mobile-bug-project-report-doc-1847.doc

8/9/2019 mobile-bug-project-report-doc-1847.doc

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(1) OVERVIEW OF MOBILE BUG

Demo Circuit

IC1 is designed as a differential

amplifier Non inverting input isconnected to the potential divider

R1, R2. Capacitor C2 keeps the non

inverting input signal stable for easyswing to or ! R" is the feedback

resistor

IC1 functions as a current to voltageconverter, since it converts the tiny

current released by the #.22

capacitor as output voltage.

$t power on output go high and

%&' lights for a short period. (his is because input gets more voltage than the ! input. $fter a few seconds, output goes low because

the output current passes to the ! input through R2. )eanwhile, capacitor C1 also charges. *o

that both the inputs gets almost e+ual voltage and the output remains low. #.22 capacitor noother capacitor can be substituted- remains fully charged in the standby state.

hen the high fre+uency radiation from the mobile phone is sensed by the circuit, #.22 cap

discharges its stored current to the input of IC1 and its output goes high momentarily. in the

standby state, output of the differential amplifier is low since both inputs get e+ual voltage of #./volts or more-. $ny increase in voltage at input will change the output state to high.

Mobile Bug

Normally IC1 is off. *o IC2 will be also off. hen the power is switched on, as stated above,

IC1 will give a high output and (1 conducts to trigger %&' and 0uer .(his can be a good

indication for the working of the circuit.

R1 1M

R2 100K

C1 0.22

C2 47 UF

R3 1M

LED

IC 3130


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(2) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


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(3) DESCRI!IO"

$n ordinary R detector using tuned %C circuits is not suitable for detecting signals in the 34

fre+uency band used in mobile phones. (he transmission fre+uency of mobile phones rangesfrom #.5 to " 34 with a wavelength of "." to 1# cm. *o a circuit detecting gigahert signals is

re+uired for a mobilebug. 4ere the circuit uses a #.226 disk capacitor C"- to capture the Rsignals from the mobile phone. (he lead length of the capacitor is fi7ed as 18 mm with a spacing

of 8 mm between the leads to get the desired fre+uency. (he disk capacitor along with the leadsacts as a small gigahert loop antenna to collect the R signals from the mobile phone.

9p:amp IC C$"1"# IC1- is used in the circuit as a current:to:voltage converter with capacitor

C" connected between its inverting and non:inverting inputs. It is a C)9* version using gate: protected p:channel )9*&( transistors in the input to provide very high input impedance, very

low input current and very high speed of performance. (he output C)9* transistor is capable of

swinging the output voltage to within 1# m; of either supply voltage terminal.

Capacitor C" in con2 to 21># )4. (hat is the signal is high

fre+uency with huge energy. hen the mobile phone is active, it transmits the signal in the formof sine wave which passes through the space. (he encoded audioBvideo signal contains

electromagnetic radiation which is picked up by the receiver in the base station. )obile phone

system is referred to as Cellular (elephone systemD because the coverage area is divided into


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cellsD each of which has a base station. (he transmitter power of the modern 23 antenna in the

base station is 2#:1## watts.

hen a 3*) 3lobal *ystem of )obile communication- digital phone is transmitting, the signalis time shared with > other users. (hat is at any one second, each of the 8 users on the same

fre+uency is allotted 1B8 of the time and the signal is reconstituted by the receiver to form the

speech. Eeak power output of a mobile phone corresponds to 2 watts with an average of 2/# milliwatts of continuous power. &ach handset with in a ?cell@ is allotted a particular fre+uency for its

use. (he mobile phone transmits short signals at regular intervals to register its availability to the

nearest base station. (he network data base stores the information transmitted by the mobile phone. If the mobile phone moves from one cell to another, it will keep the connection with the

base station having strongest transmission. )obile phone always tries to make connection with

the available base station. (hat is why, the back light of the phone turns on intermittently while

