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Model and Die Materials
Definitions: (GPT-7)
Model: A facsimile used for display purposes, a miniature
representation of something, an example for imitation or emulation
Die: The positive reproduction of the form of a prepared tooth in
any suitable substance.
Cast: A life size likeness of some desired form. It is formed within
or is a material poured into a matrix or impression of a desired
form.
Types of Model & Die materials
1. Gypsum products:
Model plaster-Beta hemi hydrate (type II)
Dental stone -Alpha hemi hydrate (type III)
Dental stone with high strength (type IV)
Dental stone with high strength& setting expansion (type V)
2.Metals: Electroformed or Electroplated, Sprayed metals, Amalgam
3 .Polymers :Polyurethane, Epoxy resins.
4 .Cements: Silicophosphate or poly acrylic acid bonded cements.
5. Divestment
Selection factors
Dental Materials 5
Model & Cast
Die
Model and Die Materials
1 Material used for impression
2 Purpose of use of the die or cast.
Impression material Die material
Impression compound Plaster/ stone/ Electroformed copper
Alginate/ Agar Plaster/Stone/ investment
Rubber base materials Gypsum/ Electroformed/ Epoxy die
Desirable Qualities of cast and die material
1. accurate should reproduce fine details
2. remain dimensionally stable
3. strong ,durable ,resist abrasion
4. should be available in a colour that contrast with wax so that
preparation margin can be seen
5. wettable easily by wax
6. should be compatible with impression material
7. economical
Gypsum products
Dental Materials 6
Model and Die Materials
Manufacture-They are obtained from gypsum by the process of
Calcination.
1. Commercial gypsum is ground& heated to 110 to 120 *c. to
drive off a part of the water of crystallization & form calcium
sulfate hemihydrate.
2. On further heating, the hemihydrate forms anhydrite due to the
removal of the remaining water.
Comparison of model plaster & dental stone
Criteria Model plaster Dental stone
Manufacture Heating gypsum in an open
Kettle at a temp of 110 -
120 C.
Calcining gypsum under Steam
pressure, in an autoclave at
120- 130 C.
Shape of crystals Spongy & irregular. Dense& prismatic.
Compressive strength 90kg/cm 1300 psi 210kg/cm 3000psi
W: P ratio 0.45-0.5 0.28-0.3
Max.Setting expansion,
at 2hr.
0.3% 0.2%
Setting time(min) 12+/-4 12+/-4
Other names Beta- hemi hydrate Alpha hemi hydrate
Dental Materials 7
Model and Die Materials
DENTAL STONE DENTAL PLASTER
Type IV & V dental stone
Manufacture
Calcining gypsum by boiling in 30% Cacl2 solution. The
chlorides are then washed away or autoclaved in the presence of
sodium succinateO.5%. The hemihydrate is then ground to the
desired fineness. Microscopically cuboidal in shape.
Advantages
Good strength
Minimal shrinkage
Easy manipulation
Sets quickly
Dental Materials 8
Model and Die Materials
Compatible with impression materials
Smooth, hard surface.
Easy trimming
Color contrast
Economical
Disadvantages
Brittle Edges& occlusal surface may be rubbed off.
Comparison of type IV & type V stone
Criteria Type IV stone Type V stone
W: P ratio 0.22-0.24 0.18-0.22
Max. Setting
expansion, at 2hr.
0.1% 0.3%
Setting time(min) 12±4 12±4
Compressive strength 350kg/cm 5000 psi 490kg/cm 7000 psi
Setting reaction:
The hemihydrate reacts with water to form dihydrate with the
release of energy.
The reaction is the same for all gypsum products.
CaSO4.1/2H 2O + 3H 2O → 2CaSo4.2H 2O+ 3900cal/gmol
This reaction is exothermic.
This reaction is explained on the basis of difference in the
solubility of the hemihydrate and the dehydrate, Hemihydrate is 4
times more soluble than the dihydrate.
Dental Materials 9
Model and Die Materials
1. On mixing hemihydrate with water a suspension is formed
which is fluid and workable.
