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EKT 450 Mobile Communication System
Chapter 1: Introduction to
Mobile Communication System
Prof Dr. Sabira Khatun,
Dr. Muzammil Jusoh, Dr. Norsuhaida Ahmad
School of Computer and Communication Engineering
1
Course Outcomes (CO)
2
• Ability to identify important components and
functions of a mobile communication system.
• Ability to explain, evaluate and compare the
differences in characteristics and areas of
applications between different types of mobile
communication systems.
• Ability to apply and analyze the issues in
mobile communication system.
• Ability to identify and describe the latest
techniques and standards in mobile
communication system.
Course Assessments
3
• Examination : 70%
• Test(s) : 10%
• Final Exam : 60%
• Course work : 30%
• Mini Project : 20%
• Assignments/Quizzes : 10%
Text Books / References
4
• Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications
– Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 2002.
• David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, Fundamentals
of Wireless Communications, Cambridge Press,
2005.
• Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless Communications,
Cambridge University Press, 2005.
• Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia:
http://www.skmm.gov.my
• Tharek Abd Rahman, ‘Mobile Communication
System,’ Lecture Notes, Fakulti Kejuruteraan
Elektrik, Universiti Teknologi M’sia.
The Electronics Boom !
Figure 1.1 The growth of mobile telephony as compared with other popular inventions of the 20th century. 5
Radio Frequency Spectrum
6
Frequenc
y Wavelength
Mobile Radio Telephony in the U.S.
7
Mobile Radio Telephony in Malaysia
8
IMT-2000 or 3G in Malaysia
9
IMT-2000
3G - the third generation of mobile telecommunications
technology.
• 3G telecommunication networks support services that
provide an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s.
• Later 3G releases (often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G), also
provide mobile broadband access of
several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop
computers.
• Application in wireless voice telephony, mobile
Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video
calls and mobile TV.
• Use services and networks that comply with the International
Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications
by the International Telecommunication Union.
10
World Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX) in
Malaysia
11
Mobile Radio Systems Around the
World
12
Mobile Radio Systems Around the
World
13
Mobile Radio Systems Around the
World
14
Mobile Communication Systems
15
Analogue
Digital
Types Mobile Radio
Pagers
Walkie Talkie
Cellular
Telephone
(1G)
(2G & 3G)
Cellular Radio
Radio Taxi [ NMT450,NMT900,
TACS, AMPS etc]
[GSM900, GSM1800,GSM19000,
DAMPS, PDC, IS 95 and IMT2000]
Wireless Communication Systems
16
Example of Wireless
Communication Systems – Paging
Systems
17
• Systems that send brief messages (called ‘page’) to a
subscriber – via paging system access number.
• Paging system transmits the page throughout the service area
using base stations which broadcast the page using radio
carrier.
• Paging systems are designed to provide reliable
communication to subscribers wherever they are.
Why do paging system need to :
• use large transmitter power?
• provide low data rates?
• How does a low data rate lead to better
coverage?
solution
Wide Area Paging System
18
Example of Wireless
Communication Systems –
Cordless Telephone Systems
19
• Full duplex system.
• Modern cordless telephones are sometimes combined with
paging receiver – subscriber is paged and respond to the
page using the cordless phone.
Example of Wireless
Communication Systems – Cellular
Telephone Systems
20
• Provides a wireless connection to the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN) for any user location within the
radio range of the system.
• Accommodate large number of users + large geographic
area – within limited frequency spectrum.
• How to increase capacity? – smaller geographic area called
‘cell’.
• How to deal with limited frequency spectrum? – frequency
reuse.
• Switching technique between ‘cells’ – handoff.
Cellular System
21
Cellular System – Basic Entities
22
• Mobile Stations
• Transceiver
• Antenna
• Control circuitry
• Moves at pedestrian or vehicle speed
• Base Stations
• Several transmitters and receivers
• Tower that supports several transmitting and receiving
antennas
• Link between all mobile users and the MSC
• Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
• Connects mobiles to Public Switching Telephone Network
(PSTN)
• Coordinates activities of all BS
• Controls billing and system maintenance functions.