traveling. (his will cause severe battery drain. *o in long # to 8/= )4. aves at higher fre+uencies but with in the R region is called )icrowaves. )obile phone uses high fre+uency R wave in the micro wave region carrying huge

amount of electromagnetic energy. (hat is why burning sensation develops in the ear if themobile is used for a long period. Fust like a micro wave oven, mobile phone is ?cooking@ the

tissues in the ear. R radiation from the phone causes oscillation of polar molecules like water in

the tissues. (his generates heat through friction


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U&e o' c-%-citor

$ capacitor has two electrodes separated by a ?dielectric@ like paper, mica etc. (he non polaried

disc capacitor is used to pass $C and not 'C. Capacitor can store energy and pass $C signalsduring discharge. #.22 capacitor is selected because it is a low value one and has large surface

area to accept energy from the mobile radiation. (o detect the signal, the sensor part should be

like an aerial. *o the capacitor is arranged as a mini loop aerial similar to the dipole antennaused in (;-.In short with this arrangement, the capacitor works like an air core coil with ability

to oscillate and discharge current.

o* te c-%-citor &e.&e& RF,

9ne lead of the capacitor gets 'C from the positive rail and the other lead goes to the negative

input of IC1. *o the capacitor gets energy for storage. (his energy is applied to the inputs of IC1

so that the inputs of IC are almost balanced with 1.= volts. In this state output is ero. 0ut at any

time IC can give a high output if a small current is induced to its inputs. (here a naturalelectromagnetic field around the capacitor caused by the /#4 from electrical wiring. hen the

mobile phone radiates high energy pulsations, capacitor oscillates and release energy in the

inputs of IC. (his oscillation is indicated by the flashing of the %&' and beeping of 0uer. In

short, capacitor carries energy and is in an electromagnetic field. *o a slight change in fieldcaused by the R from phone will disturb the field and forces the capacitor to release energy.

(/) COMO"E"!S LIS!

RESIS!ORE

1. R1 GGGGGGGG2.2)

2. R2 GGGGGGGG1##H

". R" GGGGGGGG2.2)

=. R= GGGGGGGG1H /. R/GGGGGGGG12H

A. RAGGGGGGGG1/H

C00CI!OR

>. C1 GGGGGGGG22E

8. C2 GGGGGGGG22E5. C" GGGGGGGG#.22

1#. C= GGGGGGGG1##

11. C/GGGGGGGGG=>E

12. CA GGGGGGGGG#.1 1". C>GGGGGGGGG #.1

1=. C8GGGGGGGGG #.#1 1/. C5GGGGGGGGGG=.>

1A. IC C$"1"#

1>. IC N&///

18. (1 0C/=8


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15. %&'

2#. $N(&NN$

21. EI&J9 0KJJ&R

22. / INC4 %9N3 $N(&NN$

2". 9NB9 *I(C4

2=. E9&R *KEE%L

(6) PIN CONFIGURATION OF IC(1) ICCA 3130

OW IC WOR$,

ROLE OF IC C0 313

(his IC is a 1/ )4 0i)9* 9perational amplifier with )9*&( inputs and 0ipolar output.

(he inputs contain )9*&( transistors to provide very high input impedance and very lowinput current as low as 1#p$. It has high speed of performance and suitable for low input current

applications.

C$"1"#$ and C$"1"# are op amps that combine the advantage of both C)9* and bipolar

transistors. 3ate:protected E:Channel )9*&( E)9*- transistors are used in the input circuit

to provide very:high:input impedance, very:low:input current, and e7ceptional speed performance. (he use of E)9* transistors in the input stage results in common:mode input:


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voltage capability down to#./; below the negative:supply terminal, an important attribute in

single:supply applications.

$ C)9* transistor:pair, capable of swinging the output voltage to within 1#m; of either supply:voltage terminal at very high values of load impedance-, is employed as the output circuit.

