with the advancement of digitization. Thechapter also covers the urban–rural digital divide. The chapter argues that ruralareas run a risk of falling behind urban areas in the digital advancement due to alack of digital connectivity as well as speed and reliability of the Internet, therebycreating this divide. This is true for even advanced economies such as Switzerland,which has one of the highest national coverage of broadband in the world. Using acase study, the chapter illustrates that despite overall advancement, not all actorscan participate in the digital revolution that is taking place in the mountainousregions of Switzerland. While larger businesses, larger hotels, schools, and healthservice providers have benefited from digitization, smaller businesses have sufferedfrom its high cost. So, there is a digital divide even within rural areas.

Chapter 5, by Mareike Meyn, entitled “Digitalization and Its Impact on Life inRural Areas: Exploring the Two Sides of the Atlantic: USA and Germany,”explores the possibilities of using digitalization as a means to empower people inrural areas in the USA and Germany. As pointed out by the author, digitalizationimplies not only the technical way of converting information, but also the oppor-tunities digital technologies can create. It consists of broadband access andhigh-speed Internet; adaptation of digital technologies; and combination of the datathat is produced to create smart solutions. The author recognizes that the USA andGermany are very different from each other and set the context through a discussionon rural areas, their transformation into the digital age, and the political frameworkat the federal level to enhance digitalization in the two nations. Using examples ofbest practices from both countries, the author shows that despite differences, dig-italization offers tremendous potential for rural communities. The chapter identifiesthe recognition of rural communities’ needs and ways of distributing knowledge, aswell as a mind-set to embrace digital possibilities as key factors for developingsmart rural communities. The chapter postulates that digitalization in rural areas canenhance public transportation and carpooling, thereby minimizing the commutebetween rural and urban areas, resolve issues around caregiving, enhance volun-teering and participation in the policy-making process, and create new value chainsfor rural entrepreneurs.

Chapter 6, by Tej Karki, entitled “Government Versus Private Sector-Led SmartVillage Development Policies and Programs in India,” alludes to MahatmaGandhi’s vision of a village which is very similar to today’s concepts of a smartvillage. The chapter begins with a discussion of recent policies for developing smartvillages in India. These include Provision for Urban Amenities in Rural Areas

Introduction xi

(PURA) and Member of Parliament Model Village Plan (MPMVP). The first was abrainchild of the former president of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and initiated in2003 by the central government. The objective of the program was to inject urbanamenities and employment opportunities in villages to retain population and reducerural to urban migration. Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched MPMVP at thebeginning of his first term in 2014 to improve the well-being of the villages in India.Every Member of Parliament (MP) is mandated to select and develop one modelvillage in their constituency under this policy. After a review of the generalachievement and requirements of the MPMVP, the author presents four case studiesof smart villages—two from Gujarat, one from Bihar, and one from Puducherry. Aspointed out by the author, these villages have met some of the expectations thatmany smart city scholars have argued for. The recommendations provided in thechapter are useful for improving the MPMVP in India.

Chapter 7, by Sweta Byahut, and Jay Mittal, entitled “Can Haphazard Growth inUrban Villages Be Prevented? Experience from the Ahmedabad-GandhinagarRegion,” explores planning growth challenges associated with haphazard growth inurban villages in the Ahmedabad–Gandhinagar region in Gujarat, India, also knownas the Gandhinagar Notified Area (GNA). The chapter discusses how thewell-known land readjustment (LR) planning tool was applied innovatively in theregion to ensure planned development in high-growth villages. It also presentsthe process and challenges of introducing a market-based land developmentmechanism to re-plan a mid-twentieth-century new town built on an outdatedtop-down planning model. The chapter finally highlights the opportunities that smarttechnologies can offer for enhancing urban design scenarios to improve the out-comes for formulating place-based building regulations.

