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title: Model Living Standards Measurement Study Survey Questionnaire for the Countries of the Former Soviet Union LSMS Working Paper, 0253-4517 ; No. 130 author: Oliver, Raylynn. publisher: World Bank isbn10 | asin: 0821339346 print isbn13: 9780821339343 ebook isbn13: 9780585222868 language: English subject Social surveys--Former Soviet republics, Cost and standard of living--Former Soviet republics, Former Soviet republics--Social conditions. publication date: 1997 lcc: HN29.O49 1997eb ddc: 300/.7/23 Social surveys--Former Soviet republics,

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Page 1: Model living standards measurement study survey questionnaire for the countries of the former Soviet Union

title:

ModelLivingStandardsMeasurementStudySurveyQuestionnairefortheCountriesoftheFormerSovietUnionLSMSWorkingPaper,0253-4517;No.130

author: Oliver,Raylynn.publisher: WorldBank

isbn10|asin: 0821339346printisbn13: 9780821339343ebookisbn13: 9780585222868

language: English

subject

Socialsurveys--FormerSovietrepublics,Costandstandardofliving--FormerSovietrepublics,FormerSovietrepublics--Socialconditions.

publicationdate: 1997lcc: HN29.O491997ebddc: 300/.7/23

Socialsurveys--FormerSovietrepublics,

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subject: Costandstandardofliving--FormerSovietrepublics,FormerSovietrepublics--Socialconditions.

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ModelLivingStandardsMeasurementStudySurveyQuestionnairefortheCountriesofthe

FormerSovietUnion

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TheLivingStandardsMeasurementStudy

TheLivingStandardsMeasurementStudy(LSMS)wasestablishedbytheWorldBankin1980toexplorewaysofimprovingthetypeandqualityofhouseholddatacollectedbystatisticalofficesindevelopingcountries.Itsgoalistofosterincreaseduseofhouseholddataasabasisforpolicydecisionmaking.Specifically,theLSMSisworkingtodevelopnewmethodstomonitorprogressinraisinglevelsofliving,toidentifytheconsequencesforhouseholdsofpastandproposedgovernmentpolicies,andtoimprovecommunicationsbetweensurveystatisticians,analysts,andpolicymakers.

TheLSMSWorkingPaperserieswasstartedtodisseminateintermediateproductsfromtheLSMS.PublicationsintheseriesincludecriticalsurveyscoveringdifferentaspectsoftheLSMSdatacollectionprogramandreportsonimprovedmethodologiesforusingLivingStandardsSurvey(LSS)data.Morerecentpublicationsrecommendspecificsurvey,questionnaire,anddataprocessingdesignsanddemonstratethebreadthofpolicyanalysisthatcanbecarriedoutusingLSSdata.

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ModelLivingStandardsMeasurementStudySurveyQuestionnairefortheCountriesofthe

FormerSovietUnion

RaylynnOliver

LSMSWorkingPaperNumber130

TheWorldBankWashington,D.C.

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Copyright©1997TheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/THEWORLDBANK

1818HStreet,N.W.Washington,D.C.20433,U.S.A.

AllrightsreservedManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaFirstprintingJune1997

TopresenttheresultsoftheLivingStandardsMeasurementStudywiththeleastpossibledelay,thetypescriptofthispaperhasnotbeenpreparedinaccordancewiththeproceduresappropriatetoformalprintedtexts,andtheWorldBankacceptsnoresponsibilityforerrors.Somesourcescitedinthispapermaybeinformaldocumentsthatarenotreadilyavailable.

Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareentirelythoseoftheauthor(s)andshouldnotbeattributedinanymannertotheWorldBank,toitsaffiliatedorganizations,ortomembersofitsBoardofExecutiveDirectorsorthecountriestheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptsnoresponsibilitywhatsoeverforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.

Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisvolumedonotimplyonthepartoftheWorldBankGroupanyjudgmentonthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.

Thematerialinthispublicationiscopyrighted.RequestsforpermissiontoreproduceportionsofitshouldbesenttotheOfficeofthePublisherattheaddressshowninthecopyrightnoticeabove.The

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WorldBankencouragesdisseminationofitsworkandwillnormallygivepermissionpromptlyand,whenthereproductionisfornoncommercialpurposes,withoutaskingafee.PermissiontocopyportionsforclassroomuseisgrantedthroughtheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,Suite910,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,Massachusetts01923,U.S.A.

ISBN:0-8213-3934-6ISSN:0253-4517

RaylynnOliverisaconsultantinthePovertyandHumanResourcesDivisionofthePolicyResearchDepartmentoftheWorldBank.

LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataOliver,Raylynn,1960-ModellivingstandardsmeasurementstudysurveyquestionnaireforthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion/RaylynnOliver.p.cm.(LSMSworkingpaper,ISSN0253-4517;no.130)ISBN0-8213-3934-61.SocialsurveysFormerSovietrepublics.2.CostandstandardoflivingFormerSovietrepublics.3.FormerSovietrepublicsSocialconditions.I.Title.II.Series.HN29.0491997300'.7'23dc2197-19577CIP

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ContentsForeword vii

Abstract ix

Acknowledgments xi

1.Introduction 1

2.ObjectivesoftheLSMSSurveys 2

3.AdaptingtheQuestionnairesforaSpecificCountry 4

3.1MakingtheQuestionnairesRelevanttoPolicy 4

3.2FieldTestingtheQuestionnaires 5

4.GuidelinesforAdaptingtheHouseholdQuestionnaire 7

4.1TranslationoftheQuestionnaire 7

4.2FormatoftheHouseholdQuestionnaire 8

4.3AdaptingSpecificQuestions 9

4.4RevisingEntireSections 9

4.5TopicSpecificGuidelines 10

Section0.InformationontheSurveyandInterviewerInstructions

10

Section1.HouseholdRoster 11

Section2.Dwelling 13

Section3.Education 14

Section4.Health 15

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Section5.EconomicActivities 17

Section6.Migration 19

Section7.RespondentsforRoundTwo 19

Section8.DisplacedPersonsandRefugees 20

Section9.Agro-PastoralActivities 20

Section10.Non-farmSelf-employment 21

Section11.ExpendituresandDurableGoods 21

Section12.FoodExpenditureandConsumption 21

Section13.Childbearing 22

Section14.OtherSourcesofIncome 23

Section15.LoansandSavings 23

5.AdaptingthePopulationPointandPriceQuestionnaire 24

6.Conclusion 26

Appendix1.LSMSHouseholdQuestionnairefortheCountriesoftheFormerSovietUnion

27

Appendix2.LSMSPopulationPointQuestionnairefortheCountriesoftheFormerSovietUnion

107

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ForewordThePovertyandHumanResourcesDivisionofthePolicyResearchDepartment(PRDPH)oftheWorldBankismakingaconcertedefforttodisseminatethelessonsofthefirsttenyearsofLivingStandardMeasurementStudy(LSMS)surveyfieldexperience,sothatthegrowingnumberofsurveyswithsimilarpurposescanlearnfromthem.TheneedtomeasurepovertyandguidepolicyduringtheeconomictransitionhascreateddemandforLSMSsurveysinthenewlyindependentstatesoftheformerSovietUnion.However,workingfromexistingmaterialshasbeendifficultbecausequestionnaireswerenotavailableinRussianandbecausequestionnairesfromotherregionsreflectedsituationsthatwerenotapplicableintheformerSovietUnion.TofacilitatetheuseofLSMSsurveysinthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,PRDPHdevelopedhousehold,communityandpricequestionnairesthatreflectthebasicinstitutionsandpolicyconcernsofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.ThesequestionnaireshavebeentranslatedintoRussian.ThisrepresentsanimportantstartingpointforconductinganLSMSsurvey.However,thebasicquestionnaireswillhavetobetailoredforanyspecificcountry.Thisdocumentpresentsthequestionnairesanddescribestheprocessrequiredtoadaptthequestionnairestolocalconditions.

LYNSQUIRE,DIRECTORPOLICYRESEARCHDEPARTMENT

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AbstractThisdocumentpresentsasetofLivingStandardMeasurementStudyquestionnairesthathavebeendevelopedforuseintheRussian-speakingcountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.ThesequestionnairesareavailableinEnglishandinRussian.Theyarealsoavailableinelectronicform.

Thisdocumentalsodescribesindetailtheprocedurethatshouldbefollowedtomodifythequestionnairesforuseinanyspecificcountry.Withoutcarefultailoring,thequestionnaireswillbefrustratingforinterviewersandrespondents.Moreimportantly,ifexistingpolicies,policyconcerns,andinstitutionsarenottakenintoconsideration,thesurveydatawillnotbesufficienttoaddressthequestionsforwhichthesurveyisundertakeninthefirstplace.Toguidethequestionnairewriterthroughthemodificationprocess,thisdocumentdescribestheimportantaspectsofLSMSsurveys,generalmodificationsthatwillberequired,translationandfieldtestingprocedures,andfinallyasectionbysectiondescriptionofthetypeofmodificationsthatarelikelytoberequiredtosuitgoalsandcircumstances.

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AcknowledgmentsThisdocumentdrawsheavilyonGuidelinesforAdaptingtheLSMSLivingStandardsQuestionnairestoLocalConditions,Ainsworth,MarthaandJacquesvanderGaag.LivingStandardsMeasurementStudyWorkingPaperNo.34,1988.Inaddition,thisdocumentandthequestionnaireshavebenefittedfromtheexperienceofthestaffofPRDPH,especiallyKinnonScott,MargaretGroshandCarlodelNinno.Indeveloping,translatingandfieldtestingthequestionnairesandunderstandingtheinstitutionsoftheformerSovietUnionIwasaidedbyBorisGitman,DjamilaKerimkulova,LubaLogenitsina,FatimaMamedova,VugarMatadov,JuliaMaronuk,andElenaPasportnikova.

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1IntroductionLivingStandardsMeasurementStudy(LSMS)surveysweredevelopedbytheWorldBanktoprovidethedatanecessarytoevaluatepoliciesthataffectthelivingstandardsofthepopulation.Forthispurposethequestionnairesaimtocollectthedatanecessarytomeasureallmajoraspectsofeconomicwell-beingatthelevelofthehouseholdandthepopulationpoint.1

LSMSsurveyshavebeenconductedinnearlythirtycountriesinthecourseofthelast10years.DatafromLSMSsurveyshavebeenusedtomeasuretheextentofpoverty,analyzelabormarketconditionsandwagedeterminants,estimatetheimpactofschoolingonbirthrateandchildhealth,evaluatethedemandforhealthcareandmanyothertopicsofrelevancetogovernmentMinistries.

Sincethebreak-upoftheSovietUnion,therehasbeenincreasinginterestinconductingLSMSsurveysinthenewlyindependentRepublicsinordertomeasuretheimpactoftransitionofthevariousgroupsofthepopulation.TheresultsofanLSMSsurveycanalsoprovideusefulassistanceinthedevelopmentofthepoliciestohelpprotectthemostvulnerablepeople.

RussianLanguageLivingStandardMeasurementStudyQuestionnaireshavebeendevelopedtoassistintheimplementationofthesesurveysintheRussian-speakingcountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.ThesequestionnairesfollowthebasicpatternofotherLSMSquestionnairesbuthavebeensubstantiallyalteredinordertoreflectthelivingconditionsandgovernmentpolicyconcernsfacedbymostofthecountriesintheregion.TheEnglishlanguagetranslationoftheLSMSquestionnairesforhouseholdandpopulationpointsinthe

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Russian-speakingcountriesareincludedinAppendices1and2.TheelectronicversionsofthequestionnairesareavailableinWordperfect5.1forDOSforthoseseekingtodevelopnewquestionnaires.2

TheSovietUnioncoveredanimmenseexpanseoflandandcontainedawidediversityofcultures.Becauseofthisdiversity,itisnotlikelythatthequestionnaireasitiswillbeidealforeachofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.Therefore,furtherrefinementsandadaptationwillbenecessaryinmostcasestomakethequestionnairesappropriateforuseinthefield.Thesequestionnairesarethereforedesignedasastartingpointandthisdocumentdescribesthemethodforfurthercountry-specificrefinementofthequestionnaires.

Inthisdocument,Section2describesinmoredetailtheobjectivesofLSMSsurveys.Aclearunderstandingoftheseobjectiveswillguidetheadaptationofthequestionnairestolocalconditions.Section3describesbroadlytheprocessofadaptingthequestionnaires.Section4providesgeneralandspecificguidelinesforadaptingthehouseholdquestionnaire.Section5presentsguidelinesforadaptingthepopulationpointandpricequestionnaires.Section6concludes.

1PopulationpointisthetermusedinthecountriesoftheSovietUnionthatmeansvillage,villageofthetowntype,ortown.2ForelectronicfilescontactLSMS,PRDPH,WorldBank,Washington,DC20433,USA;[email protected];orfax2025221153.