(he C$"1"# *eries circuits operate at supply voltages ranging from /; to 1A;, 2./; to

8;-. (hey can be phase compensated with a single e7ternal capacitor, and have terminals

for ad


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(he N&/// IC is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate timing pulses. ith a

monostable operation, the time delay is controlled by one e7ternal resistor and one capacitor.

ith an astable operation, the fre+uency and duty cycle are accurately controlled by two e7ternal

resistors and one capacitor.

DE!0ILS OF I"

1. 3round, is the input pin of the source of the negative 'C voltage2. trigger, negative input from the lower comparators comparator 0- that maintain

oscillation capacitor voltage in the lowest 1 B " ;cc and set R* flip:flop

". output, the output pin of the IC ///.=. reset, the pin that serves to reset the latch inside the IC to be influential to reset the IC

work. (his pin is connected to a ENE:type transistor gate, so the transistor will be active

if given a logic low. Normally this pin is connected directly to ;cc to prevent reset/. control voltage, this pin serves to regulate the stability of the reference voltage negative

input comparator $-. (his pin can be left hanging, but to ensure the stability of thereference comparator $, usually associated with a capacitor of about 1#n to berorde pinground

A. threshold, this pin is connected to the positive input comparator $- which will reset the

R* flip:flop when the voltage on the capacitor from e7ceeding 2 B " ;c

>. discharge, this pin is connected to an open collector transistor Q1 is connected to groundemitternya. *witching transistor serves to clamp the corresponding node to ground on the

timing of certain

8. vcc, pin it to receive a 'C voltage supply. Ksually will work optimally if given a /:1/;.the current supply can be seen in the datasheet, which is about 1#:1/m$.

Fe-ture& M 4igh Current 'rive Capability 2##m$-

M $d


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M Erecision (iming

M Eulse 3eneration

M (ime 'elay 3eneration M *e+uential (iming

(7) BRIEF DESCRI!IO" OF O!ER COMO"E"!S

12 RESIS!OR

Re!"!t#r

$%ree re!"!t#r!

(ype Eassive

&lectronic symbol

&urope-

K*-

$ resistor is a two:terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that

is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with 9hmSs law

; O IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubi+uitous in most

electronic e+uipment. Eractical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well asresistance wire wire made of a high:resistivity alloy, such as nickelBchrome-.(he primarycharacteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, ma7imum working voltage and the

power rating. 9ther characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. %ess

well:known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the ma7imum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends

upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensionsP itSs determined by

design.Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)#Direct_proportionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_tolerance#Electrical_component_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power#In_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Critical_resistance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon-resistor-TR212-1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Resistor_symbol_America.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Resistor_symbol_Europe.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3_Resistors.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)#Direct_proportionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_tolerance#Electrical_component_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power#In_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Critical_resistance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuits


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*ie, and position of leads or terminals- are relevant to e+uipment designersP resistors must be

physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.

2. CAPACITOR.

Ca&a'"t#r

M#der( 'a&a'"t#r!) *y a ' r,-e.

(ype Eassive

Invented &wald 3eorg von Hleist 9ctober 1>=/-

&lectronic symbol

$ capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors

separated by a dielectric. hen a voltage potential difference e7ists between the conductors, anelectric field is present in the dielectric. (his field stores energy and produces a mechanical force

between the plates. (he effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated

conductors.

$n ideal capacitor is characteried by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured infarads. (his is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference

between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage

current. (he conductors and leads introduce an e+uivalent series resistance a(d t%e d"e-e'tr"'has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current whileallowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power

supplies, and for many other purposes. (hey are used in resonant circuits in radio fre+uencye+uipment to select particular fre+uencies from a signal with many fre+uencies.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leakage_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leakage_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_series_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdown_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capacitor_Symbol_alternative.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photo-SMDcapacitors.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leakage_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leakage_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_series_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdown_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency


