MOBILE AND PERSONAL - download.e-bookshelf.de · A.1 Introduction 253 A.2 Role of Mobile/PCS Station Numbers and Identities 255 A.3 International Standards on Numbering and Identities

MOBILE AND PERSONALCOMMUNICATION SERVICESAND SYSTEMS

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Books in the IEEE Press Series on Digital & Mobile Communication

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MOBILE AND PERSONALCOMMUNICATION SERVICESAND SYSTEMS

Raj Pandya

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pandya, Raj, 1932-Mobile and personal communication services and systems / Raj Pandya.

p. cm. — (IEEE Press series on digital & mobile communication)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7803-4708-01. Personal communication service systems. 2. Mobile communication

systems. I. Title. II. Series. III. IEEE series on mobile & digitalcommunication.TK5103.485.P36 1999621.38455—dc21 99-31330

CIP

To the memory of my parents,Shreenath and Sita Pandya

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CONTENTS

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Enabling Concepts for Mobile and Personal

Communications 21.1.1 Terminal Mobility, Personal

Mobility, and Service Portability 21.1.2 The Intelligent Network (IN)

Concept 4

1.2 Mobile and Personal Communication:Past, Present, and Future 71.2.1 The Past 91.2.2 The Present 91.2.3 The Future 11

1.3 Mobile and Personal Communication:Some Related Network Aspects 12

1.4 References 13

Vll

viii Contents

Chapter 2 The Cellular Concept and Its InitialImplementations 152.1 The Cellular Concept 152.2 Multiple Access Technologies for

Cellular Systems 162.3 Cellular System Operation and

Planning: General Principles 182.3.1 System Architecture 182.3.2 Location Updating and Call

Setup 192.3.3 Handoff and Power Control 20

2.4 Initial Implementations of the CellularConcept: Analog Cellular Systems 212.4.1 The AMPS System 222.4.2 The TAGS System 242.4.3 The NMT System 252.4.4 The NTT System 25

2.5 Concluding Remarks 262.6 References 26

Chapter 3 Digital Cellular Mobile Systems 273.1 Introduction 273.2 GSM: The European TDMA Digital

Cellular Standard 293.2.1 GSM Standardization and

Service Aspects 293.2.2 GSM Reference Architecture

and Function Partitioning 313.2.3 GSM Radio Aspects 353.2.4 Security Aspects 403.2.5 GSM Protocol Model 423.2.6 Typical Call Flow Sequences

in GSM 433.2.7 Evolutionary Directions for GSM 49

3.3 IS-136: The North American TDMADigital Cellular Standard (D-AMPS) 523.3.1 Background on North

American Digital Cellular 523.3.2 Service Aspects of D-AMPS

(IS-136) 543.3.3 Network Reference Model 553.3.4 Radio Aspects 57

Contents ix

3.3.5 Security Aspects 603.3.6 Protocol Model and Typical

Flow Sequences 633.3.7 Evolutionary Directions 65

3.4 PDC: The Japanese TDMA DigitalCellular Standard 683.4.1 Radio Aspects of PDC 683.4.2 Signaling Structure in PDC 693.4.3 PDC Network Configuration 71

3.5 IS-95: The North American CDMADigital Cellular Standard 733.5.1 Introduction 733.5.2 Service Aspects 733.5.3 Network Reference Model

and Security Aspects 743.5.4 Radio Aspects 743.5.5 Some Key Features of IS-95

CDMA Systems 813.5.6 Evolutionary Directions 84

3.6 Concluding Remarks 86

3.7 References 87

Chapter 4 Low Power Wireless CommunicationsSystems and North American PCS 894.1 Background 894.2 CT2 (Cordless Telephony 2) Systems 91

4.2.1 Introduction 914.2.2 Radio Aspects 934.2.3 Layer 1 Signaling 944.2.4 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Signaling 97

4.3 DECT (Digital Enhanced CordlessTelecommunications 984.3.1 Introduction 984.3.2 Radio Aspects 1004.3.3 DECT Radio Link: Layered

