MOBILE P

OWER S

OURCES

TE

AM

7

INTRODUCTION

• Chemical Batteries

• Mechanical Energy

• Wireless Energy

• Butane Energy

HOW A BATTERY WORKS

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/battery-videos-playlist.htm#video-29391

CHEMICAL BATTERIES

Nickel CadmiumNiCd

Nickel Metal HydrideNiMH

Lithium IonLi-Ion

Lithium PolymerLiPo

NICKEL CADMIUM

Nickel oxyhydroxide for positive electrode

Metallic Cadmium for negative electrode

1.2 volts per cell

70-90% discharge

Self discharge approx. 10%/month

RechargeableMemory Effect2000 cycles

NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE

Similar to NiCdUses nickel oxyhydroxide for positive electrode

Hydrogen absorbing alloy for negative electrode

1.2 volts per cell

66% charge/discharge efficiency

1-2% per month self discharge

Rechargeable500-1000 cyclesMemory Effect

LITHIUM ION

No Memory EffectLithium Ions move from negative electrode to positive electrode during discharge and back during charge

3.6 volts per cell

400-1200 cycles

80-90% charge/discharge efficency

8-31% self discharge (temperature dependent)

Lightweight

LITHIUM POLYMER

Still a lithium ion battery with different guts

Lithium salt electrolyte is held in solid polymer instead of organic solvent

99.8% charge/discharge efficiency

5% per month self discharge rate

1000 or more cycles

24-36 month durability

FUTURE MECHANICAL BATTERIES

• Nanogenerators• Plastic Supercapacitor• Extending battery life

NANOGENERATORS

Georgia Institute of TechnologyDr. Zhong Lin Wang

Small movements to generate powerDevice able to power LCD screens and power radio signals

Devices powered by body movement

5 years

NANOGENERATORS

Zinc oxide nanowires

Peizoelectric effect

5 nano-generators

http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/podcast/power-shirt.mov

NANOGENERATORS

AdvantagesPowered by body movementsSmallNo batteries or electrical outlets

DisadvantagesSensitive to moisture

PLASTIC SUPERCAPACITOR

Plastic supercapacitor Imperial College London & VolvoPlastic able to store electric charge

Like traditional batteryGreener

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZ7A51h6cwU&feature=player_embedded

PLASTIC SUPERCAPACITOR

AdvantagesGreenWearableLonger lasting with little degradationSmall and conformable

DisadvantagesConcept ideaNot fully tested yet

EXTENDING BATTERY LIFE

Present flash memoryBits stored as chargesSlowHigh programming voltages

Future flash memoryUniversity of Illinois EngineersUltra low-power digital memory

EXTENDING BATTERY LIFE

Phase-Change Material(PCM)Alternative to current flash memoryBit stored in resistance

Switchable Carbon nanotubeSmall sizeNanoscale contacts

EXTENDING BATTERY LIFE

AdvantagesFasterNot susceptible to degradation Immune to accidental erasureLow power consumptionSmallNo batteries or outlets needed

DisadvantagesCost disadvantage compared to regular flashSensitive to temperature to perform well

THE TESLA EFFECT

WHAT IS THE TESLA EFFECT?

• The transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without interconnecting wires

• First demonstrated in 1891

HOW DOES IT WORK?

Built on the principal of resonant coupling

Electromagnetic field

http://singularityhub.com/2009/06/30/the-wireless-future-of-energy-tranfer/

LIMITATIONS

The size

Range

Efficiency

Cost

www.techberth.com/2011/04/wireless-resonant-energy/&usg

PRODUCTS OUT TODAY

Powermat

Duracell MyGrid

Energizer Inductive Charger

THE FUTURE!

• No more wires cluttering areas

• No more outlets in the wall

• All devices will be charged/charging without the needing to be plugged in

BUTANE POWER CELL

• Company history

• Reasons for using the cell

• Technology concerns

• Technical information/operation

• The future of the company and product

COMPANY HISTORY

Silicon Power Cell

Lilliputian Systems IncFounded by former MIT students in 2002

$50 billion portable power market

Raised over $90 million in venture capital funding

TECHNOLOGY CONCERNS

Why consider butane power cells? Incremental growth in the lithium industry

Technology Concerns Environmentally friendly Approved for aircraft Improved volumetric density Improved gravimetric energy density

Cost $99 for the power cell $2 for replacement cartridges

BUTANE POWER CELL PROTOTYPE

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Proton-Exchange Membrane vs Solid Oxide

Why the butane market is almost non-existent

Temperature!

FUTURE OF THE BUTANE POWER CELL

Future of Lilliputian Systems

Partnership with Intel to manufacture wafers

Intel’s equity stake

CONCLUSION

SOURCES

http://news.illinois.edu/news/11/0310batteries_EricPop.html

http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-03-technology-battery-life-mobile-devices.html

http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/power-shirt.htm

http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/03/30/future-iphones-charged-heartbeat-experts-say/

http://www.themobileindian.com/news/908_Future-perfect:-battery-less-mobile-phones

http://www.bit-tech.net/news/bits/2010/02/08/supercapacitor-promises-end-to-batteries/1

http://hothardware.com/News/The-Death-Of-The-Battery-Is-Upon-Us-Plastic-Supercapacitor-Could-Recharge-Gizmos/

http://www.talk2myshirt.com/blog/archives/3643

http://www.lilliputiansystemsinc.com/

SOURCES CONT.

Winter, M.; Brodd, J. (2004). "What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?" (PDF). Chemical Review 104 (104): 4245. doi:10.1021/cr020730k. Retrieved 2010-07-25.

Toshiba (2007-12-11). "Toshiba to Launch Innovative Rechargeable Battery Business". Press release. Retrieved 2009-06-25.

http://www.powerstream.com/NiCd.htm

http://www.powerstream.com/NiMH.htm