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(1)Cer-mic c-%-citor

In electronics ceramic capacitor is a capacitor constructed of alternating layers of metal and

ceramic, with the ceramic material acting as the dielectric. (he temperature coefficient dependson whether the dielectric is Class 1 or Class 2. $ ceramic capacitor especially the class 2- often

has high dissipation factor , high fre+uency coefficient of dissipation.

ceramic capacitors

$ ceramic capacitor is a two:terminal, non:polar device. (he classical ceramic capacitor is the

Tdisc capacitorT. (his device pre:dates the transistor and was used e7tensively in vacuum:tubee+uipment e.g., radio receivers- from about 15"# through the 15/#s, and in discrete transistor

e+uipment from the 15/#s through the 158#s. $s of 2##>, ceramic disc capacitors are inwidespread use in electronic e+uipment, providing high capacity U small sie at low price

compared to other low value capacitor types.

Ceramic capacitors come in various shapes and styles, including

• disc, resin coated, with through:hole leads

• multilayer rectangular block, surface mount

• bare leadless disc, sits in a slot in the EC0 and is soldered in place, used for K4

applications

• tube shape, not popular now

()Electrol4tic c-%-citor

$7ial lead top- and radial lead bottom- electrolytic capacitors

$n electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting li+uid as one of its

plates with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types. (hey are valuable in relatively

high:current and low:fre+uency electrical circuits. (his is especially the case in power:supplyfilters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations in

rectifier output. (hey are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where $C should be

conducted but 'C should not.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIA_Class_1_dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIA_Class_2_dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissipation_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-hole_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capacitors_electrolytic.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceramic_capacitors.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIA_Class_1_dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIA_Class_2_dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissipation_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-hole_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current


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&lectrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance, allowing filters made with them to have

very low corner fre+uencies.

(3)!r-.&i&tor

.

$ssorted discrete transistors.

$ transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. $

transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals forconnection to an e7ternal circuit. $ voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistorSs

terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. 0ecause the controlled

output- power can be much more than the controlling input- power, the transistor provides

amplification of a signal. *ome transistors are packaged individually but most are found inintegrated circuits.

(he transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and its presence is

ubi+uitous in modern electronic systems.

U&-ge

(he bipolar #s. &ven after )9*&(s became widely available, the 0F( remained the transistor of choice

for many analog circuits such as simple amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of

manufacture. 'esirable properties of )9*&(s, such as their utility in low:power devices,usually in the C)9* configuration, allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital

circuitsP more recently )9*&(s have captured most analog and power applications as well,

including modern clocked analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters,motor drivers, etc

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transistorer_(croped).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transistorer_(croped).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS


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056-.t-ge&

(he key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in

most applications are

•

*mall sie and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturied electronicdevices.

• 4ighly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per:unit cost.

• %ower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery:powered

applications.

• No warm:up period for cathode heaters re+uired after power application.

• %ower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency.

• 4igher reliability and greater physical ruggedness.

• &7tremely long life. *ome transistoried devices have been in service for more than "#

years.

• Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of complementary:symmetry

circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes.• Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of

microphonics in audio applications.

Limit-tio.&

• *ilicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,### volts *iC devices

can be operated as high as ",### volts-. In contrast, electron tubes have been developedthat can be operated at tens of thousands of volts.

• 4igh power, high fre+uency operation, such as used in over:the:air television

broadcasting, is better achieved in electron tubes due to improved electron mobility in avacuum.

• 9n average, a higher degree of amplification linearity can be achieved in electron tubes

as compared to e+uivalent solid state devices, a characteristic that may be important in

high fidelity audio reproduction.

• *ilicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic

pulse, such as generated by an atmospheric nuclear e7plosion.

Type

Bipolar junction transistor

(he bipolar


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because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by the relatively small base

current.TV1=W In an NEN transistor operating in the active region, the emitter:base


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(ype

Eassive,

optoelectronic

orking principle &lectroluminescence

Invented Nick 4olonyak Fr.

