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Mobile systems: an overview
• History• A GSM Primer• Packets over the air• Going wideband• Towards an all IP network• Observations
Copyright Ericsson Radio Systems AB [email protected]
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Mobile Networks: the history
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1980:s 1990:s 2000:s
Mobile Business Evolution
new machine, same business new machine, new business
Services
Network
New mobile businesses
Wideband/multimedia
1 2 nd generationdigital
stgenerationanalogue 3 generation
wideband
rd
Basic mobile telephony
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AMPSAMPSNMTNMT
1G1GTACSTACS
GSM/UMTSGSM/UMTS CDMA2000CDMA20003G3G
PPDCPPDCGPRSGPRS
Not the whole story:- Dedicated packet NW (CDPD, Mobitex, …)- Satellite systems- Private LMR systems- Etc
Additional wirelessaccess technologies:- BlueTooth- WLAN- LMDS- Etc
2G2GGSMGSM
PDCPDCIS-95IS-95D-AMPSD-AMPS
The Cellular evolution
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Evolution to 3G / IMT-2000
2G
TDMA (ANSI-41) / CDPD
GSM (MAP)
cdma2000 1X
GPRS
cdma2000 3X
EDGE
cdmaOne(ANSI-41)
WCDMA
28.8 Kb/s
First step into 3G
64 - 144 Kb/s
3G phase 1
384 Kb/s - 2 Mb/s
3G Real Time IP
384 Kb/s - 2 Mb/s
PDC / PDC-PExisting
Spectrum
Existing Spectrum
”New Spectrum”
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User Data-rate Requirements
1 k
100 k
1 M
2 MBit/s
MessagingSMS
Voice
Graphics
Text
Medium quality
High quality
Bit/s
Mobileoffice
Video
UMTS
GSM10 k
GSM
1998
2000
2002
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Mobile Subscribers by Technology and Regions
EMEA Asia Latin North Total %ChangePacific America America
GSM 173 63 1 6 243 78%
CDMA 0 26 4 18 48 129%
TDMA 2 1 14 17 34 100%
Other (digital*) 0 52 0 5 57 21%Other (analog**) 7 11 27 50 95 3%
Total 182 147 46 96 477
% Change 66% 44% 109% 28% 53%
* includes PDC, PHS & ESMR** includes AMPS, TACS & NMT
SOURCE Ericsson LME/DMI Oct, 1999
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New Ericsson forecast
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
01995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Sub
scrib
ers
(in m
illio
n)
Japan(excl. PHS)
Asia Pacific(excl. Japan)
Latin America
Rest of theworld
NorthAmerica
WesternEurope
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Service EvolutionThe power of Mobility
Service EvolutionThe power of Mobility
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Application Alliance Partners
491 companies(Among them, 265 are
financial firms)
i-mode subscribers
6,923,929
Corporate UseIntranet and VPN Packages
already available(More than 20 I-mode based
intranet-package are available now)
11,888 voluntary i-mode internet web sites, including
20+ search engines!
Current Status of NTT DoCoMo i-mode(as of 21 May. 00)
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About GSM• TDMA technology, 8 timeslots per 200 kHz carrier• One new GSM subscriber every second• 109 countries committed to GSM• Over 200 networks on air; 239 operators committed• 75 million GSM subscribers at the end of 1997• 100 million GSM subscribers by the end of July 1998• 300 million GSM subscribers by the year 2001• International roaming
– Dual-band roaming, GSM 900-1800 systems– SIM-card roaming, GSM 1900 to GSM 900-1800 systems,
in operation on 4 continents– World Phone, GSM 900-1900, in 1998– GSM 1900-AMPS phone in 1998
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Countries Committed to GSMCountries Committed to GSMJuly 1998July 1998
Countries committed
2065 T
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SCFSCF
Note:Not all interfacesshown and named
SMS-IWMSC
SMS-IWMSC
SMS-GMSC
SMS-GMSC
SCSC
Co-operatingNetworks
ISDNPSTNPSPDNCSPDNPDN:- Intranet- Extranet- Internet- X.25
HLRHLR
EIREIR
AUCAUCD
FH
C
User Eqm.