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2ObjectivesoftheLSMSSurveysTheprimaryobjectiveoftheLSMSsurveysistoobtainadatebaseforpolicyanalysis.Becauseofthis,LSMSsurveysdifferfrommostsinglepurposesurveys.LSMSsurveysgatherdataonallofthecomponentsofthestandardofliving.Forexample,ahealthsurveymayincludealargenumberofquestionsontypeofillness,symptoms,carereceived,timeandmoneyspentforeachillness,butonlyafewquestionsregardinghouseholdcharacteristics.Inordertoconductpolicy-relevantresearch,measuresareneededofhouseholdincome,labormarketstatus,educationalattainment,householdexpenditureonthingsotherthanhealth.

Fromtheobjectiveofgatheringtheinformationnecessarytoconductpolicyanalysiswederivemostoftheguidelinesandconstraintsthatmustbeconsideredwhenadaptingthequestionnairesforuseinaspecificcountry.Whenadaptingthesurvey,itisimportanttokeepinmindthatalthoughtheLSMSquestionnairecollectsinformationonhealthandmedicalcare,itisnotahealthsurvey.Similarly,itcollectsinformationonagriculturebutitisnotanagriculturesurvey.AhealthsurveyoranagriculturalsurveywouldcollectmuchmoredetailedinformationonhealthoragriculturethantheLSMSdoes.Itisnotpossibletocollectinformationonallmajoraspectsoflivinginthesamedetailthatwouldbeusedinasinglepurposesurvey.

AnothercharacteristicoftheLSMSsurveysistheemphasisthatisplacedonreducingnon-samplingerror.Thisisreflectedinthesampledesignandintheorganizationofthefieldwork.Manyfeaturesofthedesignofthequestionnairesarealsointendedtominimizenon-samplingerror.Forinstance,thequestionnairesarealmostentirely

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pre-coded.Interviewersenterthecodesontothequestionnaireanddataentryoperatorsentertheresponsesdirectlyfromthequestionnaire.Anotherfeatureisthegridsusedforcollectingindividualdatathatincreasethelikelihoodthatalloftheinformationstaystogether.3

Thereare16sectionsinthehouseholdquestionnaire:4

0.SurveyInformationandInterviewerInstructions

1.Rosterofthemembersofthehousehold

2.Housingconditions

3.Education

4.Health

5.EconomicActivities

3AllaspectsoftheLSMSsurveysandquestionnairesareexplainedinGrosh,MargaretE.andJuanMunoz,1996,AManualforPlanningandImplementingLSMSSurveys,LivingStandardMeasurementStudyWorkingPaperNo.126,WorldBank,WashingtonD.C.4Thereisnotasingledefinitionofhousehold.Inthisquestionnaire,theinterviewerisinstructedtolistallindividualswhonormallylive,eattheirmealstogetherandshareexpensesinthedwellingregardlessofwhetherornottheindividualwaspresentinthehouseholdthedaybefore.Householdmembersincludethehouseholdhead,childrenborninthelastthreemonths,individualsmarriedintothehouseholdinthelastthreemonths,andotherindividualswhowereabsentforfewerthanninemonthsofthelasttwelve.Servantsandpayinglodgersandtheirfamiliesformaseparatehouseholdandshouldbeinterviewedseparately.

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Page3

6.Migration

7.SelectionofrespondentsforRound2

8.Refugeesanddisplacedpersons

9.AgriculturalActivities

10.Self-employment

11.ExpendituresandDurableGoods

12.FoodExpenditureandConsumption

13.Childbearing

14.OtherIncome

15.CreditandSavings

Forsections1,3,4,5,and6,informationiscollectedforeachindividualinthehousehold,orforalltheindividualsofacertainage.Forexample,thesectiononschoolingisonlytobecompletedforhouseholdmembersovertheageof7.Wheninformationiscollectedforindividuals,agridisusedsothatalloftheinformationforonehouseholdiscontainedinthesamequestionnairepage.Thiseliminatesthepossibilityofthelossofthequestionnairesforoneormoreindividualsinthehousehold.Thegridformatalsofacilitatesthedataentryprocess.Inothersections,wheretheresponsetoaquestionwillbethesameforeachmemberofthehousehold,thequestionsareaskedonlyonce,forexamplesection2onhousing.Thegridformatisalsousedinsections8through15.Though,inthesesectionstheunitofobservationisnotanindividualmemberofthehouseholdbutatypeofcropinsection9oratypeoffoodinsection11.Insomesections,thegridisusedforindividuals,butnotforhouseholdmembers;theseincludesection1C(childrenlivingelsewhere),section11E(remittances),section13(fertility)andsection14A

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(incomefromrelativesandprivatepersons).

Informationonthetownorvillageinwhichthehouseholdislocatedisalsocollectedbecausethelevelofservicesandotherconditionsinthevicinitycanhaveanimportantimpactonthequalityoflifefortheresidents.Thereare8sectionsinthepopulationpointquestionnaire:

1.DemographicInformation

2.Infrastructure

3.Economy

4.RefugeesandDisplacedPersons

5.Education

6.Health

7.Agriculture

8.Institutions

9.Prices

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3AdaptingtheQuestionnairesforaSpecificCountryTheadaptationofaquestionnaireinvolvesmuchmorethanthetranslationofthequestionnaireintothelocallanguageandtheadditionofcountry-specificresponsecategories.Inorderforthequestionnairetoprovideinformationthatcanbeusedtoaddresstheimportantpolicyconcernsinaparticularcountryataparticulartime,thequestionnairemustbeadaptedforuseinconsultationwithabroadrangeofpolicymakers.Theseconsultationscanservetwopurposes.Thefirstistoensurethatthecorrectdataarecollectedinthesurvey.Thesecondistofamiliarizepotentialusersofthedataandtheanalysisofthetypeofinformationthatwillbecollectedandofitspotentialuses.

Thesecondstageoftheadaptationofthesurveyinstrumentsforuseinaspecificcountryinvolvesathoroughfieldtestofallquestionnaires.Questionnairesmustbetestedinenoughhouseholdsandcommunitiestobesurethatthedesiredinformationcanbecollectedinavarietyofcircumstances.

InmostofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,adaptationoftheLivingStandardMeasurementSurveywillalsorequirethatallquestionnairesbetranslatedintooneormorenationallanguagesspokenbythepopulationofthatcountry.Preparingthequestionnaireinasecondlanguagewilloftenrequiremodificationsintheoriginalquestionnaire.5

3.1MakingtheQuestionnairesRelevanttoPolicy

TosuccessfullyadapttheLSMSquestionnairesandensurethatthedatawillbeabletosupportpolicy-relevantanalysis,itisnecessaryto

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consultwithgovernmentofficials,policyadvisorsandotherswhoareinvolvedindesigningandevaluatingpolicies.Eachsectionofthequestionnairemustaccuratelyreflectthestructureoflocalinstitutions,programsandpolicies.Eachsectionmustalsocontainthequestionsnecessarytogatherthedatarequiredtoanalyzetheusefulnessandeffectivenessofthoseinstitutions,programsandpolicies.

Forexample,ifincreasingemploymentisanimportantobjectiveofthegovernmentandoneofthepoliciesthathasbeenimplementedtoachievethatgoalistheprovisionofjobtrainingcoursesthenthequestionnairewriterwillneedtoknow:whattypesofcourseswereoffered,whowaseligibletoparticipate,wherewerethesecoursesoffered,whatsubjectswereofferedandiftheparticipantswererequiredtopayforthecoursesoracceptcertainjobs,orfulfillotherobligationstoparticipateinthetraining.Iftherewasafeeforthecoursesthenthepolicymakersarelikelytowanttoknowifthatfeewasanobstaclethatpreventedeligibleindividualswhowouldhavebenefittedfromthecoursefromtakingit.Ontheotherhand,policymakersmaybemostinterestedtoknowifeligibleindividualswereawarethatthecoursewasavailable.Knowledgeofallaspectsoftheprogramwillallowthequestionnairewriterstodefineproperlythequestionsthatneedtobeincludedandwillguidethelistofcodedresponsestobeprovided.

5Forexample,intheRussianthereisnoonesinglewordforMother-in-law.Thereareseparatewordsforaman'smother-in-lawandawoman'smother-in-law.Ifanimportantsocialdistinctioncorrespondstothelanguagedistinction,thenquestionnairesinbothlanguagesshouldincludethetworelationsasseparatecategories.Similarproblemsaroseinthecategorizationoffoodsintheconsumptionmodule.

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TheformationofabaseofdataforpolicyformulationandevaluationisthemaingoaloftheLSMSandsothequestionnairesshouldfirstofallfocusontheeffectsofexistingpoliciesthathaveanimpactonlivingstandards.Questionsmeasuringtheuseofgovernmentservicesorthebenefitsreceivedbythehouseholdsfromsuchprogramsshouldappearthroughoutthequestionnaires.Answerstothesequestionsallowthepolicyanalysttodeterminetheextentofbenefitprovidedbytheseprogramsandalsotodeterminewhichhouseholdswouldbemostaffectedbyachangeintheprogram.

Thequestionnairesshouldalsogatherdataonhouseholdexpendituresonalltypesofgovernment,publicandprivateservices.Answerstothesequestionscanbeusedtoanalyzegovernmentpricingpolicies,consumers'willingnesstopay,andpossiblealternativefinancingmechanisms.

Eventhecontentofsectionsthatdonotseemtobedirectlyrelatedtoanyspecificpolicymustbedevelopedtoaddresspolicyconcerns.Forexample,inordertomeasurehouseholdconsumption,allitemsmustbeaggregatedintoarelativelysmallsetofcommoditygroups.Tosomeextent,logicandcurrentconsumptionindicatehowcommoditiesshouldbegrouped.However,fromapolicypointofviewitisimportanttodistinguishbetweentaxedandnon-taxeditems,betweenimportedanddomesticitems,andbetweenitemssoldatgovernment-controlledpricesandthosesoldatmarket-determinedprices.Thedivisionofitemsamonggroupswillvaryfromcountrytocountry.ForexamplebreadpricesarestillsubjecttogovernmentsupportinseveralofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.

Finally,thedatagatheredbyanLSMSsurveycanhelppolicymakerstoidentifygeographicalregionsofthecountryortypesofhouseholdsthatwillbethetargetofnewpolicies.Thiswillonlyoccur,however,ifthereareextensivetalksregardingboththecurrentpoliciesand

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policiesunderconsiderationbetweenthequestionnairewritersandthepolicymakers.

3.2FieldTestingtheQuestionnaires

Afterthequestionnaireshavebeenadaptedtoreflectlocalpolicyconsiderations,theymustbetestedinthefieldonactualhouseholdsandpopulationpoints.Ateamofexperiencedinterviewersandthewritersofthequestionnairesgointothefieldtoaskallorpartofthequestionnairestoasmanyasahundredhouseholdsofdifferenttypesandindifferentpartsofthecountry.

Thegoalofthefieldtestistoensurethatthequestionnairesarecapableofcollectingtheinformationthattheyweredesignedtocollect.Thefollowingquestionsmustbeansweredinthefieldtest:

Isthefull-scopeofthedesiredinformationbeingcollected?

Doesthequestionnairecollectinformationthatisinternallyconsistent?

Doeseachsectioncontainalltherelevanttypesofactivities,sourcesofincome,categoriesofexpenditure,etc.?

Iseachquestionclearandeasilyunderstoodunderallcircumstances?

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Aretherealternativeinterpretationsofaquestion?

Haveallresponsesbeenanticipatedinthecodedresponsesprinted?

BecausetheLSMSsurveysaimtomeasurelivingstandards,itiscriticalthatthehouseholdquestionnairebetestedinalargevarietyofhouseholds.Thefieldtestmustincludehouseholdsfromeachmajoreconomic,geographic,ethnicandoccupationalgroupthatisrepresentedinthecountry.Failuretoanticipatethesourcesofincome,thetypesofexpenditureorothercharacteristicsofspecificgroupsonthehouseholdquestionnairecanleadtofalseconclusionsregardingthelivingstandardsandeconomicprospectsofthesegroups.

Inadditiontoensuringthatalltypesofhouseholdsareincludedinthefieldtest,itisnecessarytoensurethatallsectionsofthehouseholdquestionnairearetested.Itisthereforenecessarytoadministereachpartofthequestionnairetoavarietyofindividualsforwhomthatsectionisrelevant.Forexample,thehousingsectionshouldbeconductedforalltypesofhouseholds:homeowners,renters,squatters;urbanandruralresidents;peoplelivinginsingle-familyhousesandthoselivinginapartments.Theemploymentsectionmustbefield-testedonindividualswhoarecollectivefarmers,privatefarmers,governmentworkers,workersintheprivatesector,entrepreneurs,self-employedpeople,unemployedpersons,homemakersandchildren.Thisistrueforeachsectionofthequestionnaire.

Thefieldtestalsoprovidesimportantinformationthatwillbeusedintherestofthesurveywork.Thequestionsaskedbyinterviewersduringthefieldtestandthemistakesmadeincompletingthequestionnaireswillindicatewhichsectionsofthequestionnairerequirespecialemphasisinthetrainingofinterviewers.Otherdifficultiesthatarisewillindicatethesituationsandproblemsthatneedtobediscussedintheinstructionmanualsthatwillbepreparedfortheinterviewersandsupervisors.