The second part of the book begins with Chap. 8, by Shahriar Shams, ShahNewaz, and Rama Rao Karri, entitled “Information and Communication Technologyfor Small-Scale Farmers: Challenges and Opportunities.” The chapter focuses on theneed for ICT to provide the best sustainable practices and optimized water man-agement to improve farming technology. The authors first discuss the challengesfaced by small-scale farmers. These include poor water management and watershortage; high value of agricultural products; vulnerability to climate changes; lackof institutional innovations for increased productivity; and affordability of tech-nology. As demonstrated by the chapter, ICT can play an important role in dis-seminating information to small-scale farmers on weather forecasts, selection ofproduction technologies, and potential agricultural input and output prices. Theauthors assess various technologies available for small-scale farmers, in termsof their user-friendliness and affordability. These include sensors and actuators andwireless communication technologies. This is followed by a discussion on varioustechniques as well as instruments that can be used for data aggregation, whichincludes drones and agricultural vehicles and sensor platforms such asSmartFarmNet Sensor Cloud and IBM Bluemix. The authors also discuss the role ofcloud computing in agriculture in areas such as farming automation, experiencesharing, and computational and storage support. In discussing the role of ICT inautomated agriculture, the authors focus on automatic irrigation, automatic

xii Introduction

fertilization, and precision agriculture. The chapter concludes by pointing out thechallenges of ICT-based precision farming.

Chapter 9 in this part, entitled “Big Data for Smart Agriculture” by Nidhi Sinha,explores the role of big data in developing smart agriculture. As pointed out in thischapter, the aim of big data in agriculture is to procure the best possible rawmaterial for farming to get the best possible output. As the chapter posits, big datain agriculture encompasses maps and data on physical and chemical properties ofsoils; records on past management practices; weather vagaries; yield-relatedinformation; and so on. By using such data, it has become easy to assess the impactof real-time events like sudden changes in operational conditions or other cir-cumstances such as weather or disease. Using big data, farmers are able to makeinformed decisions regarding fuel, labor, fertilizers, pesticides, and soil and waterconservation to achieve sustainable yields and quality of crops. As further pointedout in the chapter, the application of big data in agriculture is not only aboutproduction, but it also plays a significant role in improving the efficiency of theentire supply chain. As the chapter further notes, turning big data into compact,structured, manageable, and ready for use information in a specific decision-makingcontext poses a great challenge. Since end users need robustness of the data in termsof the authenticity of sources, rigorous processing, and interoperability, a vastresponsibility rests on ICT experts, data scientists, and domain experts. It alsorequires collaboration between different stakeholders having different roles in thedata value chain, which is defined in the chapter.

Chapter 10 in this part, by Ahmad Latif Virk, Mehmood Ali Noor, Sajid Fiaz,Hafiz Athar Hussain, Muzammal Rehman, Muhammad Ahsan, and Wei Ma,entitled “Smart Farming: An Overview,” discusses various aspects of the topic. Aspointed out by the authors, smart farming mandates the integration of informationand communication technology for better utilization of resources for sowing, irri-gation, fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide application, and harvesting. The authorsaddress all these aspects in the chapter. They begin with a discussion of replacinglabor with automation, robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Asdiscussed in the chapter, smart farming involves autonomous vehicles and robotsoperated through Global Positioning System (GPS) and connected through smartapplications. The precise application of this technology along with Internet ofThings (IoT) is likely to uplift farmers’ living standards. Topics discussed includethe use of such technology for driverless tractors; automatic watering and irrigation;crop health, weeding, and spraying; planting and sowing; seedbed preparation toreseeding; planting from the air; harvesting from the field; drones for fields; andyield analysis and mapping. The chapter concludes with a discussion on futurechallenges, opportunities, and prospects for smart farming. As pointed out by theauthors, some of the impediments to smart farming include high cost, non-availability of Internet, and lack of knowledge about the technology among farmers.Furthermore, knowledge gaps regarding the application, efficiency, and workload ofautonomous vehicles and drones are obstacles to smart farming.