Architecture 1024.3.4 DECT Network Aspects 1044.3.5 DECT/GSM Interworking 107

4.4 PACS (Personal AccessCommunication System) 1084.4.1 Introduction 1084.4.2 Functional Architecture

for PACS 109

Contents

4.4.3 PACS Radio Aspects 1104.4.4 General Systems Aspects

in PACS 113

4.5 PHS (Personal Handy Phone System) 1164.5.1 Introduction 1164.5.2 PHS Radio Aspects 1174.5.3 PHS Network and Protocol

Aspects 120

4.6 PCS in North America 1244.6.1 Introduction 1244.6.2 Frequency Spectrum

Allocation for PCS in theUnited States 125

4.6.3 Radio Interface Standards:PCS Licensed Band 126

4.6.4 Networking for PCS LicensedBand 128

4.6.5 Deployment of PCS in theLicensed Band 130

4.6.6 PCS Standards in theUnlicensed Band 131


Chapter 5 Mobile Data Communications 1395.1 Introduction 1395.2 Specialized Packet and Mobile Radio

Networks 1405.3 Circuit-Switched Data Services on

Cellular Networks 1415.3.1 Circuit-Switched Data on

Analog Cellular Networks 1415.3.2 Circuit-Switched Data on

Digital Cellular Networks(Low Speed) 143

5.3.3 High-Speed Circuit-SwitchedData in GSM (HSCSD) 145

5.4 Packet-Switched Data Services onCellular Networks 1475.4.1 Packet Data in Analog

Cellular Networks: CDPD (CellularDigital Packet Data) 147

5.4.2 Packet Data in Digital Cellular 153

x

Contents

5.4.3 Evolution of Cellular Mobile DataCapabilities: The EDGE Concept 160

5.5 Data Over Low Power Wireless orCordless TelecommunicationsNetworks 1625.5.1 Data Services Over DECT (Digital

Enhanced CordlessTelecommunications) 162

5.5.2 Data Services in PACS (PersonalAccess Communication System) 164

5.5.3 Data Services in PHS(Personal Handyphone System) 166

5.5.4 Data Services in CT2(Cordless Telephony 2) 167

5.6 Wireless Local-Area Networks(wireless LANs) 1685.6.1 Background 1685.6.2 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs 1685.6.3 High Performance European

Radio LAN (HIPERLAN) 172

5.7 Support of Mobility on the Internet:Mobile IP 174

5.8 Mobile Multimedia: Wireless ATM(WATM) 1775.8.1 LLC Sublayer 1805.8.2 MAC Sublayer 1815.8.3 Physical Sublayer 1825.8.4 Wireless Control 1825.8.5 Mobility Management 182


Chapter 6 IMT-2000: Third-Generation MobileCommunication Systems 1876.1 Introduction 187

6.1.1 Background 1876.1.2 IMT-2000 Vision 1886.1.3 IMT-2000 Evolution Aspects 190

6.2 IMT-2000 Radio Aspects 1916.2.1 Radio Spectrum for IMT-2000 1916.2.2 Radio Transmission Technologies

(RTTs) for IMT-2000 1946.2.3 Global Radio Control Channel 199

xi

Xll Contents

6.3 IMT-2000 Network Aspects 2016.3.1 General 2016.3.2 The IMT-2000 Family-of-Systems

Concept 2016.3.3 Functional Network Architecture

for IMT-2000 205

6.4 Summary of Regional Initiatives onIMT-2000 2096.4.1 Initiatives in Europe 2096.4.2 Initiatives in North America 2096.4.3 Initiatives in Asia 2116.4.4 Other Initiatives (Third-

Generation PartnershipsProjects 211


Chapter 7 Global Mobile Satellite Systems 2157.1 Introduction 2157.2 The Iridium System 2177.3 The Globalstar System 2217.4 The ICO System 2247.5 The Teledesic System 2287.6 Summary Tables for the Iridium,

Globalstar, ICO, and Teledesic Systems 2307.7 Concluding Remarks 2337.8 References 234

Chapter 8 Personal Mobility and UniversalPersonal Telecommunication (UPT) 2358.1 Introduction 2358.2 UPT: Concept and Service Aspects 236