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Giventheimportanceofthefieldtesttotheoutcomeofthesurvey,itisessentialthatseniorsurveystaffbepresentinthefieldatalltimestoassessthequalityoftheresults,makechangesinthequestionnairewhennecessary,andwitnesstheproblemsanddifficultiesthatariseinthecourseofthesurveyoperation.

Insomecasesitwillbenecessarytoredesigncompletelypartofthequestionnaire.Thiscanonlybedonebythosewhoarefamiliarwiththeobjectivesandpolicyneedsaddressedbythesurvey.Allmodificationstothequestionnairemustthenalsobetestedinthefield.

Questionnairescompletedinthecourseofthefieldtestcanthenbeusedtocheckforinternalconsistencyinthequestionnaire.Largediscrepanciesbetweenthesumofexpendituresandthesumofincomesourcesmayindicateanimportantomissioninoneortheothercategory.Inconsistencybetweenanswersintheemploymentsectionandanswersintheagricultureorself-employmentsectionmayindicatethatthefilterquestionsarenotwordedcorrectlyinsection7.

Populationpointandpricequestionnairesmustalsobefieldtestedinallregionsofthecountryandinavarietyoftypesofpopulationpoints.Ifthesurveywillusequestionnairesinmorethanonelanguage,versionsofthequestionnaireineachlanguagemustbethoroughlytestedinthefield.

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4GuidelinesforAdaptingtheHouseholdQuestionnaire

4.1TranslationoftheQuestionnaire

Atanearlystageanimportantdecisionhastobemaderegardingthelanguagesinwhichthequestionnaireswillbeproducedandadministered.Severalfactorsmustbeconsidered:

1.Itisalwaysbetterforarespondenttobeinterviewedinhisorhernativetongue,becauseinterpretationcanleadtomisrepresentationofthequestionandtheanswer.

2.Producingthequestionnaireinseverallanguagesisexpensiveandtime-consuming.

3.Aquestionnairecanonlybeadministeredinanygivenlanguagebysomeonewhospeaksthatlanguagesotheinterviewteamswillhavetocontainatleastoneinterviewerwhocanspeakeachofthelanguagescontainedinthequestionnaires.

4.Hiringinterpreterstotravelwiththeinterviewteamsisexpensive.

5.Usinganinterpretertoconductaninterviewnearlydoublesthetimerequiredtoconductthatinterview.

6.Usinglocalpeopletointerpretmakesitdifficulttocontrolthequalityoftheinterpretationanditcompromisestheconfidentialityoftherespondent.

Itisdifficulttoofferspecificguidelines.Thequestionnaireshouldbetranslatedintoanylanguagethatisspokenbyhalformoreofthehouseholdsinthecountry.Itisfurtherrecommendedthatthequestionnairebetranslatedandadministeredinasmanylocal

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languagesasfeasiblegivenpersonnelandfinancialconstraints.

Alltranslationsshouldbemadeafterthedevelopmentofthequestionnaire,beforethefieldtesting.Thequestionnairemustbecompletelytestedinalllanguages.Anymodificationsthataremademustbemadeconsistentlyineachlanguageversionofthequestionnaire.Itisoftenuseful,attheendofthefieldtestingtohavenativespeakersofthevariouslanguageswhowerenotinvolvedinthefieldtestorquestionnairedevelopmenttranslateeachquestionnairebackintothelanguageoftheoriginalquestionnaireandcomparethem.Discrepanciesmustthenberesolvedineachofthetranslatedquestionnaires.

Translationofquestionnairesrequiresspecialattention.Itisextremelyimportantthateachquestionbeunderstoodinexactlythesamewaybyrespondentsregardlessofwhichlanguagequestionnaireisbeingused.Itisnotsufficienttotranslateonlythebasicideaofthequestion,thenuanceandexactmeaningmustalsobecaptured.Questionbyquestionexaminationofthetranslationistime-consumingandsufficientallowancemustbemadeinschedulingbothinquestionnairedevelopmentandinthepost-fieldtestmodificationofthequestionnaires.

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4.2FormatoftheHouseholdQuestionnaire

Theformatofthequestionnaireminimizesthedecisionsthatneedtobemadeinthefieldbyinterviewers.Thisencouragesconsistencyacrossinterviewersandreducesnon-samplingerror.TherearetwokeyfeaturesoftheformatoftheLSMSquestionnaires:

1.Everyquestioniswrittenexactlyasitissupposedtobeaskedbytheinterviewer.Lowercaselettersindicatesomethingthatistobereadtotherespondentduringtheinterview.UppercaselettersindicatesomethingthatisNOTtobereadaloud,butisonlyfortheinterviewer'sinformation.

2.Theskippatternismarkedclearlyonthequestionnaire.Thereisnoambiguityaboutwhoismeanttorespondtoasectionorabouttowheretheinterviewershouldproceedafteraspecificquestionorsectioniscompleted.SkipinstructionsareindicatedbyoneortwoarrowsfollowedbyQandanumber,apartorsectionofthequestionnaire,oranindicationtoaskthequestionsconcerningthepersonoriteminthenextrowofthequestionnairegrid.Twoarrowsindicateaninstructionthatappliesregardlessoftheresponsegiventothatquestion.Asinglearrowindicatesaninstructionthatonlyappliesifthatspecificanswerisgiven.

Thesedesignfeatures,togetherwiththeproceduresfollowedinthefieldworkandthedataentry,haveproducedhighqualitydatainmanyofthecountrieswhereLSMSsurveyshavebeenconducted.

Theorderofthesectionsinthehouseholdquestionnairereflectsthefollowingconsiderations:

1.Thehouseholdrostermustcomefirstinordertoidentifythepersonsthatmustbeinterviewed.Allindividualinformationiscollectedinthefirstroundofthesurveyinordertosubmitthedatato

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consistencycheckssothatinconsistenciescanbecorrectedinthesecondround.

2.Thehousingquestionsarealsoaskedinthefirstroundbecausetheinterviewermustestablishwhatconstitutesthedwellingforthepurposesofdefiningthehousehold.

3.Expenditureandconsumptionsectionsarecontainedinthesecondroundsothattheperiodbetweenthetwointerviews,twoweeks,canbeusedasareferenceperiod.

4.Themostsensitivesectionsofthesurvey,fertility,savingsandcreditareplacedattheendofthesurvey.

5.ThesectionsrequiringresponsesfromallormosthouseholdmembersareaskedinRoundOne.ArrangementscanthenbemadesothatthosemembersidentifiedinSection7asrespondentsforRoundTwowillbeavailabletobeinterviewedduringthesecondvisit.

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4.3AdaptingSpecificQuestions

Fourtypesofmodificationsmustbemadetoindividualquestions:responsecodes,addingquestions,droppingquestions,andmodifyingwording.

Inappropriateresponsesshouldbeexcludedfromthelistprovidedonthequestionnaire.Unnecessarycodesaddtothecomplexityofthequestionnaireandincreasethelikelihoodofincorrectcoding.Thosecodesarefrustratingtotheinterviewerandtotherespondent.Ontheotherhand,largenumbersofresponsesof''Other"wouldlimitsignificantlythevalueoftheanalysisthatthedatawillsupport.Allanalyticallyinterestinganddistinctpossibleresponsesshouldbeincluded.

Somequestionsincludedinthequestionnairewillnotpertaintoagivencountryandmustbedropped,forinstanceiftherewerenominimumwagelegislationinacountry,thenthequestiononwhetherornottherespondent'ssalaryissubjecttotheminimumwagewouldbeunnecessary.Aswithirrelevantresponsecodes,irrelevantquestionsirritaterespondents.Theyalsowastevaluabledataentrytime.

Ontheotherhand,inmanycases,questionswillneedtobeaddedinordertocaptureenoughinformationtoprovideusefulinsightstopolicymakers.Forinstance,becausethepracticeofpayingworkersalarieswithoutputoftheenterpriseratherthancashiswidespreadinmanycountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,thequestionnaireincludesacompletesetofquestionsaskingwhatpercentofdifferenttypesofpaymentswasmadeinkind.Receiptof$200worthofcarpeteachmonthissubstantiallydifferentfromthereceipt$200incash.ManyofthetypesofquestionsthatmustbeincludedwillbeclearfromdiscussionswithvariousMinistriesoncurrentpublicpolicy.Clever

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useofthefieldtestcanalsorevealpointswhereclarificationquestionsshouldbeincluded.

Anyadditionsordeletionsofquestionswillchangethenumberingofotherquestions.Itisveryimportantthatthesenumberchangesarethenaccuratelyreflectedinanyskipinstructionsonthequestionnaire.Itisextremelyimportantthatthelogicoftheskippatternsbemaintained.

Itwillalsobenecessarytomodifywordingofsomequestionstoeliminateanyambiguitythatthequestionmayposeinaspecificcountrysetting.Itmayalsobenecessarytochangewordinginordertoeliminateambiguitythatariseswhenthequestionnaireistranslatedintooneoftheotherlocallanguages.

4.4RevisingEntireSections

Insomecountriesentiresectionswillneedtobeexcludedoradded.Section8onRefugeesandDisplacedPersonswillnotberelevantincountrieswherethereisnosignificantrefugeepopulation.LSMSsurveysfromaroundtheworldhaveincludedawidevarietyofadditionalmodulesthathavenotbeenincludedinthequestionnairepresentedhere.Someexamplesinclude:anthropometricsformeasuringtheextentofmalnutritionamongchildren,aptitudeteststomeasurereadingandmathematicalskillsindependentlyofyearsofschooling,contraceptiveusemodulesthatcontainquestionsonknowledge,useandcurrentuseofeachtypeofcontraception.Privatizationandtheparticipationintheeconomicreformsmaybeimportantincapturingeconomicwell-beinginsomeofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.Environmentalandpollutionconcernscouldalsoformthebasisofanentiremoduleratherthanthesinglequestionincludedinsection2ofthisquestionnaire.

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4.5TopicSpecificGuidelines

Section0.InformationontheSurveyandInterviewerInstructions

Thepurposeofthesepagesisadministrative.Theformatreflectsthestructureofsamplingandthefieldworkprocedure.Thefirstlinewouldneedtobechangedifsamplingwerenotbasedonpopulationpoints.Ifthesurveywerenotconductedintworoundsthenthiswouldrequirechangesinthestructureofpages2,3,and4.Page3willneedtoreflecttheprocedureadoptedforcompletingthequestionnaireandcontrollingthequality.

Appropriatelanguageswillneedtobeaddedinthefirstboxofpage2forlanguageofhouseholdheadandlanguageofinterview.Ifinformationontheethnicityorlanguageoftherespondentsisnotsensitiveorifitislikelytovaryacrossmembersofthehousehold,thenquestionsonlanguageandethnicitycouldbeincludedinthehouseholdroster.Thepagenumbersinthetableonpage3willbechangedifchangesintherestofthequestionnaireincreasesorreducesthenumberofpages,orchangestheorder.

Box1.SpecifictermsinSection0.

Populationpoint(íàñåëåííûèïóíêò)isaplacewherepeoplelive.Itcanbeavillage,avillageofthetowntype,oratown.Nationalcensuseslistpopulationbypopulationpoint.Householdlistsaremaintainedforeachpopulationpointattheadministrativecenterofthatpopulationpoint.Thepopulationpointscanserveasthebasisforthefirststagesamplingintwostagesamplingdesigns.Thisishowevernottrueincities.Theentirecityisapopulationpointbuthouseholdlistsaremaintainedintheseparateraionsofthecity.

TheEnglishword"community"doesn'ttranslatewellintoRussiansothisphrase,populationpoint,alsotakestheplaceoftheword

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"community"intheappropriatequestions.IfsamplingdidnotusepopulationpointsthenthereferencestoPopulationPointandPPcodeontheinformationsheetwouldhavetobechangedtoreflectthesamplingclusterunitused.Referencestopopulationpointinquestionscouldbeleftunchangedbecauseitstillseemstobeavalidandusefulwaytoconveythesenseof"community".

RaionisaRussianwordthatcanbetranslatedregion,areaorzone.Itisalsohoweveraspecificlevelofgovernmentadministration,similartocountiesintheUnitedStatesorEngland.WhenraionisusedintheRussiantomeanregion,itistranslatedthatwayintheEnglishversionofthequestionnaire.Whenitreferstotheadministrativeregion,thenraionhasbeenpreservedintheEnglish.

Theinterviewerinstructionsexplainsomefeaturesofthequestionnaire.Theseincludetheuseofupperandlowercaseletterstodistinguishbetweenwhattheinterviewerseesandwhattheinterviewersaystotherespondentandtheuseofdouble, ,andsingle, ,arrowstoindicatewhetheraskipappliestoallrespondentsofthatquestionortoonlythoserespondentswhogiveaparticularresponse.