2. Hemihydrate dissolves in water to form a saturated solution.
3. The saturated hemihydrate gets supersaturated with the
dihydrate which precipitates.
4. Since the soln. is no longer saturated with hemihydrate, it
continues to dissolve and new crystals are formed and further
growth of crystals occurs.
Induction period: Initial stage when there is little reaction and little
rise in temperature.
Spherulite: The needle like crystals formed when the mass thickens
and hardens.
Microstructure of set gypsum
Set material consists of entangled aggregate of gypsum
crystals having lengths of 5-10microns. Micro porosity is due to
residual unreacted water or due to the growth of the gypsum
crystals.
Water: Powder ratio
It is the amount of water and powder gauged by weight.
Determines the physical and chemical properties of the set
mass.
Dental Materials 10
Model and Die Materials
Higher the W: P ratio, longer the setting time& weaker is the
product.
Properties
1. Mixing time-Time: elapsed from the addition of powder to water,
till the mixing is completed. Mechanical mixing-20-30sec.
Hand mixing-1 min
2. Working time: It is the time available to use a workable mix, one
that maintains an even consistency, which may be manipulated to
perform one or more tasks. Working time-3min.
3. Setting time: Time taken from the beginning of mixing till the
material hardens. Initial setting time -The time at which the mass is
viscous enough & can no longer be poured. It is rigid, but not hard.
Final setting time - The time at which the material can be separated
from the impression without distortion or fracture.
Measurement of setting time
Loss of gloss test- from the start of mixing till the gloss is
lost. The mix can't be removed from the mould since it does
not have sufficient compressible strength.
Exothermic heat- Rise in temperature from the mix can also
be used to measure the setting time.
Penetration tests
Dental Materials 11
Model and Die Materials
1. Vicat Needle
2. Gillmore Needle- small and large.
Factors affecting setting time
1. Manufacturing process (Impurities) - If calcination is incomplete
& considerable gypsum dihydrate is left in the final product, the mix
sets faster. Finer the particle size, faster the mix hardens.
2. Mixing- Longer & more rapid the mixing, faster the plaster sets.
3. W: P ratio- Increase in the ratio increases the setting time.
4. Temperature- The effect is erratic.
I. 0-50*C- Little change
II. >50*C- Increasing retardation
III. At 100*C-No reaction
IV. Higher temp- Reversal of reaction.
5. Modifiers - Accelerators and Retarders-Most effective&
practical method of controlling setting time.
i. Accelerators:
a. Terra alba
b. 2% NaCl
c. 3.4%Na2SO4
d. 2% K2SO4
ii. Retarders
a. >2% NaCl
b. Citrates acetates, borates
Dental Materials 12
Model and Die Materials
c. Colloids like Glue, gelatin, agar and coagulated blood
d. Borax- 1-2% - most effective.
Setting expansion
Normal setting expansion-this is due to the outward thrust of
the growing gypsum crystals during setting. This effect is desired in
investment materials, since it helps to compensate for the casting
shrinkage. The expansion is minimized by the addition of potassium
sulfate.
Hygroscopic setting expansion
This is due to the free growth of the crystals in a continuous
aqueous phase.
Strength
It increases as the material sets. Factors affecting the strength-
Free water content
Wet strength-when excess water is present.
Dry strength- when excess water is lost by evaporation. Two
times or more greater.
Temperature-Gypsum is stable only below 40*C.
Water powder ratio
Timeofspatulation
Accelerators or retarders.
Dental Materials 13
Model and Die Materials
Manipulation-Proportioning
Premeasured water& powder according to the W:P ratio.
Flexible bowl & stiff bladed spatula.
Clean equipment
No air entrapment during mixing
Procedure
1. Take a measured quantity of water in the bowl & sift a
weighed amount of powder into it .
2. Spatulate with rapid stirring motion with frequent jarring &
squeezing.
3. Do not change the W: P ratio at this stage.
4. Vibrate the mix using a vibrator to get rid of air bubbles &
pour into the Impression
Dental Materials 14
Model and Die Materials
METHOD’S FOR MANIPULATION
A. VACCUM MIXER
B. BOWL AND SPATULA
Dental Materials 15
Model and Die Materials
Disinfection-Models can be disinfected with a spray of iodophor, or
by immersion in 1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite solution for
30min.
