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"Code-switching performs several functions (Zentella, 1985).
First, people may use code-switching tohide fluency or memory
problems in the second language (but this accounts for about only
10 percent ofcode switches). Second, code-switching is used to mark
switching from informal situations (using nativelanguages) to
formal situations (using second language). Third, code-switching is
used to exert control,especially between parents and children.
Fourth, code-switching is used to align speakers with others
inspecific situations (e.g., defining oneself as a member of an
ethnic group). Code-switching also 'functionsto announce specific
identities, create certain meanings, and facilitate particular
interpersonalrelationships' (Johnson, 2000, p. 184)."
(William B. Gudykunst, Bridging Differences: Effective
Intergroup Communication, 4th ed. Sage, 2004)
"In a relatively small Puerto Rican neighborhood in New Jersey,
some members freely used code-switching styles and extreme forms
ofborrowingboth in everyday casual talk and in more
formalgatherings. Other local residents were careful to speak only
Spanish with a minimum ofloanson formaloccasions, reserving
code-switching styles for informal talk. Others again spoke mainly
English, usingSpanish or code-switching styles only with small
children or with neighbors."(John J. Gumperz and Jenny
Cook-Gumperz, "Introduction: Language and the Communication of
SocialIdentity.Language and Social Identity. Cambridge Univ. Press,
1982)
African American Vernacular English and Standard American
English"It is common to find references to black speakers who code
switch betweenAAVE[African AmericanVernacular English]
andSAE[Standard American English] in the presence of whites or
others speakingSAE. In employment interviews (Hopper &
WIlliams, 1973; Akinnaso & Ajirotutu, 1982), formal educationin
a range of settings (Smitherman, 2000), legal discourse (Garner
& Rubin, 1986), and various othercontexts, it is advantageous
for blacks to have code-switching competence. For a black person
who canswitch from AAVE to SAE in the presence of others who are
speaking SAE, code switching is a skill that
holds benefits in relation to the way success is often measured
in institutional and professional settings.However, there are more
dimensions to code switching than the black/white patterns in
institutionalsettings."(George B. Ray, Language and Interracial
Communication in the United States: Speaking in Black andWhite.
Peter Lang, 2009)
"A Fuzzy-Edged Concept""The tendency to reify code switching as
a unitary and clearly identifiable phenomenon has beenquestioned by
Gardner-Chloros (1995: 70), who prefers to view code switching as a
'fuzzy-edgedconcept.' For her, the conventional view of code
switching implies that speakers make binary choices,operating in
one code or the other at any given time, when in fact code
switching overlaps with otherkinds of bilingual mixture, and the
boundaries between them are difficult to establish. Moreover, it
isoften impossible to categorize the two codes involved in code
switching as discrete and isolatable."(Donald Winford,An
Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)
Code Switching and Language Change"The role ofCS, along with
other symptoms of contact, inlanguage changeis still a matter of
discussion .
. .. On the one hand the relationship between contact and
language change is now generallyacknowledged: few espouse the
traditional view that change follows universal,
language-internalprinciples such as simplification, and takes place
in the absence of contact with other varieties (JamesMilroy 1998).
On the other hand, . . . some researchers still downplay the role
of CS in change, andcontrast it withborrowing, which is seen as a
form of convergence."(Penelope Gardner-Chloros, "Contact and
Code-Switching." The Handbook of Language Contact, ed. byRaymond
Hickey. Blackwell, 2010)
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