Implicitintheinterviewerinstructionsarealsothegroupsofpeopletobelistedonthehouseholdrosterandthedefinitionofhouseholdmember.Interviewersareaskedtolistallindividualswhonormallylive,eattheirmealstogetherandshareexpensesinthedwellingregardlessofwhetherornottheindividualwaspresentinthehouseholdthedaybefore.Householdmembersincludethehouseholdhead,childrenborninthelastthreemonths,individualsmarriedintothehouseholdinthelastthree

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Page11

months,andotherindividualswhowereabsentforfewerthanninemonthsofthelasttwelve.Servantsandpayinglodgersandtheirfamiliesformaseparatehouseholdandshouldbeinterviewedseparately.

Anydeviationsfromtheformatusedorthedefinitionofhouseholdmemberthatistobeappliedwillneedtobereflectedinmodificationstotheinterviewerinstructions.

Section1.HouseholdRoster

Thehouseholdrosterhasthreepurposes:1)toidentifyhouseholdmembers;2)toobtainbasicdemographicinformationonhouseholdmembersandotherpersonsresidingwiththehouseholdatthetimeoftheinterview;and3)tolinkhouseholdmemberswiththeirspouses,parentsandchildren.

Part1Aasksthename,age,sexandrelationshiptohouseholdheadofindividuals.Maritalstatusinaskedandmarriedorcohabitingindividualsareaskedtoidentifytheirspouseifs/heisamemberofthehousehold.Questionsonlengthofandreasonforabsenceallowforanalysistobedoneusingamorenarrowdefinitionofhouseholdmember.However,onceapersonisidentifiedinquestion11asnotbeingahouseholdmember,noadditionalinformationiscollectedonthatindividual.AfterthequestionsinPart1Aareanswered,therespondentsareshownthelistofindividualswhomeetthecriteriaforhouseholdmember.Respondentsaretheninstructedtoconsideronlythoseindividualswhenrespondingtoquestionsregardingthehousehold.

IntheRussianlanguagedifferentwordsareusedtoindicatespouse'sparentsdependingonwhetherthepersonisamanorawomanandthishasbeenreflectedinthetwoanswers6and7forquestion3.Differentiationsthatexistinotherlanguagesinthesurveycountry

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mayrequiretheadditionofothercategories.

Part1Bgathersinformationontheschoolingandprincipaloccupationofthemotherandfatherofeachhouseholdmember.Iftheindividual'smotherorfatherisalsoahouseholdmemberthenthatinformationiscollectedinSection3ofthequestionnaireandthereisaskipsothatschoolinginformationinnotcollectedinthissection.Parentalschoolingandoccupationareimportantexplanatoryvariablesinmanyanalyses;itisthusimportanttohavethisdatafortheparentsofallhouseholdmembers.TheeducationsystemoftheformerSovietUnionisdescribedbrieflyinBox2.

Part1Cgathersschoolingandresidenceinformationforthechildrenofhouseholdmemberswhodonotliveinthehousehold.Thelistisrestrictedtonon-residentchildrenunder20yearsofage.Thisinformationcanbeusedtomeasurethetotalinvestmentineducationofthehousehold.

Question15identifiesthetypeofplacewherethenon-residentchildrenareliving.IntheSovietUnion,administrativedivisionsincludedrepublics,oblasts,andraions.Everyvillageortownwasclassifiedasarepublicantown,anoblasttown,araiontown,atown,avillageofthetowntypeoravillage.Thedistinctionwasnotmadestrictlyonsizebutonadministrativeimportanceandlevelofinfrastructure.Avillageofthetowntypewouldbepredominantlyruralbuthavesomeindustrialactivity.Thepointis,thatthepopulationincludessomeworkersandnotjustpeasants.Thesedefinitionsmaybegintolosetheirrelevance,buttheyremainapplicableinmanyregions.

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Box2.Educationsystem

DuringtheSovietUnion,allfemaleworkersweregrantedthreeyearsofmaternityleaveafterthebirthofeachchild.Childrenfromage36attendedakindergarten.Atage6childrenenteredsecondaryschoolsrednyshkola.Secondaryschoolconsistsofupto10years,after8yearsstudentsreceivea8thclasscompletioncertificate.Thefirstthreeyearsofsecondaryschoolaresometimescalledprimaryschool,buttheyareallpartofsecondaryschool.After8class,somestudentsleavetheeducationalsystemaltogether.Theanswertoquestion4willthereforebeanumberbetween0and10indicatingthenumberofyearsclassescompletedinsecondaryschool.(Forabriefperiod,secondaryschoolscontained11classes.)

Studentswhodon'tleaveschoolat8thclass,takeanexaminRussianandMathematics.Thosewhoscoresatisfactorymarkscanbegintwoyearprofessionaltechnicalschoolsthatteachtechnicalvocationalskillssuchascarpentry,plumbing,welding.Atthesuccessfulcompletionofa2yearprogram,thestudentreceivesaprofessional-technicalschooldiploma.

Thosewhoscoreslightlybetteronthe8thclassexamandwishtopursueaprofessionbegina4yearprogramatasecondarytechnicalorspecializedsecondaryschools.Theseschoolsoffercoursesinparticularfields.Inthecaseofsecondarytechnicalschools,agriculture,constructionandcommercearecovered.Inthespecializedsecondaryschools,dentistry,nursing,art,music,architecturearetaught.Successfulcompletionofthefouryearprogramearnsthestudentasecondarytechnicalschooldiploma.Thestudentcanthenbeginwork,qualifyforentranceintoaprofessionalsecondaryinstitutebytakingtheentranceexam.Somestudentsenteruniversityaftersecondarytechnicalorspecialized

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secondaryschool.

Themostacademicstudentsandthosethatdon'tknowexactlywhichprofessiontheywanttofollowcontinueinsecondaryschoolto9thand10thclass.Thentheyreceiveasecondaryschoolcompletioncertificate.Aftersecondaryschoolstudentscanbeginwork,followtwoyearsatasecondarytechnicalorspecializedsecondaryschool,taketheexamtoenteraninstituteortaketheexamtoenterauniversity.

Highereducationalinstitutionsincludeuniversitiesandinstitutes.Universitiesoffermanyartsandscienceprograms.Institutesofferallothertechnicalandprofessionalprogramsincludingmedicine,engineeringandforeignlanguages.Aftersuccessfulcompletionofa5yearprogramataninstituteorauniversitythestudentreceivesahighereducationdiploma.Throughadditionalpostgraduateworkininstitutesoruniversities,astudentcanearnthecandidateofscienceordoctorofscience,inthatorder.Theanswertoquestion5willbeanumberbetween0and10indicatingthenumberofyearsspentintotalinthefollowingeducationalinstitutions:professionaltechnicalschool,secondarytechnicalschool,specializedsecondaryschool,institutesanduniversities.

Theanswertoquestion6willprovideinformationonwhethertherespondentfinished8thor10thclassofsecondaryschool,finishedoneofthethreesecondaryinstitutes,orcompletedaprograminauniversityorinstitute(answer6).

Atthepresenttime,maternityleavesarefarlesswidespreadbutthereisalsoagreatdealofunemploymentamongwomen.Manykindergartenshaveclosed.Childrenstartsecondaryschoolatage7.Inmanycountriesschoolingthroughthe8thclassisnolongermandatory.Atalllevelsthereareanincreasingnumberofprivateestablishments.Sometimestheseprivateestablishmentreplicateexistinginstitutions,forexamplekindergartens.Inothercases,the

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overlapisnotcomplete.Forexample,thereareprivateschoolsthatteachonlythefirst6yearsofsecondaryschool,religiousschoolsthatfollowacompletelydifferentcurriculum,anduniversitiesthatattempttoreplicatethewestern4yearBAand5yearMAprograms.Someofthenewuniversitiesofferprogramspreviouslyavailableonlyininstitutes.

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Section2.Dwelling

Part2Agathersinformationontype,size,andconstructionmaterialsofthedwelling.Thesecharacteristicsoftenreflectsocio-economicstatusandlivingstandards.InthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,yearofconstructionisalsoageneralindicatorofqualityofhousing,especiallyforapartments.Responsecategoriesfortypeofdwellingandconstructionmaterialsmayrequiremodification.6Thequestiononfloorofbuildingisincludedbecauseitcanimpactconvenience,security,waterpressureandotheraspectsofdailylife.

Part2Bgathersinformationonownership/rentalofhousing,monthlypaymentsforthedwellingincashandinkind,estimatedsaleandrentalvaluesarecollectedforhouseholdsthatowntheirdwelling.InthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,housingmarketsandrentalmarketsarenotwell-developed.Inruralareastheyarevirtuallynon-existent.Estimatesofthevalueofthedwellingareimportantforestimatingtheexpendituresandsocio-economiclevelofthehouseholdbutitmaybeverydifficultorimpossibleforhouseholdstoanswerthesequestions.Fieldtestsshoulddeterminewhetherthesequestionscanbeaskedtoallhouseholdsorifadditionalquestionsandskippatternsmustbeintroduced,sothat,forinstance,onlyurbanhouseholdsareaskedtoestimatearentalvalue.

IntheSovietUnion,dwellingshousesandapartmentscouldbeowned.Adistinctionwasmadebetweenproductiveandnot-productivecapital.Privateownershipwasonlyforbiddeninthecaseofproductivecapitallandandfactories.Eachfamilycouldownonlyonedwelling.Eachmemberofthatfamilywouldberegisteredtoliveinthatresidence.Itwasrareanddifficult,thoughnotunheardof,forpeopletoliveinplacesdifferentfromwheretheywereregistered.Peoplecaughtlivingwithoutregistrationcouldbesenttoprison.Privatizationprogramssinceindependencehavevariedfromcountry

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tocountry.Often,eachfamilywasprovidedwithcouponsthatcouldbeusedtopurchasethedwellingtheywerelivingin.

"Cooperativearrangements"describethesituationinwhichagroupofpeoplehaveformedacooperativecounciltocollectmoneyfromseveralpeoplewhoareinterestedinpurchasinganapartment.WiththemoneycollectedandaloanfromtheState,thecooperativecouncilconstructedanapartmentbuilding.Overthecourseofseveralyears,residentsmakepaymentstothecooperativecouncilandthecooperativecouncilpaysofftheloantotheState."Swapped"describesthefairlycommonoccurrenceoftwofamiliesgoingtothelocalauthoritiesandreportingthat,forexample,sincethechildrenoffamilyAhavegrownandlefttheapartmentandfamilyBisgrowingandmoreinneedofalargerapartment,thetwofamilieswouldliketoswapapartments.Thechangeofresidencewouldthenbenotedofficiallyinthepassportsofbothfamilies.

Ifrentisoftenpaidordenominatedinwesterncurrency,thenthisshouldbenoted.Theresponsecategoriesmayvaryfromcountrytocountry.Ifwesterncurrenciesareneverusedthenthispartofquestion13couldbedropped.Ontheotherhand,ifthepracticeexists,butisillegal,thenthequestionmaybeextremelysensitiveandrequiresomemodification.

Forallhouseholds,questionsareaskedcoveringthewater,bathing,toilet,lighting,cooking,heatingandtelephone.Availability,typeoffacility,andqualityofserviceofutilitiescanhavean

6Answercode1toquestion8isASBESTOSSHEETS.ThisanswerontheRussianversioncouldbetranslated,slate,butthesamewordreferstocorrugatedasbestossheets.Slate-roofedhousesareextremelyrare.

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importantimpactonthehealth,timerequirementsandgenerallivingstandardsoftheindividualsinthehousehold.Questionsshouldbedroppedoraddedtoreflecttheconcernswithinthesurveycountryregardingquality,availabilityandregularityofservice.Ifavailabilityofelectricityorwaterisrestricted,thenitmattersintermsofinconvenience,costandhealthriskifitisrestrictedtoafixedperiodeachdayoriftheperiodsofnon-availabilityareunpredictable.Italsomatterswhetherthequantityandqualityaregood,consistent,predictablyvariableorunpredictablyvariable.Itisnotsufficienttoknowwhetherserviceisperfectorimperfectbecausedifferenttypesofimperfectionsrepresentdifferentlevelsofinconvenienceandrequiredifferentexpendituresandposedifferenthealthrisks.

InmostsizablecitiesinthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,hotwaterisproducedinafactoryoutsidethecenteroftownandpipedthroughthecitytoprovideheatthroughradiatorsandhotwatertotheindividualdwellingsandbusinesses.Abanyaisaroomdedicatedtobathing.Normally,thebanyacontainsastoveforheatingtheroomandhotandcoldwateravailableeitherthroughpipesorincisterns.Theroomcontainsacoupleofbenchesandthereisadraininthemiddleofthefloor.Thewordbanyacouldalsorefertoasimpleroomintowhichpeoplegowithabuckettoshower.Aholeinthewallnearthefloorallowswatertodrainoutofthebuilding.Asaunaislikeabanyawiththestovebutthereisnorunningwaterinasauna.Publicbanyascanbeverylargeestablishmentsthatincludesaunas,hotpools,coolpools,showers.Notallresidencesandbusinesseshavephones.Itiscommoneveninthecitiesforpeopletorelyonneighborstopassonphonemessages.Othertimespeoplerelyonphonesinnearbybusinesses.Intownstherearepublicphonesinthepostofficeandtelephoneserviceoffice.