Chapter 11 in this part, by Kheir Al-Kodmany, entitled “The Vertical Farm:Exploring Applications for Peri-urban Areas,” reviews recent advances in

Introduction xiii

greenhouse technologies, including hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics andexplains how they have provided a promising future for the vertical farm concept.The chapter argues that compact high-tech agriculture is not only applicable indense urban areas but also in peri-urban areas. In order to demonstrate the appli-cability of vertical farms in a peri-urban area, the author presents examples that canbe “inspirational” to peri-urban areas. As the author argues, pioneering projects inurban areas embrace advanced technologies and methods that are easily trans-ferrable to peri-urban areas. The chapter argues that justifications of introducing thevertical farm to smart villages include responding to food security and climatechange threat, reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and improving health,economic, environmental, and ecological conditions. The lack of required tech-nologies and technical expertise to implement the vertical farm remains an obstacleto such farming in the Global South. Finally, as pointed out by the author, thesuccess of the vertical farm depends not only on innovation in technologies but alsoon local conditions including demand for certain types produce by population,availability of labor, farming conditions, and an effective organizational structureand sound leadership.

Chapter 12 in this part, by Antonio Santos Sánchez, Karla Patricia Oliveira-Esquerre, Idelfonso Bessa dos Reis Nogueira, Pieter deJong, and Adelmo AguiarFilho, entitled “Water Loss Management Through Smart Water Systems,” discussesvarious aspects of water loss management through smart water systems. Thechapter first explains the various types of water loss in distribution systems andmethods of managing such loss. These include sectorization, water audits, pressuremanagement, and proactive leak detection programs. Ways to transition smart watersystems are then discussed. The architecture and functionalities of a smart waternetwork are then described with the aim of explaining how available technologiescan increase resilience against extreme climate events, improve the asset manage-ment of water infrastructure, and operate the network efficiently to reduce leakages,pipe bursts, and energy waste. The authors finally review statistical tools andalgorithms that allow efficient processing of data as smart water systems generate anincredible amount of data. As pointed out by the authors, rural areas can alsoimplement smart water infrastructure, which is not likely to be more expensive thana traditional one. Although the initial costs of installing such systems can be higher,such costs could be recovered within a few months as a result of the reduction inleakages, pipe bursts, and energy waste.

Chapter 13 in this part, by Aziaz Faissal, Mourner El Achaby, Naaila Ouazzani,Jauad El Kharraz, and Laila Mandi, entitled “Rainwater Harvesting: A ChallengingStrategy to Relieve Water Scarcity in Rural Areas”, discusses various aspects ofrainwater harvesting. The chapter discusses different types of storage systems, andthe various aspects of tank design required for such systems are presented. Thechapter then presents obstacles to developing such systems mainly using examplesfrom Morocco. Technical aspects such as chemical or microbial contamination ofreservoirs, factors leading to the revival of bacteria in a water reservoir, risks relatedto reservoir sediments, impact of reservoir conditions on the quality of stored water,and organoleptic quality of water are discussed. The chapter also discusses diseases

xiv Introduction

related to stored water, measures to protect the quality of stored water, and use andmaintenance of water storage systems.

The next chapter in this part, Chap. 14, by Asavari Devadiga entitled “BuildingSmart Water Communities: Technology and Institutions Toward Better Water,”focuses on water service for small communities located in the southern states ofKarnataka and Telangana in India. The chapter demonstrates how a combination oftechnological and institutional aspects can bring reliable service for a better qualityof living that is sustainable. The chapter begins with a discussion on the Indiancontext by presenting “100 Smart Cities Mission” in 2016 in India, which wasfollowed by the announcement of the Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission(SPMRM). SPMEM aimed at making villages smart and the future growth centerof the nation and proposed 2500 Smart Villages by 2019. The chapter also presentsgoals of the Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojna, also referred to as the MPMVP. Asargued by the author, creating a reliable water supply would involve more than aone-time deployment of a technological solution. Regular training and managementof the individuals involved along with monitoring of the overall performance arecritical for ensuring that the mechanism used continues to achieve reliable water.The chapter shows how a combination of technology and institutional aspects cancreate what the author defines as “smart water communities.”