8.2.1 The UPT Concept 2368.2.2 UPT Service Features 2368.2.3 UPT Service Profile Parameters 237

8.3 Functional Architecture for UPT 2388.4 Numbering, Routing, and Billing

Aspects 2408.4.1 UPT Number (UPTN) and

Personal User Identity (PUI) 2408.4.2 Outcall Registration and

Incall Routing and Delivery 2418.4.3 Charging and Billing Aspects

of UPT 242

Contents xiii

8.5 Scenarios for Partitioning and Locationof Service Profile Information 243

8.6 Access Security Requirements forUPT 2468.6.1 Access Security: General

Aspects 2468.6.2 UPT Access Security:

Implementation Options 247


Appendix A Numbers and Identities for Mobileand Personal CommunicationNetworks 253A.1 Introduction 253A.2 Role of Mobile/PCS Station

Numbers and Identities 255A.3 International Standards on

Numbering and Identities 256A.3.1 The International Public

Telecommunication NumberingPlan: ITU-T RecommendationE.164 257

A.3.2 Identification Plan for MobileTerminals and Mobile Users:ITU-T Recommendation E.212 258

A.3.3 Numbering Plan for MobileNetworks: ITU-TRecommendation E.213 259

A.3.4 Structure for the Land MobileGlobal Title: ITU-TRecommendation E.214 261

A.3.5 Numbering Plan for UPT: ITU-TRecommendation E.168 262

A.4 Usage of Mobile/PCS Numbers andIdentities in North America (WZ1) 263A.4.1 Mobile and PCS Station

Numbers 263A.4.2 Mobile and PCS Station/

Subscriber Identities 264

A.5 Terminal Equipment Identities 267A.6 Numbers and Identities for IMT-2000 268A.7 Concluding Remarks 270A.8 References 271

xiv Contents

Appendix B Performance Benchmarks forMobile and PersonalCommunication Systems andNetworks 273B.1 Introduction 273B.2 Performance Categories 274B.3 Traffic Performance 276

B.3.1 General Concepts 276B.3.2 Traffic Performance

Benchmarks 280B.4 Reliability/Availability Performance 285

B.4.1 General Concepts andDefinitions 285

B.4.2 Reliability PerformanceBenchmarks 286

B.5 Transmission Performance 289B.6 Concluding Remarks 291B.7 References 292

Appendix C Abbreviations and AcronymsUsed in the Book 293

Index 311

About the Author 334

PREFACE

The idea and the scope for the book emerged from my own experience in at-tempting to acquire a good understanding of the rapidly evolving field of mo-bile and personal communication systems and standards, at a reasonable levelof detail and breadth of coverage. Generally, one comes across either booksthat cover a range of technologies with very high-level descriptions suitablefor a very broad, almost nontechnical audience, or books that address a spe-cific technology or topic at a level of detail suitable only for a narrow audienceof specialists. The book attempts to bridge this divide, with the text targeted attelecommunications professionals who are looking for a clear understandingof the basic technology, architecture, and applications associated with the cur-rent and future mobile communication systems, services, and standards. Interms of the depth and breadth of coverage, the book is therefore aimed toserve the following purposes and audiences as:

• a technical training text and guide for scientists, who expect to engagein planning and design of mobile and personal communication systemsand networks for equipment vendors and network operators.

• a reference text for technical managers in areas of planning, engineer-ing, and marketing of mobile and personal communication productsand services.

• an introductory text for senior engineering and science students at theuniversity and technical college level.

Thus, the primary objective of the book is to provide a systems engineeringview of mobile and personal communication systems and services, and theirevolution toward next-generation systems.

Topics like analog and digital cellular, cordless telephony, mobile data com-munications, global mobile satellite systems, next-generation wireless systems,and personal mobility systems constitute the mainstream components of to-

XV

xvi Preface

day's mobile and personal communications scenario, and they form the bulkof the subject matter for this book. Two additional and important topics ad-dressed in this book are numbering and identities and performance bench-marks for mobile and personal communications networks, which are directlyassociated with wide-area roaming and the user-perceived quality of service(QOS), respectively. Even though seamless wide-area roaming and improvedQOS are emerging as key user requirements, a comprehensive treatment ofnumbers and identities and performance benchmarks in mobile network op-erations and system design is not readily available. To fill this gap, AppendixesA and B address these two topics, providing a useful source of relevant mate-rials and applicable standards.