SIMTE
MT
ME
Radio Access NW
BSCBTSBTSUm Abis
BSS
Core NW
MSCMSC
EG
A MSCVLR
MSCVLR
GMSCGMSC
GSM Reference model (simplified)
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GPRS background
• General Packet Radio Service• Time Division Multiple Access as GSM, but a mobile can use
more than one slot• Shared radio channel: true packet oriented service• Adds a new IP-oriented core network• Upgrades the radio network with data-optimized air
interface protocols• Full flexibility: any time slot can carry any sort of traffic• Comparable other standards:
– CDPD– D-AMPS/EDGE– Packet PDC– IS-95B
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SCFSCF
Note:Not all interfacesshown and named
SMS-IWMSC
SMS-IWMSC
SMS-GMSC
SMS-GMSC
SCSC
Co-operatingNetworks
ISDNPSTNPSPDNCSPDNPDN:- Intranet- Extranet- Internet- X.25
Gi
HLRHLR
EIREIR
AUCAUCD
FH
C
Gf
Gn
SGSNSGSN
GbGr
Gn, Gp
SGSNSGSN
GGSNGGSN
User Eqm.
SIMTE
MT
ME
Radio Access NW
BSCBTSBTSUm Abis
BSS
Core NW
MSCMSC
EG
A MSCVLR
MSCVLR
GMSCGMSC
GSM Reference model (simplified)
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UMTS background
• WCDMA radio• Up to 384 kbit/s wide area• Up to 2 Mbit/s locally• Variable bit rate• Multiple flows to the same terminal
• Wireless Internet, and• Wireless Multimedia!
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telephony SystemWCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
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SCFSCF
Iu
Iu
RNCBTSUu
Iur
RNCBTS
Iub
Iub
RNS
RNS
UTRAN
Note:Not all interfacesshown and named
SMS-IWMSC
SMS-IWMSC
SMS-GMSC
SMS-GMSC
SCSC
USIM CuTE
MT
ME
Co-operatingNetworks
ISDNPSTNPSPDNCSPDNPDN:- Intranet- Extranet- Internet- X.25
Gi
HLRHLR
EIREIR
AUCAUCD
FH
C
Gf
Gn
SGSNSGSN
GbGr
Gn, Gp
SGSNSGSN
GGSNGGSN
User Eqm.
SIMTE
MT
ME
Radio Access NW
BSCBTSBTSUm Abis
BSS
Core NW
MSCMSC
EG
A MSCVLR
MSCVLR
GMSCGMSC
UMTS/GSM Reference model (simplified)
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0
OriginalGSM
PSTN
HSCSD/GPRS
EDGE/WCDMA
video clipphoto report
video clipphoto reportweb e-mail
video clipphoto reportweb e-mail
video clip
web photo report
10 sec 1 min 10 min 1 hourTransmission Time
Source HADDEN TELECOMS Ltd.
UMTS data rates – end user view
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3GPP Rel99 Bearer services
Traffic class Conversationalclassconversational RT
Streaming classstreaming RT
Interactive classInteractive besteffort
BackgroundBackgroundbest effort
Fundamentalcharacteristics
• Preserve timerelation(variation)betweeninformationentities of thestream
• Conversationalpattern(stringent andlow delay )
• Preserve timerelation(variation)betweeninformationentities of thestream
• Requestresponsepattern
• Preservepayloadcontent
• Destinationis notexpectingthe datawithin acertaintime
• Preservepayloadcontent
Example of theapplication
- voice - streaming video - Web browsing - backgrounddownload ofemails
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Cost Efficiency
Hype
Building for thefuture
Service Flexibility
Towards an All IP Network – Drivers
IP
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GSM/UMTS Services Evolution
Datacom
VoIP (massservice)IP
Services DomainIP based Datacom/Appl.