15A2-

&lectronic symbol

Ein configuration $node and Cathode

$ light:emitting diode %&'- is an electronic light source. %&'s are used as indicator lamps in

many kinds of electronics and increasingly for lighting. %&'s work by the effect ofelectroluminescence, discovered by accident in 15#>. (he %&' was introduced as a practical

electronic component in 15A2. $ll early devices emitted low:intensity red light, but modern

%&'s are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infra red wavelengths, with very high

brightness.

%&'s are based on the semiconductor diode. hen the diode is forward biased switched on-,

electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of light. (his effect

is called electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy gap of the

semiconductor. (he %&' is usually small in area less than 1 mm2- with integrated opticalcomponents to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.V"W

%&'s present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy

consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller sie and faster switching. 4owever,they are relatively e7pensive and re+uire more precise current and heat management than

traditional light sources.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectronichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra_redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_generation_and_recombinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_management_of_electronic_devices_and_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LED_symbol.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectronichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra_redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_generation_and_recombinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_management_of_electronic_devices_and_systems


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$pplications of %&'s are diverse. (hey are used as low:energy indicators but also for

replacements for traditional light sources in general lighting, automotive lighting and traffic

signals. (he compact sie of %&'s has allowed new te7t and video displays and sensors to bedeveloped, while their high switching rates are useful in communications technology.

;arious types %&'s

(/)IE8O BU88ER

Eieoelectricity is the ability of some materials notably crystals and certain ceramics, including

bone- to generate an electric field or electric potentialV1W in response to applied mechanical stress.

(he effect is closely related to a change

of polariation density within the materialSs volume. If the material is not short:circuited, the

applied stress induces a voltage across the material. (he word is derived from the 3reek pieo or pieein, which means to s+ueee or press.

$ buer or beeper is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles,

household appliances such as microwave ovens, or game shows.

It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that

determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates alight on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a

continuous or intermittent buing or beeping sound.

Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric

bell without the metal gong which makes the ringing noise-. 9ften these units were anchored toa wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board. $nother implementation with

some $C:connected devices was to implement a circuit to make the $C current into a noise loud

enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to an 8:ohm speaker. Nowadays, it ismore popular to use a ceramic:based pieoelectric sounder which makes a high:pitched tone.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_effect#cite_note-InstrumentAnalysis-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity#Mechanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_ovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_effect#cite_note-InstrumentAnalysis-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity#Mechanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_ovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric


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Ksually these were hooked up to TdriverT circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed

the sound on and off.

In game shows it is also known as a Tlockout systemT because when one person signals TbuesinT-, all others are locked out from signalling. *everal game shows have large buer buttons

which are identified as TplungersT. (he buer is also used to signal wrong answers and whentime e7pires on many game shows, such as heel of ortune, amily eud and (he Erice is

Right.

(he word TbuerT comes from the rasping noise that buers made when they were

electromechanical devices, operated from stepped:down $C line voltage at /# or A# cycles.

9ther sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep.

(9) 0LIC0!IO"

• It can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in e7amination halls ,

confidential rooms , etc.

• It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for spying andunauthorised video transmission.

• It is useful where the use of mobile phone is prohibited %ike petrol pumps and gas

stations, historical places, religious places and court of laws

(:) LIMI!0!IO"

R0"GE OF !E CIRCUI!

(he prototype version has only limited range of 2 meters. 0ut if a

preamplifier stage using F&( or )9*&( transistor is used as an

interface between the capacitor and IC, range can be increased.

(1) FU!URE WOR$

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Feudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_(U.S._game_show)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_(U.S._game_show)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Feudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_(U.S._game_show)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_(U.S._game_show)


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2. IC NE 555 TIMER


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(13) REFERENCE

• www.google.com

• www.wikipedia.org

• www.pdfmachine.com

• www.efymag.com

• www.datasheets=u.com

Documents

mobile-bug-project-report-doc-1847.doc