The book also attempts to provide the reader with some insight into rele-vant standardization activities associated with mobile and personal communi-cations. The frequency spectrum is a key resource that needs to be shared anddeployed efficiently and effectively by the wide range of wireless systems. Fur-thermore, to ensure end-to-end delivery of services, these wireless networkshave to interwork and interoperate not only with each other, but also withpublic networks (PSTN, ISDN, PDN, Internet, etc.). Thus, international, re-gional, and national standards play a very important and critical role in the de-velopment of mobile and personal communication systems. The direction andshape of these emerging standards are to a large extent based on inputs fromthe broad wireless industry (operators, vendors, and regulators) and, there-fore, reflect their collective and aggregated view. Some understanding of stan-dardization activities around the world is therefore necessary to fully appreci-ate the emerging markets and technologies.

In a book like this—which addresses systems, services, and standards aspectsof mobile and personal communications—frequent use of acronyms and ab-breviations is almost inevitable and unavoidable. To partly alleviate the read-ers' frustration in dealing with this perennial problem, these terms are spelledout as often as is practical, and an extensive list of acronyms and abbreviationsis provided as Appendix C.

Raj PandyaKanata, Ontario

Canada

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to acknowledge the contributions and support provided by myfamily, friends, and colleagues toward completion of this book. Special appre-ciation is due to the members of my family: my wife Margaret, daughter Ma-lini, son Ravi, and daughter-in-law Linda, for their continued support and en-couragement during the ups and downs of this long journey.

Raj PandyaKanata, Ontario

Canada

XVII

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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

The underlying vision for the emerging mobile and personal communicationservices and systems is to enable communication with a person, at any time, atany place, and in any form, as illustrated in Figure 1.1. Besides providing un-limited reachability and accessibility, this vision for personal communicationsalso underlines the increasing need for users of communications services to beable to manage their individual calls and services according to their real-timeneeds. For example, during certain period of the day a user may wish to diverthis or her calls to a message center or to have the calls screened so that the in-coming calls can be treated according to the user's instructions.

Figure 1.1 Universal personal communications services as envisioned for the twenty-first century.

1

2 Chap. 1 Introduction

1.1 ENABLING CONCEPTS FOR MOBILEAND PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

The concepts enabling us to provide universal personal communications in-clude terminal mobility provided by wireless access, personal mobility basedon personal numbers, and service portability through use of intelligent net-work (IN) capabilities. These concepts are being utilized at the national, re-gional, and international levels to specify and standardize a range of mobileand personal communication systems and services. As shown in Figure 1.2, thebasis for terminal mobility and personal mobility is use of wireless access andpersonal (rather than terminal) numbers, respectively. Service portability isbased on the emerging IN concepts, which facilitate real-time management ofservice profiles.

1.1.1 Terminal Mobility, Personal Mobility,and Service Portability

Terminal mobility systems are characterized by their ability to locate and iden-tify a mobile terminal as it moves, and to allow the mobile terminal to accesstelecommunication services from any location—even while it is in motion. Ter-minal mobility is associated with wireless access and requires that the usercarry a wireless terminal and be within the radio coverage area. Depending onthe terminal design, part of the mobile terminal functions may reside on an(easily) removable and portable integrated circuit (1C) device or on a smartcard.

Figure 1.2 Enabling concepts for mobile and personal communication services.

Sec. 1.1 Enabling Concepts for Mobile and Personal Communications 3

The scope and applications of terminal mobility are rapidly expandingthrough advances in wireless access technologies and miniaturization of mo-bile terminals. Though the relationship between the network (line termina-tion) and the terminal in mobile networks is a dynamic one, the relationshipor association between the terminal and the user is still a static relationship. Inother words, the communication is always between the network and the ter-minal, so that call delivery and billing always are based on terminal identity ormobile station number.

Personal mobility, on the other hand, relies on a dynamic association be-tween the terminal and the user, so that the call delivery and billing can bebased on a personal identity (personal number) assigned to a user. Personalmobility systems are therefore characterized by their ability to identify endusers as they move, and to allow end users to originate and receive calls, andto access subscribed telecommunication services on any terminal, in any loca-tion. Personal mobility is not associated with any specific type of access tech-nology (whether fixed or wireless).