Care for the cast - Safest method for soaking the cast is to place it
in plaster slurry, which provides a saturated solution of calcium
sulfate.
ELECTRO FORMED/ ELECTROPLATED CASTS AND DIES:
Electro deposition of copper or silver on the impression gives
a hard metallic surface to the cast.
Advantages
1. Dimensional accuracy.
2. Hard and abrasion resistant.
3. Better marginal definition.
4. Does not absorb oil or water.
5. Prevents cupsal wear due to repeated contact with opposing
cast.
Disadvantages
1. Difficult to trim.
2. Silver bath - health hazard.
3. Not compatible with all impression materials.
Dental Materials 16
Model and Die Materials
4. Color contrast not as good as die stone.
5. Adaptation of wax not as good as the die stone. Pattern tends
to lift from margins.
Potential inaccuracies are associated with electroformed dies
do not occur with properly made stone dies. Plating process of
sufficient duration can cause dimensional changes in the impression.
Method of electro forming of impression for dies and casts
It is also known as electroplating and electrodeposition.
Metalizing: the impression surface is made conductive so that it can
conduct electric current.
The metalizing agents are:
1. Aqueous suspension of silver powder.
2. Powdered graphite.
Metals used for electro forming are:
1. Copper
2. Silver
Plating can be done for:
A) Individual tooth impression.
Dental Materials 17
Model and Die Materials
B) Full arch impression.
Plating is done on:
Compound impression (usually copper plated)
Polysulphide impression (usually silver plated)
Components of electroplating apparatus:
1. Impression to be coated is made the cathode.
2. Anode is the metal to be deposited- copper or silver.
3. Anode holder and cathode holder.
4. Electrolyte is the solution through which electric current is
passed. The ions are deposited from the anode to the cathode -
silver cyanide or copper sulphate.
5. Ammeter - registers the current in milliamperes. The current
passed is of 10 milliamperes per tooth area, for 12 hours.
6. Plating tank - Glass or hard rubber with wall fitting cover to
prevent evaporation.
Composition of electroplating bath
Copper Silver
Copper sulphate 200gms silver cyanide 36gms
Dental Materials 18
Model and Die Materials
crystals
Sulphuric acid
concentrate
30ml potassium
cyanide
60gms
Phenol sulphonate 2ml potassium
carbonate
45gms
Water distilled 1000ml Water distilled 1000ml
Temperature: 77° to 80° F (room temperature).
With a lower current - deposit is slow but hard.
With a higher current - deposit is fast but soft.
Procedure
1. Wash and dry the impression.
2. Attach the impression to the cathode holder. An insulated
wire is used for this.
3. The impression material is a non conductor of electricity. It is
made conductive by applying a metalizing solution with a
brush. The excess powder is blown off.
Colloidal graphite - for copper plating.
Silver powder - for silver plating.
4. The surface of the copper ring or impression tray is covered
by wax 2mm. beyond the margin of the impression, so the ring
is not plated.
Dental Materials 19
Model and Die Materials
5. With the dropper the impression is filled with the electrolyte.
Avoid air bubbles.
Silver cyanide - for silver - plating.
Copper sulphate - for copper - plating.
6. The electrode is attached to the cathode and the impression is
immersed in the electrolyte bath. Distance between the
cathode and the anode should be at least 4inches.
7. The electric current is turned on - it should not exceed
50milliamperes. The current is adjusted 10mA per tooth. If
high current is used the surface will be granular, rough and
weak. With low currents the deposit is smooth and hard.
8. Run the current for 12 to 15 hours, to get a deposit of 0.5mm.
9. The current is disconnected. The impression is washed. The
die is completed by pouring resin on dental stone to support
the surface of the cast and to form the base. Then the copper
ring is gently warmed over the flame and removed from the
die. The die is trimmed.
EPOXY RESIN DIE MATERIALS
They are used to overcome the low strength, low abrasion
resistance of die stone. Most available resin die material is epoxy,
but polyurethane also used.