Part2Balsocollectsinformationontheamountofmoneyspentforthelastmonthforeachofthehouseholdutilities.Ifthecostsofthese

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serviceshasvarieddramaticallyoverthe12monthsbeforethesurveyandifthesevariationshavedifferedfordifferentpartsofthecountry,thenitmaybenecessarytoasknotonlyforthelastmonthbutamonthlyaverageforthelastyear.

Section3.Education

Schoolingisoftenanimportantobjectiveofpublicpolicy.Schoolingisalsooftenfoundtobeanimportantdeterminantofindividualandhouseholdbehavior.Theeducationsectioncontainsthreeparts:attainmentandexpenditures,careofchildrenandtraining.InPartAself-reportedliteracyandnumeracy,yearsofschoolingcompleted,highestdegreeattained,attendanceandexpenditureoneducationarecollectedforeachindividual7yearsandolder.Thecutoffof7yearsmaybeloweredifsixorfiveyearoldchildrenoftenattendschool.Responsecategoriesforquestions1and10shouldbespecifiedtoreflecttheimportanceofvariouslanguagesinthesurveycountry.Questions1-3mayberedundantorpoliticallysensitivedependingonthesituationinthesurveycountry.Forquestion3,literacyinanylanguagemaybesufficient.Ontheotherhand,languageofliteracyandinstructionmaybeanindicatorofthequalityofinstruction.Itwillbenecessarytofindanacceptablewordingsothattheinformationmaybegatheredwithoutgivingoffense.

SincethedissolutionoftheSovietUnion,thenumberofchildrenwhodonotattendschoolorwholeaveschoolearlyisbelievedtobeincreasing.Question13and25askthereasonsfornonattendance.Alsosinceindependence,thestructureofeducationalinstitutionsisdiversifying.Questionsmayneedtobeaddedormodifiedinordertocapturenewaswellasoldstructures.

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Page15

ThesecondpageofPart3Aasksfortheamountspentbyitemforeachindividualinthelast12months.Detailedschoolingexpendituresarecollectedtoensurecompleterecallofallexpenditures.Italsopermitsanalysisofthecomponentsofeducationexpenditureanddistributionofhouseholdexpenditureonschoolingamongchildreninthehousehold.Informationonthedistancetoschooliscollectedbecausethecostintimeandmoneyoftravellingtoschoolcanaffectenrollmentandattendance.

Anotherpost-independencechangecommoninthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,isthelossofemployer-providedchildcare.Part3Bcollectsinformationonuseofchildcarefacilitiesandontheamountspentonchildcareinthelastmonthforeachchildundertheageof7inthehousehold.

Part3Cgathersinformationforallhouseholdmembersage16andolderonthetypeofandamountspentfortrainingotherthanformalschooling.ThequestionsinthissectionshouldreflectthetypeoftrainingprogramsofferedbytheMinistryofLaborandotherinstitutionsandelicittheinformationnecessaryforevaluatingcoverage,usage,applicabilityoftheexistingprogram.

Onallquestionsconcerninglabor,labortrainingandjobclassification,itisverydifficulttomakeWesterndistinctionsmakesense.IntheSovietUnion,allpeopleareeitherclerks,workersorpeasants."Clerk"isextremelybroadandincludesbankers,functionaries,hairdressers,electricaltechniciansandsalesclerks.ItisextremelydifficulttophraseaquestionsothattheDeputyPresidentoftheBankcanbedistinguishedfromthesecurityguard,telephoneoperatororcleaner.Thatistosaythatdegreeofresponsibility,autonomyandphysicallaborcannotbeinferredfromtheanswertoasinglequestion.

IntheSovietUnion,workersofalllevelsandprofessionstook

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trainingcoursesinordertoobtainahigherqualification.Thegovernmentchauffeurandthefactoryaccountantwouldbothrespond"togetahigherqualification"whenaskedwhatwasthepurposeofthelasttrainingcoursetaken.Itseemsthatinmanycasesthetrainingdidn'tfocusonparticularskills.Itisnotclearthatrespondentswillunderstandthedistinctionbetweenprofessionalskillsandtechnicalskills.(Workerswhoweldalltheirlivesareprofessionalweldersandiftheyfollowacoursetolearntoweldbetterthentheyhaveimprovedtheirprofessionalskills.)

Section4.Health

Likeeducation,healthisaprimaryconcernofpublicpolicyandaveryimportantindicatorofthestandardoflivingofindividuals.Thepurposeofsection4isascertaingenerallevelofhealthofhouseholdmembers,theutilizationofhealthfacilities,andthelevelofexpenditureonconsultations,medicines,treatmentandhospitalization.Section4containsfourparts:chronicillnessanddisability,recentillnessorinjury,generalhealth,andactivitiesofdailyliving.Chronicillnessanddisabilityareincludedinaseparatesectionbecausechronicillnessaffectsdemandforhealthservices,expenditureonhealthservicesandstandardoflivingdifferentlyfromacuteorshort-termillnessorinjury.

Theinformationrequestedhereisnotintendedtomeasureallhealthcareutilizationortomeasuretheincidenceofillnesses.7Theinformationisintendedtoanalyzetheuseofhealthcare

7Thelatterpointisespeciallyimportant.Ingeneral,LSMSsurveyscover20005000households.Therelativelysmallsamplesizehasmanyadvantagesandonlyafewdrawbacks.However,oneofthosedrawbacksis

(Footnotecontinuedonnextpage)

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facilities.Onlyoneillnessorinjuryisrecorded,althoughanindividualmayhavehadmorethanoneinthelastfourweeks.Thequestionnairecontainsquestionsonthefirstapplicationforcare,onasecondapplicationforcareandafewquestionsonadditionaltreatmentandhospitalization.Ifshorteningthequestionnairewereahighprioritythenquestionscouldbelimitedonlytothefirstconsultation.Whilethismaynotbeanimportantlimitationincountrieswherehealthfacilitiesarenotnumerous,itmaybeaseriouslimitationincountriesoftheformerSovietUnionwherethereisalargenumberandvarietyofhealthfacilities.

InthetransitionalhealthsystemoftheformerSovietUnionmanystatehealthfacilitiesareindisarrayandprivatehealthenterprisesarenotwidespread.Forinstance,patientsrequiringanoperationaregivenalistofmedicinesandsuppliesneeded.Whenthepatientobtainseverythingonthelistthenthesurgerycanbeperformed.Theremaybenochargefortheoperation,butinfactagreatdealmayhavebeenspenttogetputonthescheduleandobtainallthesupplies.Thishasbeenreflectedinthewordingoftheexpenditurequestionsinthissection.

Itisverycommonforhealthprofessionalsandhealthfacilitiestodemandinformalpaymentorcashorinkindevenforservicesthatare,inprinciple,tobeprovidedfreeofcharge.Themostcommonsituationobservednowistohavehealthcareworkersinstatefacilitiesmakinginformalchargestothepatientsinordertoprovidethemselveswithasalary.Sometimesthesepaymentsarequitesmallandoptional;evenbeforeindependence,peoplewouldoftentakesmallgiftssuchasaboxofteawiththemwhentheygotothedoctor.Inothercases,thepaymentisquitehighandactuallyabribethatmustbepaidinordertoreceivesomeserviceanythingfromanappointment,toaprescription,tocleanbedsheets.Facilitiesarenotsufficientlysupportedandoperatewithlittleornoequipment.

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Responsecodesinquestion6and7(and16and17)shouldbeadjustedtoreflecttheexistingoptionsforhealthcareinthesurveycountry.Notethatquestionsregardingemployerprovidedhealthanddentalbenefitsareaskedintheeconomicactivitiessectionofthequestionnaire.Ifprivatehealthinsurancethatisnotemployer-relatedexists,questionsofmedical/dentalinsuranceexpendituresshouldbeaddedtotheexpendituresectionandquestionsofcoverageofexpensesbyinsuranceshouldbeaddedtothehealthsection.

(Footnotecontinuedfrompreviouspage)

thatwhileeventsthataffectarelativelyhighproportionofthepopulation,forexampleschoolenrollment,canbeestimatedwithprecision;eventsthataffectaverysmallproportionofthepopulation,forexampleincidenceofacertainillness,cannotbeestimatedwithacceptableprecision.ForafullerdiscussionofsamplesizeinLSMSsurveys,seeGroshandMuñoz,1996.

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Box3.TermsintheHealthsection.

Doctorsmuststudyatleast5yearsattheInstituteandobtainadiplomaofsuperioreducation.

Nursesstudyatasecondaryspecializedschoolfor4yearsafter8yearsofsecondaryschool.

Feldshersstudy4yearsatasecondaryspecializedschoolafter10yearsofsecondaryschool.Theyareabletodomostofthethingsdoctorsdo,treatillness,prescribemedication,dominorsurgery.Theydonothavetherighttodospecializedsurgery.

Ahealermeansatraditionalhealer.

Apolyclinicprovidesgeneralhealthserviceandisthefirstpointofaddressformosthealthproblems.Thedoctorsthenreferpatientstohealthcenters,hospitalsandclinics.Alltypesofdoctorsandtherapistscanbefoundatpolyclinics.Polyclinicshavefacilitiesforminorsurgerybutthereisnoin-patientcare.

Afeldsherpostservesthepurposeofapolyclinicinavillagetoosmallorremotetosupportapolyclinic.Afeldsherpostisgenerallyverysmall,perhapsoneroom,andstaffedbyafeldsherwhomayormaynotbeassistedbyanurse.Firstaidandgeneralmedicalcareareprovided.Forspecialsurgeryandothertreatmentinvolvingspecialequipmentorspecially-trainedhealthcareprofessionals,areferralismadetoanotherhealthfacility.

Awoman'sconsultationislikeapolyclinicbutconcernsonlywomenwhoarepregnantorsufferingfromillnessesofthefemaleorgans.Thereisnoin-patienttreatment.Abortionsatlessthan5weeksareperformedinthewoman'sconsultation.

Amaternityhomehasin-patientfacilitiesforwomentogivebirth.Surgeryonfemaleorgansisalsoperformedatthematernityhome.

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Abortionsafterthe5thweekaredoneinmaternityhomes.

Ahealthcenter(dispenserinRussianbutnotdispensaryinEnglish)providescareforaspecifictypeofseriousillnesssuchascancer,sexualdiseases,orlungproblems.Careisgivenbydoctorsandnursesandtherearefacilitiesforin-patientcare.

Ahospitalisbiggerthanahealthcenterandprovidescareandsurgeryforallmaladies.

Aclinicprovidesexperimentaltreatmentandconductsscientificexperiments.Forinstance,cancerpatientsmaygotoaclinictoparticipateinatrialofthelatesttreatmenttechniques.

Asanatoriumisacombinationhospital/nursinghome/healthspa.Eachsanatoriumisdevotedtothecareofaspecifictypeofhealthproblem.Holisticcareisprescribedincludingmedication,diet,exercise,useofnaturalspringsandothernaturalphenomenabelievedtohavecurativepowersinthetreatmentofthespecificdisease.Onlylong-term(usually24days)in-patientcareisavailable.

Section5.EconomicActivities

TheeconomicactivitiessectionoftheLSMSquestionnaire,whichcontainstenparts,isoneofthelongestandmostcomplicated.Thecomplexityarisesfromtheneedtocaptureaccuratelytheoccupation,benefitsandearningsofallhouseholdmembersincludingthosewhoareself-employedorinvolvedininformallaboractivities.

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Allrespondents7yearsorolderaretoanswerpartA.8Respondentswhohaveworkedinaprofitablebusiness,arelative'senterprise,orathuntingoragriculturalactivitiesinthelast7daysproceedfrompartAtopartC.Respondentsnotinvolvedinthoseactivitiesinthelast7daysbutwhowereinvolvedinthelast12monthsproceedtopartE.Respondentswhodidnotworkinthelast12monthsbutwholookedforajobinthelast7daysproceedtopartBforquestionsonjobsearchandthentopartIforquestionsonothertimeuse.RespondentswhodidnotworkanddidnotlookforworkansweraquestiononthereasonfornotlookingforworkandthenproceedtopartI.