The emerging implementations and integration of IN capabilities withinfixed and mobile networks provide the underpinnings of a dynamic rela-tionship between the terminal and the user. With such a dynamic association,complete personal mobility within networks and across multiple networkscan be achieved. Figure 1.3 illustrates the static and dynamic relationshipsamong the network, the terminal, and the user, and the resultant forms ofmobility.

Figure 1.3 Static and dynamic associations user, terminal, and line identities.


The concepts of terminal mobility and personal mobility are further illus-trated in Figure 1.4, which shows that personal mobility based on a personalnumber is a broader concept and is applicable to both wireline and wirelessnetworks.

Service portability refers to the capability of a network to provide sub-scribed services at the terminal or location designated by the user. The exactservices the user can invoke at the designated terminal, of course, depend onthe capability of the terminal and the network serving the terminal. Serviceportability is accomplished through the use of IN concepts whereby the user'sservice profile can be maintained in a suitable database, which the user can ac-cess, interrogate, and modify to manage and control subscribed services.

1.1.2 The Intelligent Network (IN) Concept

Besides providing the capability for management and transfer of user serviceprofiles in mobile and personal communication systems, the IN concept has abroad range of applications in fixed and wireless networks. For example, bothNorth American and European digital mobile networks are introducing IN ca-pabilities to provide a range of so-called IN services, which their users can ac-cess as they roam within and outside their home networks.

The term "intelligent network" describes an architectural concept that isintended to be applied to all telecommunication networks. IN aims to facili-tate the introduction of new services by decoupling the functions required to

Figure 1.4 A view of terminal mobility versus personal mobility.

Sec. 1.1 Enabling Concepts for Mobile and Personal Communications 5

support call and connection control from those required to support servicecontrol, thereby allowing the two sets of functions to be placed on differentphysical platforms. New services can therefore be defined and implementedquickly, efficiently, and cost-effectively because major software changes to theswitching systems, which were required in the pre-IN network architectures,are not necessary. IN architectural concepts are being used in a wide variety ofnetworks including mobile and personal communication networks to capturethe functions and relationships between the functions to support a set of ser-vice features and capabilities. The key attributes of IN structured networks in-clude the following:

• extensive use of information processing techniques

• efficient use of network resources

• flexible allocation of network functions to physical entities

• communication between network functions via service-independent in-terfaces

• modular service creation using service-independent building blocks(SIBs)

International IN standards are being developed in phases, with increasing lev-els of capabilities available within the IN structured networks starting from INCapability Set 1 (IN CS-1). Currently international standards are available forIN CS-1, bein6ture

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Figure 1.5 IN functional architecture.

Service switching function (SSF): cooperates with the CCF in recognizingthe triggers and interacting with the service control function (SCF). CCF andSSF are considered inseparable and need to be supported in a single physicalentity, but whereas CCF provides the trigger capabilities, the SSF supports therecognition of the triggers and interaction with the service control function.

Service control function (SCF): executes service logic and provides capa-bilities to influence call processing by requesting the SSF/CCF and other ser-vice execution FEs to perform specified actions. The key role of the SCF is toprovide mechanisms for introducing new services and service features inde-pendent of switching systems.

Specialized resource function (SRF): provides a set of real-time capabili-ties, which may include address digit collection, announcements, text-to-voiceconversion, and certain types of protocol conversion. In a physical implemen-tation this entity is some times referred as an intelligent peripheral (IP).

Service data function (SDF): provides generic database capabilities to theSCF or another SDF.

Service creation environment function (SCEF): is responsible for develop-ing and testing service logic programs, which are then sent to the service man-agement function.

Service management function (SMF): deploys service logic (from SCEF)to the service execution FEs and otherwise administers these FEs by supply-ing user-defined parameters to customize the service and to collect billing in-formation and service execution statistics.

Sec. 1.2 Mobile and Personal Communication: Past, Present, and Future 7

Service management agent function (SMAF): acts as a terminal that pro-vides the user interface to the SMF.

Some additional FEs introduced in IN CS-2 are the intelligent access function(IAF), the call-unrelated service function (CUSF), and the service control useragent function (SCUAF). The IAF is used to provide access to IN-structurednetworks from non-IN networks, and CUSF and SCUAF support call-unrelated interactions between users and service processing.