The last chapter in this part, Chap. 15, by Monica Aspacher and BhuiyanAlam,entitled “Stormwater Best Management Practices: Green Infra-structure in RuralCommunities,” synthesizes the extensive literature regarding storm water man-agement in the USA, with an emphasis on green infrastructure and rural storm watermanagement. After discussing the general history of storm water issues and man-agement in the USA, the authors present various types of green infrastructure thatare available for an eco-friendly solution to these issues. A case study of com-munities in rural Ohio provides useful insights into how green infrastructure is aneffective and best method to manage storm water. The authors discuss variousaspects of policy and planning for moving forward with implementing suchinfrastructure. They argue that the widespread character of storm water issuesdemands a collective, holistic effort from all levels of government. As pointed outby the authors, in rural USA, pollution from agricultural practices is perhaps themost significant source of water quality degradation. Green infrastructure can be aninnovative and promising alternative to traditional storm water managementmethods, for managing such pollution. Although not explicitly discussed in thechapter, ICT plays an important role in operating green infrastructure for stormwater management.

The next part of the book begins with Chap. 16 by Muhammad Mujahid Rafiqueand Shafiqur Rehman, entitled “Solar Electrification and Zero Energy RuralCommunities”. The chapter focuses on encouraging people and governmentalinstitutions to develop zero energy communities. After discussing Pakistan’s energyprofile and solar energy potential, the authors present a simplified design procedureto size an off-grid photovoltaic system to fulfill the load demands of a household inparticular and a group of houses in general. The basic off-grid PV system consistsof PV modules, inverter, power backup storage system, and a charge controller.

Introduction xv

As noted by the authors, the correct sizing and configuration of a PV system forhousehold electrification are very important for a predefined load demand. Theauthors also estimate the lifecycle cost analysis of the PV system for singlehousehold application based on the available market prices in Pakistan and theinflation rate. Although the chapter uses Pakistan as a case study, the findings areapplicable to other developing countries.

Chapter 17, by Anas Tallou, Ayoub Haouas, Mohammed Yasser Jamali, KhadijaAtif, Faissal Aziz and Soumia Amir, entitled “Review on Cow Manure asRenewable Energy,” presents an overview on uses of cow manure and its impor-tance in anaerobic digestion as a method of biological treatment of different organicwaste in order to obtain biogas and biofertilizers. As pointed out by the authors,biogas plants are rising all over the world and can be a sustainable solution toprotect our natural resources and afford renewable, clean, and cheap energy. Asfurther pointed out by the authors, as the anaerobic digestion process is compli-cated, there is a need to be aware of the major environmental problems and seeknew technologies to reach an environmental, industrial, and health balance.Although not explicitly discussed in the chapter, such technology has tremendouspotential for the development of smart villages. This is especially true for ruralIndia, where cow manure is abundant.

Chapter 18, the last chapter in this part, by Ahmad Farhad Talebi, MeisamTabatabaei, Mortaza Aghbashlo, Soha Movahed, Masoumeh Hajjari, andMahmoud Golabchi, entitled “Algae-Powered Buildings: A Strategy to MitigateClimate Change and Move Toward Circular Economy,” reviews the current stateof the microalgae-based bioinspired designs in the development of green archi-tecture. The chapter provides insights into the current algae production technologieswhile looking into the possibilities of using algal cultivation systems in architecturaldesigns. After reviewing green building regulations, especially in USA, the authorsdelve into a detailed discussion on algae-powered buildings. The authors thendiscuss the effects of various parameters such as light intensity, temperature, windvelocity, and nutrient concentrations on algae growth and yield. This is followed bya discussion on the cost and long-term benefits of green buildings. The authors thenpresent smart bioenergy solutions for green buildings. As aptly pointed out by theauthors, algae-powered buildings could serve as a multifunctional key to integratesmart villages with modern eco-friendly technologies and concepts such asrenewable energy production, waste valorization, circular economy, zero discharge,and so on. Off-grid algal power stations could be specially designed to producesmart villages with electricity while supplying livestock with a quality feed.