Part5Cisthelongestandcontainsquestionsonhoursofwork,earningsfromwork,salaries,benefitsandotherrenumerationincashandinkind,andworkconditionsforthemainworkinthepast7days.TwocharacteristicsofemploymentinthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnionarereflectedinthequestionsinthissection.Thefirstisthat,intheSovietUnion,aperson'splaceofemploymentservedasthepointofcontactbetweenthegovernmentandtheindividual.Benefits,includingchildandbreadallowances,weredistributedthroughenterprisesaspartoftheindividual'spaycheck.Theenterprisewasthesourceofawiderangeofmaterialbenefitsincludingchildcare,maternityleave,healthcare,sanatoriumandvacationvouchers,reducedpricefoodstuffs,eventicketstotheoperawouldoftenbedistributedthroughtheenterprise.Benefitsandresourceswouldbeallocatedamongenterprisesbythegovernmentandthenitwaslefttotheenterprisestoallocatethosebenefitsamongitsemployees.Enterprisesreceivedacertainallotmentofdaysinresthomesandsanatoriafortheiremployees,theseweregiventotheemployeesandconstitutedareduced-price(sometimesfree)stayataresort.Itwasalsotheenterprisethatwouldberesponsiblefortheallocationofsicklists.9Sincethebreak-upoftheplannedeconomy,manyenterprisesarenolongerabletoprovideallofthesebenefits

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becausethegovernmentisnolongerprovidingthem.

Inadditiontothedeteriorationofthesebenefits,manyenterprisesrunwagearrearsanditiscommonforemployeestobepaidinoutputfromtheenterprise.Thequestionsinthissectionhavebeendesignedtocaptureboththemagnitudeofnon-wagebenefitsreceivedandtheextenttowhichemployeeshavelostbenefits.

Part5Dcollectsinformationonhoursworkedandtypeofactivityofadditionalworkundertakeninthelast7days,ifrespondentansweredyestoquestion61inpart5C.Respondentswhoworkedinthelast7daysandthosewhoworkedinthelast12monthsthenanswerthequestionsinpart5Eonsearchforadditionalemployment.

Part5Freplicatesthequestionsinpart5Conworkhours,conditionsandrenumerationforrespondentswhoworkedinthelast12monthsbutnotinthelast7daysandforrespondentswhosemainjobinthelast12monthsdifferedfromtheirmainjobinthelast7days.Part5Gasksquestions

8Again,thechoiceofcutoffagewillreflectatrade-off.Itisunnecessarilytime-consumingtoaskquestionsofhouseholdmemberswhoarenotinvolvedinthelaborforce.Ontheotherhand,itisimportantthatallcontributionstohouseholdlaborincomearecaptured.Thefieldtestshouldusethelowestreasonableage,thecut-offagecouldthenbeadjustedupwardiftheresultsofthefieldtestshowthatnochildrenbelowagivenageareworking.9Asicklistisabluepieceofpaperprovidedbythedoctortothepatientindicatingtheillnessandtheprescribedperiodoftreatment.Presentationofasicklistentitledtheworkertodaysoffwith100%payforthespecifiedtime,usually3daysatfirst,withthepossibilityofextensionsto30daysandlongerinexceptionalcases.

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onemploymenthistory,5Honadditionalworkinthelast12months,5Ionotheractivitiesand5Jonotherincome.ThetypesofincomelistedinPart5Jreflectthemonetarybenefitsthatareearnedbyindividualsbutarenotrelatedtoemployment.Thislistshouldbelengthenedtoincludeallbenefitsthatmaybeavailabletoindividualsinthesurveycountry.Anybenefitsthatarenolongerpaidshouldbeexcluded.InformationonhouseholdincomethatdoesnotaccruetoanysingleindividualisgatheredinSection14.

OtherthanthelistofitemsinPart5J,Section5shouldnotrequiresubstantialrevision.However,questionsinPart5C,andthoseinPart5G,shouldincludeallrelevantjobbenefitsandrenumerationandcurrentlegislation.Forexample,iftherewerenominimumwagelawthenquestion52wouldnotberelevant.

Section6.Migration

Questionsinthemigrationsectionareaskedofallhouseholdmembersage15andolder.Migrationofyoungerhouseholdmembersispresumedtobelinkedtothemigrationoftheirparents.However,itispossiblethattheiraremanychildrenmovingawayfromtheirparents'householdintoarelative'shousehold.Ifsuchapracticewerecommoninthesurveycountrythenloweringtheagecutoffforthemigrationsectionshouldbeconsidered.

Governmentpolicycanhavedirectandindirecteffectsoninternalandinternationalmigrationandmigrationisoneofthewaysahouseholdcanimproveitsstandardofliving.Ontheotherhand,migrationmayhavebeenforcedandactuallyresultinasignificantdropinstandardofliving.Theinformationgatheredinthissectioncanaidtheanalysisoftheimpactofvariouspoliciesandconditionsonmigrationofthepopulationandofthelaborforce.

Thissectionincludesquestionsonthesizeoftheplaceofbirth,

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registrationatcurrentplaceofresidence,reasonforleavingplaceofbirth,reasonforcomingtocurrentplaceofresidenceandnumberofplaceslivedduringrespondent'slife.ResidentsoftheSovietUnionwererequiredtoberegisteredintheirplaceofresidence,movementamonghousesandamongtownswasrestricted.Accesstoemployment,healthandotherpublicserviceswouldbelimitedforpeoplewhowerenotproperlyregistered.TheimportanceofregistrationandtherangeofservicestiedtoregistrationisnowlikelytovaryamongthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.

Conditionsinthesurveycountrywilldeterminethenationalitiesspecifiedinquestion1andthereasonslistedinquestions8and12.

Section7.RespondentsforRoundTwo

TheLSMSquestionnaireisdesignedtobeadministeredintworoundstwoweeksapart.Thisstructureservesseveralpurposes:itallowsforomissionsandinconsistenciesintheanswersprovidedinthefirstroundtobeclarifiedanditestablishesaclearreferenceperiodthatwillbeusedintheconsumptionmodule.Thepurposeofsection7istoidentifytherespondentswhowillbeinterviewedinthesecondround.Themostknowledgeablehouseholdmemberisaskedtoidentifyanyrefugeesordisplacedpersonsinthehousehold,thememberofthehouseholdwhoismostknowledgeableregardingagriculturalactivities,otherhouseholdenterprises,businesses,shoppingforfood,andhousehold

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expensesandincome.Finally,inquestion12theinterviewerselectsonewomanfromamongthewomenofthehouseholdbetweentheagesof15and50torespondtoSection13onfertility.

Section8.DisplacedPersonsandRefugees

ThedissolutionoftheformerSovietUnionhasresultedinlargescalemovementofpopulationinmanyplaces.DuringtheSovietUniontherewasagreatdealofforcedmigrationofvariousethnicitiesfromoneregionoftheUSSRtoanother.Peoplehavetakenadvantageofthebreakuptoreturntotheiroriginalplaceofresidence.FightingandwarsinAzerbaijan,Tadjikistanandelsewherehavecreatedrefugeepopulations.AspecialquestionnairesectiononDisplacedpersonsandrefugeeswillnotbenecessaryinmostofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,butinsomecountriesrefugeesmakeupalargeproportionofthepopulationandareofsignificantpublicpolicyimportance.

ThequestionsinPart8Acovertheamountofcontactbetweentherefugeesandtheircommunityfromtheplaceoforigintodetermineifthatcommunitystructurecanbeusedintheorganizationofsocialservices.Therearealsoquestionsontheamountandtypeofassistancethatthesehouseholdmembersarecurrentlyreceiving.Thisisimportantintheevaluationofhouseholdeconomicsituation.Questionsonsourceandtypeofassistancemustbetailoredaccordingtothereliefprograminthecountry.

Part8Baskswhichhouseholdassetswererefugeesabletobringwiththemandwhichtheyexpecttobeabletorecoveriftheyreturn.Thesequestionscanprovideimportantinsightsintothecurrentlivingsituationandneedsoftherefugeepopulationsandintotheirneedsiftheyweretoreturn.Therelevanceofthesequestionsandthewaytheyshouldbephrasedwilldependonthecauseofmigrationandvaryfromonecountrytothenext.

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Section9.Agro-PastoralActivities

Theagriculturalsectionisverylongandcomplicatedreflectingthefactthatagriculturalassetsareanimportantstoreofwealthaswellasbeingasourceofincome.ThesectionisfurthercomplicatedbythevarietyofagriculturalentitiesinthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.LandownershipisaverycontentiousissuethroughouttheSovietUnion.Manyplaceshavebegunprivatizationoflandbutitisthelongtermrightstousetheland,notthelanditself,thatcanbebought,soldandowned.Thelawsthatapplytoownershipofhousesandapartmentsdifferfromthosethatapplytolandbecauseofthedistinctionbetweenproductiveandnon-productivecapital.

IntheSovietUnion,allfarmingwasdonebySovhozes(statefarms)andkolhozes(collectivefarms).Sovhozesaregenerallymuchlargerthankolhozesandtheyarerundifferently.SovhozesareanalogoustoStateenterprises.Inadditiontothecropsandanimalstherewouldbesomeindustrialproductionfacilities,forexample,acheesefactorywithadairyfarm.SovhozesweremanagedbyadirectorappointedbytheState.Kolhozeswerefarmercollectives.Thefarmerselectedapresidenttorunthefarmbutmanydecisionsregardingproductionandthedivisionofworkweremadebyacounselofthefarmers.Kolhozesexercisedsomedegreeofautonomy.Landwasfarmedtogether,vehicles,buildings,fuelwerepurchasedandownedjointly.Inadditiontothelandthatwasjointlyfarmedbythecollective,eachmemberwasallottedlandforagardenplotandaccesstograzingland.Theworkofthefarmerswasveryspecialized.Somefarmersoperatedthetractors,otherswereresponsiblefor

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irrigation,othersforweeding.AllbusinessandmarketingdecisionsweredelegatedtotheRegionalCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyandtheMinistryofAgriculture.

Theentireagriculturalsectionwillneedtobeadaptedtoreflectthestateofprivatizationandagriculturalreforminthecountry.Forexample,ifthereisnoprivateownershipofland,thenquestions2through6fromPart9Ashouldbeexcluded.

Section10.Non-farmSelf-Employment

Section10includesquestionsthatcoverworkingconditions,assets,expendituresandrevenuesforuptothreetrades,businesses,productionandprofessionalservicesthatmembersofthehouseholdownorrun.Thepurposeistomeasurenetincomeofthehouseholdfromnon-farmbusinessesrunorownedbymembersofthehouseholdandtoprovideanestimateofthevalueoftheassetsofthosebusinesses.

Thereferenceperiodforexpendituresandrevenuesisleftopenfortherespondenttospecifyanamountandatimeframe.Forexample,therespondentcouldreportspending$10aweekor$520ayear.Theflexibilityisadvantageousbecauseifatimeframeisspecified,thentherespondentisrequiredtodosomementaldivisionormultiplication.Thespecificationofashorttimeframealsoopensthepossibilitythatsometypesofexpenditureswillbemissed.Ontheotherhand,inconditionsofinflationitmaybenecessarytoknowwhenthelastexpenditurewasmade.

Section11.ExpendituresandDurableGoods

Oftenhouseholdconsumptionexpenditureisusedineconomicanalysisratherthanhouseholdincomeasanindicatorofhouseholdeconomicwell-beingbecauseconsumptionexpenditureislessvolatile.Expenditureamountsarecollectedinseveralpartsofthe

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questionnaire:housingandutilityexpendituresarecollectedinSection2,educationexpendituresinSection3,healthexpendituresinSection4,andfoodexpendituresinSection12.Section11collectsamountofexpenditureondailyitems(Part11A)andotherannualexpenses(Part11B).

Part11Aasksforamountspenton14categoriesofdailyuseitems.Thereferenceperiodis''sincemylastvisit"whichisintendedtobetwoweeks.Ifadifferentfieldworkscheduleisusedthenthereferenceperiodmustbeamendedsothatitrepresentsthesamelengthoftimeforeachhousehold.

AnnualexpensesaregatheredinPart11B.Asinglerecallperiodof12monthsisused.Inconditionsofhighinflation,itmaybenecessarytouseashorterrecallperiod.Ashorterrecallperiodwouldhavetheadditionaladvantageofincreasingtheaccuracyoftheresponses,asitisadmittedlydifficulttoestimatetheamountspentinthelastyear.Useofashorterrecallperiodmeansthatinfrequentlypurchaseditemsareoftenmissed.Inestimatingaverageexpenditureacrosshouseholdsthiswouldnotposeaproblembutitdoesposeaproblemintryingtocalculateexpenditurefiguresthatarecomparableacrosshouseholds;ahouseholdthatpurchasedacarwithinthetwoweeksbeforethesurveywouldlookmuch"richer"thanotherhouseholdswhentheexactoppositemaybethecase.

Part11Cgathersinformationonthetype,valueandyearofpurchaseof19typesofdurablegoods.Withthisinformation,analysisusingthedatacanincludeownershipofcertaindurablegoodstocontrolforwealthofthehousehold.Itisalsopossibletocalculateause-valueofthedurablegoodsthat

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areownedbythehouseholdandimputeduse-valuecanthenbeaddedtohouseholdexpendituretocapturemorecompletelytheeconomicpositionofthehousehold.OftenusersofLSMSsurveysaremoreinterestedindistinguishingpoorfrommoderatehouseholdsratherthanrichfromveryrichhouseholdsandthelistofdurablegoodsinPart11Creflectsthatpropensity.

InmanyofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnionthesaleofhouseholddurablegoodshasbecomeacommonwayofsupportingconsumptionespeciallyamongpensioners.Inordertomeasuretheimpactofthisinsurveyhouseholds,questionshavebeenincludedinPart11Ctogatherinformationonitemssoldandmoneyearnedfromdurablegoodsalesinthelast12months.ThereportedamountscanbecomparedtothosereportedinSection14.

Value,yearofacquisition,resalevalue,andrentalincome,ifany,forRealEstateAssetsotherthanthedwellingandagriculturaluselandarecollectedinPart11D.Theapplicabilityandcontentofthissectionwilldependonthelegalsituationinthecountryofthesurvey.

HouseholdexpenditureonmoneyandgoodssentasremittancestoindividualswhoarenotmembersofthehouseholdisincludedinPart11E.Questionsareincludedtoidentifytheindividualinthehouseholdwhoisthesourceoftheremittanceandthetypeofrelationandsizeoftownoftherecipient.

Section12.FoodExpenditureandConsumption

Measuringfoodconsumptionofhouseholdsisveryimportantformanyreasons.Foodoftenaccountsforalargeshareoftotalhouseholdexpenditure,especiallyinpoorerhouseholds.Also,thehealthandwell-beingofindividualsdependsonthetypesandamountoffoodthatarebeingeateninthehousehold.InmanyofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,foodpricestoconsumersarestillsetor

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supportedbythegovernment.Measuringconsumptionpatternsisimportanttotheanalysisoftheincidenceofsuchsubsidies.Fifty-sevenfoodcategorieshavebeenincluded.Itisimportanttocapturethemostimportantitemsinthelocaldiet,avarietyoffoods,andthosefoodsthataresubjecttopublicpolicy.Thecontentofthelistmayneedtobeadaptedforthesurveycountry.

Box5.TermsintheFoodCategories

Groatscontainsbuckwheatandoats.

TheRussianwordforcategory20istranslatedvegetablemarrowwhichincludespumpkins,squash,zucchini,etc.butnotcantaloupeorothermelons.

GrapescanbeconsideredberriesandnotfruitinRussian.

Watermelonsandmelonsarealsonotconsideredfruit.

Otherfruitswouldincludepeaches,pears,plums.

Section13.Childbearing

PopulationgrowthandfertilityarenotusuallyproblemsofthesamemagnitudeinthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnionastheyareinmanycountriesinAfricaandAsia.PopulationgrowthwasquitelowintheSovietUnionanditremainslowamongtheethnicRussianpopulationsinmanyoftheindependentcountries.Atthesametime,fertilityandpopulationgrowthamongthenon-Russian

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populationsisoftenhigher.Also,infantmortalityisahealthprobleminmanyofthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.

Section13containsthecompletelistofthelivebirthsofthewomanchoseninSection7fromamongallofthewomeninthehouseholdage15to50torespondtothequestionsonfertility.Therearealsoquestionsonwhenshebegansexualrelations,thenumberofmiscarriagesandabortionsshehasexperiencedandonthebreastfeedingofhermostrecentchild.

InalmostallcountriesoftheformerSovietUnion,accesstomodernmeansofcontraceptionisverylimited.IntheSovietUnionabortionwasthemostwidely-usedmeansoflimitingorspacingbirths.Forthisreason,questionsonuseofbirthcontrolarelimitedtotwoquestionsinSection4Congeneralhealth.Iffamilyplanningandcontraceptionaretheobjectofcurrentgovernmenteffortorconcernoriftherehasbeenapublicorprivatefamilyplanninginitiative,thenthequestionnairecouldbemodifiedtoincludeamorethoroughsetofquestionsonknowledge,availability,anduseofvariousmethodsofcontraception.

Section14.OtherSourcesofIncome

IncomefromemploymentandindividualgovernmentpaymentsisgatheredinSection5,fromagricultureinSection9,fromhouseholdbusinessesinSection10,fromthesaleofhouseholdassetsinSection11.IncomereceivedbyhouseholdmembersasremittancesfromindividualswhoarenothouseholdmembersiscollectedinPart14A.Part14Bcollectsinformationonincomereceivedfromothersourcesincludinginheritance,insurance,interestonloanstootherpeople,gifts,rentalofpropertyandaidfromnon-governmentalorganizations.Foreachtypeofincomerespondentsareaskedtoprovideanestimateoftheamountreceivedinthelast12monthsincashandthevalueoftheamountreceivedinkind.Again,ifthesurveycountryis

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experiencinghighinflationduringthesurveyperiodthenitmaybenecessarytoshortentherecallperiodortoaskthequestionsintwoparts--theamountreceivedwithinthelasttwoweeksandtheamountreceivedinthelastyear.

Section15.LoansandSavings

Thepurposeofthissectionistomeasurethenetdebtofthehousehold.Itcanbeimportantinexplainingdiscrepanciesbetweenincomeandexpenditure.Italsoprovidesinsightintotheextenttowhichformalandinformalcreditmarketsareavailabletohouseholds.Thisinformationis,byfar,themostsensitiveofanycollectedinthehouseholdquestionnaireandforthisreasonithasbeenplacedattheveryendofthequestionnaire.Interviewersareinstructedtorespectthesensitivityofthesequestionsandtoaskthequestionsinprivatetothebest-informedperson.Ifprivacyisnotpossible,thentheinformantcanbeaskedtowritedowntheamountwhereonlytheinterviewercanseeit.

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5AdaptingthePopulationPointandPriceQuestionnaireThehouseholdquestionnairecollectsinformationonhouseholduseofseveralpublicservicessuchashealthcare,schooling,andemploymentservices.Toanalyzetheimpactofpublicpolicyintheprovisionofthoseservices,itisnecessarytoknowwhatservicesareavailabletoeveryone,notonlytothehouseholdsthatdidusethem.Thisinformationiscollectedinthepopulationpointquestionnaire.

Ingeneral,thepopulationpointquestionnairewillrequirelessmodificationthanthehouseholdquestionnaireastheitemscoveredareofamoregeneralnature.Nevertheless,considerationofthesectionsandthequestionsinlightofexistingconditionsandpolicyconcernsofthesurveycountryisworthwhile.

EthnicgroupsmustbespecifiedinSection1.DemographicInformation.Asitis,Section1containsonegeneralquestiononnetimmigration.Largechangesinthepopulationofsomecommunitiesisafeatureoflifeinmanyofthenewlyindependentcountries.Additionalquestionscouldeasilybeaddedtospecifythenumberwhohaveemigratedorthetypesofpeoplewhohaveemigratedorthedestinationofmostemigrants.

Similarly,morespecificquestionscouldbeaskedregardingemploymentandindependenteconomicactivityinSection3,orregardingspecificeducationorhealthconcernsinsections5and6.Perhapsclosureofhealthfacilities,orrunningtwoorthreeshiftsinschoolsiscommon.Questionsshouldbeincludedtodeterminetheextenttowhichthepopulationpointwasaffected.IftheMinistryofAgriculturewasconsideringanassistanceschemethatwouldprovideveterinaryservicesforallanimalsbutonlyinpopulationpointswhere

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horsesweregrown,thenaquestionshouldbeaddedtodeterminewhetherornotthepopulationpointwouldbeapartofthatscheme.Endlessexamplescouldbeimagined.Thequestionnairedesignerwillwanttoconsidereachsectionkeepinginmindthequestionsthatthedatashouldbeabletoaddress.

Section8containsaninventoryofpublicinstitutions.Forthissectionandsection2onInfrastructure,thelistofinstitutionsandservicesthatwillbeaskedcanbemodified.Cautionshouldbeusedinremovinginstitutionsbecause"almostevery"populationpointhasone.Forexample,existenceinthepopulationpointofadentistbecomesanimportantindicationofstandardoflivingpreciselyifthereareveryfewpopulationpointsthatdonothaveadentist.

Section9isthepricequestionnaire.Thepricequestionnairecontainsalistoffoodandnon-fooditems.Informationonlocalpricesisimportantincomparinglivingstandardsacrosshouseholdsandacrossregionsofthecountry.Thepricequestionnaireiscompletedineachareaatthesametimeasthehouseholdsurvey.Pricesshouldbecollectedforfrequentlypurchaseditems,itemsavailableinruralandurbanareas,pricesofspecialpolicyinterest,andfoodstaplesincludedintheconsumptionsection.

Manycountriesalreadycollectpriceinformation.Itisstillimportanttoadministerthepricequestionnaireatthesametimeasthehouseholdquestionnaire.Thisisespeciallytrueduringhighinflation.Evenwheninflationisnotanimportantconcern,pricesarenotlikelytobecollectedineverypointandtheabilitytolinkhouseholdstothepricesatthatplaceandtimeisveryusefulduringanalysis.

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InsomeLSMSsurveys,facilityquestionnairesareusedtocompileextensiveinformationonthequalityservicesineachpopulationpoint.Inthesesurveys,eachmedicalfacility,forexample,isinterviewedtocollectinformationonprice,quality,andavailabilityofawidevarietyofservicesandsupplies.Facilityquestionnaireshavebeenusedtosurveyhealthfacilities,familyplanningfacilitiesandeducationfacilitiesinconjunctionwithLSMSsurveysinvariouscountries.

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6ConclusionThispaperappliesthesubstantialexperienceofLSMSsurveysinthecontextofthenewlyindependentstates.TheLSMSquestionnairesprovidedherearedesignedtobeofassistancetothoseattemptingtoconducthouseholdsurveysonstandardoflivingorlivingconditionsintheRussian-speakingcountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.

However,thequestionnaire,asitis,isnotreadyforuse.Significanttimeandeffortwillberequiredinlengthydiscussionswithgovernmentauthoritiesandpolicymakers.Eachsectionmustbetailoredtoreflectexistinginstitutions,lawsandcustomsspecifictoeachcountry.Iftheexistinginstitutionsarenotreflectedthesurveywillbefrustratingtointerviewersandrespondents.Itwillalsofailtoprovideaccuratedata.

Justasimportantly,questionnairewritersmustunderstandtheimportantpolicyquestionsthatthedatawillbeexpectedtoaddress.Discussionamongpolicymakersanddataanalystswilldeterminethevariablesthatareneededtoaddressquestionsempirically.Failuretoconsultsufficientlywiththepolicymakersanddataanalysts,willsignificantlydecreasetheusefulnessofthedata.

LSMSexperiencehasshownthattimespentinquestionnairedevelopmentisusuallywell-repaid.Thequestionnaireiseasierforinterviewerstoadminister,anditismoreinterestingandmorestraightforwardforrespondentstoparticipate.Thosefactorsthencontributetoensuringthatthequestionnairescontainfewermistakesandareasmallerburdenforthedataentryoperators.Datathatarecleanerandmorerelevanttopolicyandcontributetomoreusefulandmorewidelyusedanalysis.

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LSMSHouseholdQuestionnairefortheCountriesoftheFormerSovietUnion

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PART51.OTHERACTIVITIES

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PART5J.OTHERINCOME

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Section6.Migration

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Section7.RespondentsForRoundTwo

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ROUNDTWOEXPLAINAGAINTHEOBJECTIVESOFTHESURVEYANDTHECONFIDENTIALITYTHEDATA.READTHELISTOFHOUSEHOLDMEMBERS

DisplacedPersonsAndRefugees

PART8AMOVEMENTANDASSISTANCE

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PART8B.PROPERTYOFDISPLACEDPERSONSANDREFUGEES

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Section9.Agro-PastoralAcivities

PART9A.LAND

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PART9B.CROPS

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PART9B.CROPSContinued

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PART9B.CROPSEnd

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PART9C.CROPINPUTS

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PART9C.CROPINPUTSEnd

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PART9D.FOODPRODUCTSPRODUCEDFROMCROPSGROWNBYTHEHOUSEHOLD

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PART9E.LIVESTOCK

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PART9F.ANIMALPRODUCTS

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PART9G.VETERINARYSERVICE

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PART9I.HANDINSTRUMENTS

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PART9K.AGRICULTURALCREDIT

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Section10.Non-FarmSelfEmpoyment

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Section10.Non-FarmSelfEmpoymentContinued

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PART10BASSETS

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PART10CEXPENDITURE

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PART10DREVENUES

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Section11ExpendituresAndDurableGoods

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PART11BANNUALEXPENSES

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PART11CDURABLEGOODS

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PART11DREALESTATEASSETS

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PART11EEXPENSESFORREMITTANCES

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Section12FoodExpenditureAndConsumption

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Section12AFoodExpenditureAndConsumptionContinued

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Section12AFoodExpenditureAndConsumptionContinued

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Section12FoodExpendingAndConsumptionEnd

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Section13.Childbearing

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Section14.OtherSourcesOfIncome

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PART14B.INCOMEFROMOTHERSOURCES

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Page104

Section15.LoansAndSavings

PART15A.MONEYANDGOODSLENTANDBORROWED

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PART15B.LOANSRECEIVEDBYMEMBERSOFTHEHOUSEHOLD

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PART15C.SAVINGS

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LSMSPopulationPointQuestionnairefortheCountriesoftheFormerSovietUnion