Comparison of Mobile
Communication Systems
23
Comparison of Mobile
Communication Systems
24
Problem 1
25
Qualitatively describe how the power supply
requirements differ between:
a) Mobile and portable cellular phones?
b) Pocket pagers and cordless phones?
How does coverage range impact battery life in
a mobile radio system?
solution
Problem 2
26
Assume a 1 Amp-hour battery is used on a cellular
telephone. Also assume that the cellular telephone
draws 35mA in idle mode and 250 mA during a call.
How long would the phone work (what is the
battery life) if the user leaves the phone on
continually and has:
a) 3-minute call everyday?
b) 3-minute call every 6 hours?
c) 3-minute call every hours?
d) What is the maximum talk time available?
solution
Modern Wireless
Communication Systems
Figure 2.1 Growth of cellular telephone subscribers throughout the world. 27
2G Cellular Networks
Figure 2.2 Worldwide subscriber base as a function of cellular technology in late 2001. 28
2G Cellular Networks
29
Figure 2.3 Various upgrade paths for 2G technologies.
From 2G to 3G
30
From 2G to 3G
31
Third Generation (3G) Wireless
Networks
32
Evolution of Cellular Systems
33
80‘s 2000‘s 90‘s
1 G
Analog
AMPS,NMT,
TACS etc
2 G
Digital
GSM900,GSM1800,
DAMPS,PDC,IS95, etc
3 G
IMT-2000
450MHz
800MHz
900MHz
800MHZ
900MHZ
1500MHz
1800MHz
1900MHz
2000MHz
Voice Voice & Low Data Rate Multimedia Application:
Frequency
Band:
2.5G
GPRS
Evolution of Cellular Systems
34
AMPS NMT
1G TACS
GSM/UMTS
(WCDMA)
CDMA2000 3G
Additional wireless
access technologies:
• BlueTooth
• WLAN
• WiMAX
GPRS
2G GSM
PDC IS.95
D-AMPS
Evolution of Cellular Systems
35
Applications
36
• Analog : You could only easily use analogue cellular to make voice calls, and typically only in one country.
• Digital mobile phone systems added fax, data and messaging capabilities as well as voice telephone services in many countries.
• Multimedia services add high speed data transfer to mobile devices, allowing new video, audio and other applications through mobile phones allowing music and television and the Internet to be accessed through a mobile terminal.
1G
2G
3G
3G Concept
37
Satellite
"Macro" Cell "Micro” Cell
Pedestrian In-Building
"Pico" Cell
Multimedia Services
High Quality
Global Roaming
Backward Compatibility
Anywhere, Anytime, Anyone
Figure 2.4 Example of the emerging applications and markets for broadband services. (Courtesy of Harris
Corporation, ©1999, all rights reserved.)
38
Broadband Wireless Spectrum
Figure 2.5 Allocation of broadband wireless spectrum throughout the world. (Courtesy of Ray W. Nettleton and
reproduced by permission of Formus Communications.) 39
Received Power in Clear Sky
Figure 2.8 Measured received power levels over a 605 m 38 GHz fixed wireless link in clear sky, rain, and hail.
40
Received Power during Storm
Figure 2.9 Measured received power during rain storm at 38 GHz [from [Xu00], ©IEEE].
41
Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLANs)
Figure 2.10 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard.
42
WLAN Products
Figure 2.11 Photographs of popular 802.11b WLAN equipment. Access points and a client card are shown on left, and PCMCIA Client card is shown on right. (Courtesy of Cisco Systems, Inc.)
43
WLAN Coverage (3 Access Points)
Figure 2.13 A predicted coverage plot for three access points in a modern large lecture hall. (Courtesy of Wireless Valley
Communications, Inc., ©2000, all rights reserved.)
44
WLAN Coverage Predictions
Figure 2.15 A typical neighborhood where high speed license free
WLAN service from the street might be contemplated [Dur98b].
45
Figure 2.16 Measured values of path loss using a street-mounted lamp-post transmitter at 5.8 GHz, for various types of customer premise antenna [from [Dur98], ©IEEE].
Bluetooth and Personal Area
Networks (PANs)
46
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Figure 2.17 Example of a Personal Area Network (PAN) as provided by the Bluetooth standard. 47