Dental Materials 20
Model and Die Materials
Are compatible with
- Polyether
- Silicon impression materials.
Advantages: Tougher and more abrasion resistant than die stone.
Disadvantage: Not as accurate and dimensionally stable, as it
shrinks. Polymerization shrinkage of 0.1 to 0.3 is seen.
Available as: 2 components - resin and hardner.
DIE STONE: INVESTMENT COMBINATION (DIVESTMENT)
A gypsum-bonded material called divestment is mixed with a
colloidal silica liquid.
A die is prepared from the mix and a wax pattern is
constructed. The possibility of distortion of Wax pattern removal
from the die or during setting of the investment is minimized.
The setting expansion of divestment is 0.9% and thermal
expansion is 0.6%, when heated to 677°c.
Advantage
It is a highly accurate technique for conventional gold alloys
especially for extra - coronal preparations.
Dental Materials 21
Model and Die Materials
Divestment phosphate or DVP is a phosphate - bonded
investment that is used in the same manner as divestment and is
suitable for use with high fusing alloys.
Silicophosphate cement
This is similar to filling and cementing material.
Advantage: Harder than die stone.
Disadvantage: shrinkage on setting, loss of water on standing.
Amalgam:
This is similar to restorative material.
Advantage
Produces a hard die, reproduces fine details and sharp
margins.
Disadvantages
Can only be packed into a rigid impression; long time to
reach maximum hardness; high thermal conductivity, so can cool a
wax pattern rapidly, which may lead to distortion of the pattern-
this can be overcome by warming the die; a separating agent is
needed as with stone dies.
Metal sprayed dies
Dental Materials 22
Model and Die Materials
A bismuth-tin alloy, which melts at 138°c, can be sprayed
directly on to an impression to form a metal shell, which can then be
filled with the dental stone.
Advantage: A metal coated die can be obtained rapidly from
elastomeric impression materials.
Disadvantage: The alloy is rather soft; care is needed to prevent
abrasion of the die.
Ceramic die materials
Two ceramic die materials are available.
a) A material for the production of dies on which porcelain
restorations are to be fabricated, without the use of a platinum
foil matrix. To form the dies heating to over 1000°c is
necessary.
b) A ceramic material, supplied as a powder and liquid, and
mixed to putty -like consistency. After one 1 hour the material
is removed from the impression and fired at 600°c for 8
minutes to produce a hard strong die.
Advantages Disadvantages Recommended Precautions
Dental Materials 23
Model and Die Materials
Use
ADA Type IV
stone
Epoxy resin
Electroplating
Dimensional accuracy
Straightforward
technique Low cost
Straightforward in-
office procedure
High strength Good
abrasion resistance
High strength Good
abrasion resistance
Will be damaged if
not handled
carefully
Lower abrasion
resistance
Polymerization
shrinkage Time-
consuming complex
procedure
Time-consuming
Special equipment
needed
Most
situations
Complete
ceramic
crowns
Complete
ceramic
crowns
Accurate
proportioning
essential
Vacuum mix
recommended
Not compatible
with polysulfide
and
hydrocolloid
Silver uses
toxic cyanide
Incompatible
with many
impression
Materials
Recent developments
Dental Materials 24
Model and Die Materials
Two techniques are being investigated to produce dental
stones with improvement in 'abrasion resistance and other
mechanical properties:
c) Impregnation of the gypsum by a polymer - polyester,
polystyrene, acrylics and epoxy resin have been suggested for
this purpose.
d) Incorporation of wetting agents such a lingnosulphonates -
such additives can reduce the water requirement of a stone,
and enable the production of a harder, stronger and more
dense set gypsum.
In addition, these additives retard the setting time and
increase the setting expansion. Both of these effects can be
overcome by the incorporation of potassium sulphate.
References
1. Craig RG, Powers JM, Wataha JC: Dental Materials,
Properties and Manipulation. Seventh Edition, India 2001;
Harcourt private limited.
1. Anusavice: Philips science of Dental materials. Eleventh
Edition, India 2003; Saunders Publication.
Dental Materials 25