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Page108

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LSMSWorkingPapers

No.1

Chander,Grootaert,andPyatt,LivingStandardsSurveysinDevelopingCountries

No.2

Visaria,PovertyandLivingStandardsinAsia:AnOverviewoftheMainResultsandLessonsofSelectedHouseholdSurveys

No.3

UnitedNationsStatisticalOffice.MeasuringLevelsofLivinginLatinAmerica:AnOverviewofMainProblems

No.4

Scott,deAndre,andChander,TowardsMoreEffectiveMeasurementofLevelsofLiving,andReviewofWorkoftheUnitedNationsStatisticalOffice(UNSO)RelatedtoStatisticsofLevelsofLiving

No.5

Scott,deAndre,andChander,ConductingSurveysinDevelopingCountries:PracticalProblemsandExperienceinBrazil,Malaysia,andthePhilippines

No.6

Booker,deAndre,andChander,HouseholdSurveyExperienceinAfrica

No.7

Deaton,MeasurementofWelfare:TheoryandPracticalGuidelines

No.8

Mehran,EmploymentDatafortheMeasurementofLivingStandards

No.9

Wahab,IncomeandExpenditureSurveysinDevelopingCountries:SampleDesignandExecution

No.10

SaundersandGrootaert,ReflectionsontheLSMSGroupMeeting

No.11

Deaton,ThreeEssaysonaSriLankaHouseholdSurvey

No.12

Musgrove,TheECIELStudyofHouseholdIncomeandConsumptioninUrbanLatinAmerica:AnAnalyticalHistory

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12 UrbanLatinAmerica:AnAnalyticalHistory

No.13

Martorell,NutritionandHealthStatusIndicators:SuggestionsforSurveysoftheStandardofLivinginDevelopingCountries

No.14

Birdsall,ChildSchoolingandtheMeasurementofLivingStandards

No.15

Ho,MeasuringHealthasaComponentofLivingStandards

No.16

Sullivan,Cochrane,andKalsbeek,ProceduresforCollectingandAnalyzingMortalityDatainLSMS

No.17

Grootaert,TheLaborMarketandSocialAccounting:AFrameworkofDataPresentation

No.18

Acharya,TimeUseDataandtheLivingStandardsMeasurementStudy

No.19

Grootaert,TheConceptualBasisofMeasuresofHouseholdWelfareandTheirImpliedSurveyDataRequirements

No.20

Grootaert,Cheung,Fung,andTam,StatisticalExperimentationforHouseholdSurveys:TwoCasesStudiesofHongKong

No.21

WoodandKnight,TheCollectionofPriceDatafortheMeasurementofLivingStandards

No.22

GrootaertandCheung,HouseholdExpenditureSurveys:SomeMethodologicalIssues

No.23

Ashenfelter,Deaton,andSolon,CollectingPanelDatainDevelopingCountries:DoesitMakeSense?

No.24

Grootaert,MeasuringandAnalyzingLevelsofLivinginDevelopingCountries:AnAnnotatedQuestionnaire

No.25

GrootaertandDubois,TheDemandforUrbanHousingintheIvoryCoast

No.AinsworthandMuñoz,TheCôted'IvoireLivingStandardsSurvey:Design

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No.26

AinsworthandMuñoz,TheCôted'IvoireLivingStandardsSurvey:DesignandImplementation

No.27

Grootaert,TheRoleofEmploymentandEarningsinAnalyzingLevelsofLiving:AGeneralMethodologywithApplicationstoMalaysiaandThailand

No.28

DeatonandCase,AnalysisofHouseholdExpenditures

No.29

Glewwe,TheDistributionofWelfareinCôted'Ivoirein1985

No.30

Deaton,Quality,Quantity,andSpatialVariationofPrice:EstimatingPriceElasticitiesfromCross-sectionalData

No.31

Suarez-Berenguela,FinancingtheHealthSectorinPeru

No.32

Suarez-Berenguela,InformalSector,LaborMarkets,andReturnstoEducationinPeru

No.33

vanderGaagandVijverberg,WageDeterminantsinCôted'Ivoire

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(tablecontinuedfrompreviouspage)

No.34

AinsworthandvanderGaag,GuidelinesforAdaptingtheLSMSLivingStandardsQuestionnairestoLocalConditions

No.35

DorandvanderGaag,TheDemandforMedicalCareinDevelopingCountries:QuantityRationinginRuralCôted'Ivoire

No.36

Newman,LaborMarketActivityinCôted'IvoireandPeru

No.37

Gertler,Locay,Sanderson,Dor,andvanderGaag,HealthCareFinancingandtheDemandforMedicalCare

No.38

Stelcner,Arriagada,andMoock,WageDeterminantsandSchoolAttainmentamongMeninPeru

No.39

Deaton,TheAllocationofGoodswithintheHousehold:Adults,Children,andGender

No.40

Strauss,TheEffectsofHouseholdandCommunityCharacteristicsontheNutritionofPreschoolChildren:EvidencefromruralCôted'Ivoire

No.41

Stelcner,vanderGaag,andVijverberg,Public-PrivateSectorWageDifferentialsinPeru,198586

No.42

Glewwe,TheDistributionofWelfareinPeru198586

No.43

Vijverberg,ProfitsfromSelf-Employment:ACaseStudyofCôted'Ivoire

No.44

DeatonandBenjamin,TheLivingStandardsSurveyandPricePolicyReform:AStudyofCocoaandCoffeeProductioninCôted'Ivoire

No.45

GertlerandvanderGaag,MeasuringtheWillingnesstoPayforSocialServicesinDevelopingCounties

No.Vijverberg,NonagriculturalFamilyEnterprisesinCôted'Ivoire:A

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No.46

Vijverberg,NonagriculturalFamilyEnterprisesinCôted'Ivoire:ADescriptiveAnalysis

No.47

GlewweanddeTray,ThePoorduringAdjustment:ACaseStudyofCôted'Ivoire

No.48

GlewweandvanderGaag,ConfrontingPovertyinDevelopingCountries:Definitions,Information,andPolicies

No.49

ScottandAmenuvegbe,SampleDesignfortheLivingStandardsSurveysinGhanaandMauritania/PlansdesondagepourlesenquêtessurleniveaudevieauGhanaetenMauritanie

No.50

Laraki,FoodSubsidies:aCaseStudyofPriceReforminMorocco(alsoinFrench,50F)

No.51

StraussandMehra,ChildAnthropometryinCôted'Ivoire:EstimatesfromTwoSurveys,1985and1986

No.52

vanderGaag,Stelcner,andVijverberg,Public-PrivateSectorWageComparisonsandMoonlightinginDevelopingCountries:EvidencefromCôted'IvoireandPeru

No.53

Ainsworth,SocioeconomicDeterminantsofFertilityinCôted'Ivoire

No.54

GertlerandGlewwe,TheWillingnesstoPayforEducationinDevelopingCountries:EvidencefromRuralPeru

No.55

LevyandNewman,Rigiditédessalaires:Donnéesmicroéconomiquesetmacroéconomiquessurl'ajustementdumarchédutravaildanslesecteurmoderne(inFrenchonly)

No.56

GlewweanddeTray,ThePoorinLatinAmericaduringAdjustment:ACaseStudyofPeru

No.57

AldermanandGertler,TheSubstitutabilityofPublicandPrivateHealthCareoftheTreatmentofChildreninPakistan

No.Rosenhouse,IdentifyingthePoor:Is''Headship"aUsefulConcept?

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No.58

Rosenhouse,IdentifyingthePoor:Is''Headship"aUsefulConcept?

No.59

Vijverberg,LaborMarketPerformanceasaDeterminantofMigration

No.60

JimenezandCox,TheRelativeEffectivenessofPrivateandPublicSchools:EvidencefromTwoDevelopingCountries

No.61

Kakwani,LargeSampleDistributionofSeveralInequalityMeasures:WithApplicationtoCôted'Ivoire

No.62

Kakwani,TestingforSignificanceofPovertyDifferences:WithApplicationtoCôted'Ivoire

No.63

Kakwani,PovertyandEconomicGrowth:WithApplicationtoCôted'Ivoire

No.64

Moock,Musgrove,andStelcner,EducationandEarningsinPeru'sInformalNonfarmFamilyEnterprises

No.65

AldermanandKozel,FormalandInformalSectorWageDeterminationinUrbanLow-IncomeNeighborhoodsinPakistan

No.66

VijverbergandvanderGaag,TestingforLaborMarketDuality:ThePrivateWageSectorinCôted'Ivoire

(tablecontinuedonnextpage)

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(tablecontinuedfrompreviouspage)

No.67

King,DoesEducationPayintheLaborMarket?TheLaborForceParticipation,Occupation,Occupation,andEarningsofPeruvianWomen

No.68

Kozel,ThecompositionandDistributionofIncomeinCôted'Ivoire

No.69

Deaton,PriceElasticitiesfromSurveyData:ExtensionsandIndonesianResults

No.70

Glewwe,EfficientAllocationofTransferstothePoor:TheProblemofUnobservedHouseholdIncome

No.71

Glewwe,InvestigatingtheDeterminantsofHouseholdWelfareinCôted'Ivoire

No.72

PittandRosenzweig,TheSelectivityofFertilityandtheDeterminantsofHumanCapitalInvestments:ParametricandSemiparametricEstimates

No.73

Jacoby,ShadowWagesandPeasantFamilyLaborSupply:AnEconometricApplicationtothePeruvianSierra

No.74

Behrman,TheActionofHumanResourcesandPovertyonOneAnother:WhatWeHaveYettoLearn

No.75

GlewweandTwum-Baah,TheDistributionofWelfareinGhana,198788

No.76

Glewwe,Schooling,Skills,andtheReturnstoGovernmentInvestmentinEducation:AnExplorationUsingDatafromGhana

No.77

Newman,Jorgensen,andPradhan,Workers'BenefitsfromBolivia'sEmergencySocialFund

No.78

Vijverberg,DualSelectionCriteriawithMultipleAlternatives:Migration,WorkStatus,andWages

No. Thomas,GenderDifferencesinHouseholdResourceAllocations

Page 170: Model living standards measurement study survey questionnaire for the countries of the former Soviet Union

No.79

Thomas,GenderDifferencesinHouseholdResourceAllocations

No.80

Grosh,TheHouseholdSurveyasaToolforPolicyChange:LessonsfromtheJamaicanSurveyofLivingConditions

No.81

DeatonandPaxson,PatternsofAginginThailandandCôted'Ivoire

No.82

Ravallion,DoesUndernutritionRespondtoIncomesandPrices?DominanceTestsforIndonesia

No.83

RavallionandDatt,GrowthandRedistributionComponentsofChangesinPovertyMeasure:ADecompositionwithApplicationstoBrazilandIndiainthe1980s

No.84

Vijverberg,MeasuringIncomefromFamilyEnterpriseswithHouseholdSurveys

No.85

DeatonandGrimard,DemandAnalysisandTaxReforminPakistan

No.86

GlewweandHall,PovertyandInequalityduringUnorthodoxAdjustment:TheCaseofPeru,198590

No.87

NewmanandGertler,FamilyProductivity,LaborSupply,andWelfareinaLow-IncomeCountry

No.88

Ravallion,PovertyComparisons:AGuidetoConceptsandMethods

No.89

Thomas,Lavy,andStrauss,PublicPolicyandAnthropometricOutcomesinCôted'Ivoire

No.90

Ainsworthandothers,MeasuringtheImpactofFatalAdultIllnessinSub-SaharanAfrica:AnAnnotatedHouseholdQuestionnaire

No.91

GlewweandJacoby,EstimatingtheDeterminantsofCognitiveAchievementinLow-IncomeCountries:TheCaseofGhana

No. Ainsworth,EconomicAspectsofChildFosteringinCôted'Ivoire

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No.92

Ainsworth,EconomicAspectsofChildFosteringinCôted'Ivoire

No.93

Lavy,InvestmentinHumanCapital:SchoolingSupplyConstraintsinRuralGhana

No.94

LavyandQuigley,WillingnesstoPayfortheQualityandIntensityofMedicalCare:Low-IncomeHouseholdinGhana

No.95

SchultzandTansel,MeasurementofReturnstoAdultHealth:MorbidityEffectsonWageRatesinCôted'IvoireandGhana

No.96

Louat,Grosh,andvanderGaag,WelfareImplicationsofFemaleHeadshipinJamaicanHousehold

No.97

ColombeandDemery,HouseholdSizeinCôted'Ivoire:SamplingBiasintheCILSS

No.98

GlewweandJacoby,DelayedPrimarySchoolEnrollmentandChildhoodMalnutritioninGhana:AnEconomicAnalysis

No.99

BakerandGrosh,PovertyReductionthroughGeographicTargeting:HowWellDoesItWork?

No.100

DattandRavallion,IncomeGainsforthePoorfromPublicWorksEmployment:EvidencefromTwoIndianVillages

(tablecontinuedonnextpage)


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