& Multimedia
Telecom
N-ISDNServices Domain Circuit mode Voice
Circuit mode multimedia (e.g. Video Telephony)
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WirelinexDSLCATVE-net
WLAN
Multiple accesses tocommon services
An “All IP” Network
Cellular Telephony (CS domain)GSMEDGE
WCDMA
GPRS(PS domain)
Access independentServices/Content
Internet
IP transport forCS-mode services
Improved
New and enhancedbearers. IP transport
RT multimedia services:- Voice, visual, text
rather than explain !
New applications &terminal capabilities
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Example: PPP Multiplexing with header compression
L2TP-Tunnel
IP Core Network
PPP-Session in a L2TP tunnel
IP UDP L2TP
IP UDP RTP Speech frame
Voice Packet 1 Voice Packet N
…
ML-PPP CH CHSpeech frame … Speech frame
Header compression
IP UDP RTP Speech frame
MGW MGW
LI LI
Multiplexing principles for bandwidth efficiency
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Payload
IP
O & MSupport Systems
TranscTranscTranscMGW
Proc.SS7
GWBTS
TRXTRXTRX
IP-BSS Radio Access NW Architecture
RNServer
SGSN
MSC
LDAP
DNS
NTP
DHCP
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3GPP reference model, partitioning3GPP reference model, partitioning
GfGi
Iu-ps'
Iu
GiMr
Gi
Ms
Gi
R UuMGW
Gn
Gc
Gp
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
Signalling Interface
TE MT UTRAN
GrOther PLMN
SGSN
GGSN
GGSN
EIR
SGSN
Gn
MGCF
R-SGW
MRF
MultimediaIP Networks
PSTN/Legacy/External
Applications &Services *)
Mm
Mw
Legacy mobilesignalingNetwork
Mc
Cx
R Um
TE MT ERAN
AlternativeAccess
Network
Mh
CSCF
CSCF
Mg
T-SGW *)
T-SGW *)
HSS *)
HSS *)
Applications& Services *)
MSC server GMSC server
Iu1 = Iucs (RTP, AAL2)
Iu2 = Iu(RANAP)
*) those elements are duplicated for figurelayout purpose only, they belong to the samelogical element in the reference model
McMc
MAP
SCP
CAP
MGW
Nc
Iu1
Iu2
R-SGW *)
Mh
Nb
MAP
Radio accessLegacy CS support
Multimedia
Packet core
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RNC
BS
MGW
Other IPhosts/networks
Servers(MSC/HLR/GSN/…)
RNC
BS
Service Network
MGW
An “All IP” Network Implementation
RNS RNS
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• AXI 510 Edge IP router• AXI 540 Aggregation IP Router• AXI 520 Gigabit IP router• AXD 301 ATM core switch
– Up to 160 Gbps– Integrated MPLS and telephony support
• AXC 512 Tigris, Access Server• WDM (Erion)• DXX/DXC
AXD 301
Ericsson IP/ATM Products
AXI 520
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Culture clash
• Good Idea 1:– Standardise first, then implement when we
know we agree (ETSI, and others)• Good Idea 2:
– Implement first, then standardise when weknow it works (IETF)
• How do we solve that?
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Necessary properties
• Extreme reliability– node or network redundancy?– nonstop operation: HW and SW upgrade
without service interruption• SW related performance issues
– previously: signaling, O&M– now: payload
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Real time?
• Soft RT– Payload, ms range– System as a whole
• missing a deadline is bad for the call, but does not breakthe system
• Hard RT– individual protocol state machines, s range
• failure to meet deadline => call broken
– system state transition
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Research challenges
• Develop scheduling theory and algorithms for:– system of co-operating systems– interlinked state machines– variable capacity links– variable topology– I.e., is there something like Rate Monotonic
Scheduling for packet switched networks?• QoS: how do we meet expectations?• Security: simple to use, yet safe?