Chapter 19, by Nilima R. Das, S. C. Ra, and Ajit K. Nayak, entitled “SchedulingOperations of Smart Appliances Using Demand Response,” is the first chapter inthe last part. The chapter focuses on optimal load scheduling for energy costminimization and peak load reduction. The authors propose a model that usestime-of-use (TOU) pricing tariffs in the optimization process. The chapter solvesoptimization with multiple optimization techniques including genetic algorithm(GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and a hybrid algorithm formed bycombining GA and PSO. As pointed out by the authors, microgrids, powered by

xvi Introduction

renewable energy resources, are considered to be an ideal technological solution tosupply energy to rural areas. One of the main challenges facing distributed energymicrogrid (DEM) designers is the intermittent nature and characteristic unpre-dictability of renewable sources. The unpredictability of demand in rural areasintensifies the problem. Various energy management techniques involving com-putational intelligence can be used to optimize demand and supply. Most ruralenergy consumers also have a very volatile day-to-day energy budget, therebyrequiring careful consideration during the project planning to ensure that the con-sumers have the ability to stay within their daily budget. As there is a lack ofadvanced communication systems in rural areas of the Global South, the energymanagement programs may not use centralized controllers. Instead, machinelearning techniques can be used in a distributed fashion to make demand forecastsof the household energy expenditure for the next day. Such forecasts can then beoptimized to avoid overload situations and maintain a balance between userdemands and the financial condition of the family.

The last chapter in the book, Chap. 20, by Angel Paniagua, entitled “SmartVillages in Depopulated Areas,” discusses the policies and politics of smart villagesin Europe. As pointed out by the author, the European rural development program(2014–2020) includes various measures to promote the development of intelligentand competitive rural areas. As discussed in the chapter, the development of smartvillages in the European Union (EU) combines initiatives of several policies aroundrural revitalization through digital and social innovation. The goal is to improveservices—such as health, social services, education, energy, transport, and retail—through ICT tools and community-led actions and projects. National strategiesrespond to three major processes of rural change taking place in Europe, namelyrural depopulation, rural–urban divide, and digital transformation of rural areas. Thechapter then focuses on strategies for the development of smart villages indepopulated Spain. As the author concludes, rural Europe has multiple disparities inspatial and social terms. Smart villages aim to overcome the urban–urban rural gapthat is different in each country. It is important to design an adequate smart villagethat is place-specific based on the potential and enjoyment pattern of each region.The chapter raises an important issue in developing smart villages, namely thedigital divide between urban and rural areas. As pointed out by the author, thedigital divide consists of elements of social inequality between rural and urbancommunities and between peripheral areas and urban core on account of the dif-ferences in Internet access.

References

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Introduction xvii

Fennell S, Kaur P, Jhunjhunwala A, Narayanan D, Loyola C, Bedi J, Singh Y (2018)Examininglinkages between smart villages and smart cities: learning from rural youth accessing theinternet in India. Telecommun Policy 42(10): 810–823

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Karvonen A, Cugurullo F, Caprotti F (eds) (2019) Inside smart cities: place, politics and urbaninnovation. Routledge, New York

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xviii Introduction

Contents

Part I Smart Village Policy and Technology

1 Smart Village Initiatives: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sroojani Mohanty, Bhagyashree Mohanta, Pragyan Nanda,Siddhartha Sen and Srikanta Patnaik

2 IOT, Smart Technologies, Smart Policing: The Impactfor Rural Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Amanda Davies

3 Scientific, Technological, and Innovation Dynamicsin Nanotechnology for Smart Cities and Villages: The OECDCase and Its Implications for Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Alejandro Barragán-Ocaña, Gerardo Reyes-Ruizand Humberto Merritt

4 Digital Periphery? A Community Case Study of DigitalizationEfforts in Swiss Mountain Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Reto Bürgin and Heike Mayer

5 Digitalization and Its Impact on Life in Rural Areas: Exploringthe Two Sides of the Atlantic: USA and Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Mareike Meyn

6 Government Versus Private Sector-Led Smart VillageDevelopment Policies and Programs in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Tej Karki

7 Can Haphazard Growth in Urban Villages Be Prevented?Experience from the Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar Region . . . . . . . . . 135Sweta Byahut and Jay Mittal

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Part II Smart Agriculture and Water Management

8 Information and Communication Technology for Small-ScaleFarmers: Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Shahriar Shams, S. H. Shah Newaz and Rama Rao Karri

9 Big Data for Smart Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Nidhi

10 Smart Farming: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Ahmad Latif Virk, Mehmood Ali Noor, Sajid Fiaz, Saddam Hussain,Hafiz Athar Hussain, Muzammal Rehman, Muhammad Ahsanand Wei Ma

11 The Vertical Farm: Exploring Applicationsfor Peri-urban Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Kheir Al-Kodmany

12 Water Loss Management Through Smart Water Systems . . . . . . . 233Antonio Santos Sánchez, Karla Patricia Oliveira-Esquerre,Idelfonso Bessa dos Reis Nogueira, Pieter de Jongand Adelmo Aguiar Filho

13 Rainwater Harvesting: A Challenging Strategy to Relieve WaterScarcity in Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Faissal Aziz, Mounir El Achaby, Naaila Ouazzani, Jauad El-Kharrazand Laila Mandi

14 Building Smart Water Communities: Technology and InstitutionsToward Better Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Asavari Devadiga

15 Stormwater Best Management Practices: Green Infra-structurein Rural Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309Monica Aspacher and Bhuiyan Alam

Part III Smart Renewable Energy Management

16 Solar Electrification and Zero Energy Rural Communities . . . . . . . 329Muhammad Mujahid Rafique and Shafiqur Rehman

17 Review on Cow Manure as Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Anas Tallou, Ayoub Haouas, Mohammed Yasser Jamali,Khadija Atif, Soumia Amir and Faissal Aziz

18 Algae-Powered Buildings: A Strategy to Mitigate Climate Changeand Move Toward Circular Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Ahmad Farhad Talebi, Meisam Tabatabaei, Mortaza Aghbashlo,Soha Movahed, Masoumeh Hajjari and Mahmoud Golabchi

xx Contents

Part IV IoT and Smart Application

19 Scheduling Operations of Smart Appliances Using DemandResponse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Nilima R. Das, S. C. Rai and Ajit K. Nayak

20 Smart Villages in Depopulated Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Angel Paniagua

Contents xxi

Contributors

Mortaza Aghbashlo Department of Mechanical Engineering of AgriculturalMachinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College ofAgriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

Muhammad Ahsan School of Computer Science and Technology, BeijingInstitute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Bhuiyan Alam University of Toledo, Toledo, USA

Kheir Al-Kodmany Department of Urban Planning and Policy, College of UrbanPlanning and Public Affairs, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Soumia Amir Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research and Development, SultanMoulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Beni-Mellal, Morocco

Monica Aspacher University of Toledo, Toledo, USA

Khadija Atif Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research and Development, SultanMoulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Beni-Mellal, Morocco

Faissal Aziz Laboratory of Hydrobiology, Ecotoxicology, Sanitation and GlobalChange (LHEAGC, URAC 33), Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, Marrakech,Morocco;National Centre for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), CadiAyyad University, Marrakech, Morocco

Alejandro Barragán-Ocaña Centro de Investigaciones Económicas,Administrativas y Sociales, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico

Reto Bürgin Institute of Geography and Center for Regional EconomicDevelopment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Sweta Byahut Auburn University, Auburn, USA

Nilima R. Das Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan(Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India

xxiii

Amanda Davies Rabdan Academy, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Asavari Devadiga University of California, Berkeley, USA

Mounir El Achaby Materials Science and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department,Mohammed 6 Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco

Jauad El-Kharraz Middle East Desalination Research Center (MEDRC) WaterResearch, Al Khuwair, Oman

Sajid Fiaz Department of Biochemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan

Adelmo Aguiar Filho Escola de Minas, Federal University of Ouro Preto, OuroPreto, Brazil

Mahmoud Golabchi School of Architecture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Masoumeh Hajjari Biofuel Research Team (BRTeam), Karaj, Iran

Ayoub Haouas Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research and Development, SultanMoulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Beni-Mellal, Morocco

Hafiz Athar Hussain Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development inAgriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republicof China

Saddam Hussain Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,Faisalabad, Pakistan

Mohammed Yasser Jamali Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research andDevelopment, Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Beni-Mellal,Morocco

Pieter de Jong Escola de Minas, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto,Brazil

Tej Karki Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India;Northeastern University, Boston, USA

Rama Rao Karri Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Universiti TeknologiBrunei (UTB), Gadong, Brunei Darussalam

Wei Ma Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing,People’s Republic of China

Laila Mandi Laboratory of Hydrobiology, Ecotoxicology, Sanitation and GlobalChange (LHEAGC, URAC 33), Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, Marrakech,Morocco;National Centre for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), CadiAyyad University, Marrakech, Morocco

xxiv Contributors

Heike Mayer Institute of Geography and Center for Regional EconomicDevelopment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Humberto Merritt Centro de Investigaciones Económicas, Administrativas ySociales, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico

Mareike Meyn Andreas Hermes Akademie, Bonn, Germany

Jay Mittal Auburn University, Auburn, USA

Bhagyashree Mohanta Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha,India

Sroojani Mohanty Department of Information Technology, IIMT, Bhubaneswar,Odisha, India

Soha Movahed Pars Art and Architecture University, Tehran, Iran

Pragyan Nanda Department of Information Technology, IIMT, Bhubaneswar,Odisha, India

Ajit K. Nayak Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan(Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India

S. H. Shah Newaz School of Computing and Informatics, Universiti TeknologiBrunei (UTB), Gadong, Brunei Darussalam;KAIST Institute for Information Technology Convergence, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon,South Korea

Nidhi Department of SMCA, FBS&H, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central AgriculturalUniversity, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, India

Mehmood Ali Noor Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of AgriculturalSciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry ofAgriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Karla Patricia Oliveira-Esquerre Escola de Minas, Federal University of OuroPreto, Ouro Preto, Brazil

Naaila Ouazzani Laboratory of Hydrobiology, Ecotoxicology, Sanitation andGlobal Change (LHEAGC, URAC 33), Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, Marrakech,Morocco;National Centre for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), CadiAyyad University, Marrakech, Morocco

Angel Paniagua Csic, Instituto de Políticas Y Bienes Públicos, Departamento deEconomía y Política, Group: Geografía Rural (GGR), Madrid, Spain

Srikanta Patnaik Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty ofEngineering and Technology, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Contributors xxv

Muhammad Mujahid Rafique King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

S. C. Rai Department of IT, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India

Muzammal Rehman School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming,People’s Republic of China

Shafiqur Rehman Center for Engineering Research, Research Institute, KingFahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Idelfonso Bessa dos Reis Nogueira Escola de Minas, Federal University of OuroPreto, Ouro Preto, Brazil

Gerardo Reyes-Ruiz Centro de Investigaciones Económicas, Administrativas ySociales, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico

Antonio Santos Sánchez Escola de Minas, Federal University of Ouro Preto,Ouro Preto, Brazil

Siddhartha Sen School of Architecture and Planning, Morgan State University,Baltimore, USA

Shahriar Shams Civil Engineering Programme Area, Universiti Teknologi Brunei(UTB), Gadong, Brunei Darussalam

Meisam Tabatabaei Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, UniversitiTeknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia;Biofuel Research Team (BRTeam), Karaj, Iran;Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology ResearchInstitute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Extension, and EducationOrganization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

Ahmad Farhad Talebi Genetic Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, SemnanUniversity, Semnan, Iran

Anas Tallou Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Research and Development, SultanMoulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Beni-Mellal, Morocco

Ahmad Latif Virk College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China AgriculturalUniversity, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

xxvi Contributors