In a physical implementation, the various FEs shown in Figure 1.5 maybe located in suitable physical entities (PEs) or platforms to achieve a cost-effective design. An example physical implementation of an IN-structurednetwork is shown in Figure 1.6.

Figure 1.6 Example physical implementation of an IN-structured network.

1.2 MOBILE AND PERSONAL COMMUNICATION:PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

Radio communication can trace its origin to the discovery of electromagneticwaves by Hertz in 1888 and the subsequent demonstration of transatlantic ra-dio telegraphy by Marconi in 1901. Mobile radio systems using simplex chan-


nels (push-to-talk) were introduced in the 1920s for police and emergency ser-vices. The first public mobile radio system in the United States was introducedin 1946 and can perhaps be considered to be the beginning of the era for pub-lic mobile communication services. As illustrated in Figure 1.7, the evolutionof public mobile and personal communication services may be divided intothree broad periods. The development of the cellular concept in the 1970s wasa defining event, which has played a significant part in the evolution of mobilecommunication systems and networks around the world.

The delineation of a boundary between the mobile communications in thepast and in the present is not very difficult, because implementation of analogand digital cellular systems clearly represents a step change in the design andcapabilities of mobile communication systems. However, a similar delineationof a boundary between the present and future mobile and personal communi-cations systems is not so clear. Future mobile and personal communicationsystems will, to a large extent, represent evolution and enhancements of thepresent systems in many directions and on many fronts. These directions in-clude the following:

• increased capacity and coverage

• global roaming and service delivery

• interoperability between different radio environments

Figure 1.7 Evolution of public mobile and personal communication services.


• support of high bit rate data, the Internet, and multimedia services

• wireless wireline integration for mobile broadband services

• global coverage using satellite constellations

1.2.1 The Past

From the introduction of public mobile radio in the United States in 1946until the first analog cellular system went into operation in Chicago in 1983,mobile radio systems were based on the trunking principle. In other words,the available frequency spectrum (in the 150 or 450 MHz band) was dividedinto a suitable number of frequency channels. A centralized, high power an-tenna was used to transmit signals to mobile receivers. Large mobile receiverswere installed in automobiles (in the trunks), and the telephone sets also wererather large. A call originating from or terminating on a mobile terminal hadto compete for one of the limited number of channels. The quality of servicein terms of call blocking probabilities was very high—in the order of 20-25%. However, the users were willing to trade off the convenience of mobil-ity against the poor quality of service in terms of call blocking and received sig-nal quality. These systems were also severely limited in terms of capacity andcoverage.

To alleviate the high blocking problem in the early systems, efforts weremade to allow call originations from the mobile telephones to wait for a freechannel. In the so-called automated mobile telephone system (AMTS), themobile telephone user would key in the called number and press the sendbutton. The receiver system would then start scanning for an idle channel bycycling through all the channels in the system. In some systems, the number ofscan cycles was restricted, so that if an idle channel was not found withinthe allowed number of scans, the call would be blocked. However, incomingcalls to mobile terminals (mostly originating from fixed terminals in publicswitched telephone networks) had no mechanism for awaiting a free channeland were blocked on all-channels-busy condition. Though the improvement inthe quality of service in these systems was only marginal, they did providesome interesting performance modeling problems [04].*

1.2.2 The Present

Since the initial commercial introduction of advanced mobile phone system(AMPS) service in 1983, mobile communications has seen an explosive growthworldwide. Besides the frequency reuse capabilities provided by the cellular

* References of the end of each chapter are representative rather than exhaustive, and theyare generally ordered according to the material covered in the Chapter. Wherever necessary andappropriate, specific references are cited in the text.


operation, advances in technologies for wireless access, digital signal process-ing, integrated circuits, and increased battery life have contributed to expo-nential growth in mobile and personal communication services. Systems areevolving to address a range of applications and markets, which include digitalcellular, cordless telephony, satellite mobile, and paging and specialized mo-bile radio systems. Data capabilities of these systems are also coming into fo-cus with the increasing user requirements for mobile data communications,driven by the need for e-mail and Internet access. Whereas the analog cellularmobile systems fall in the category of first-generation mobile systems, the dig-ital cellular, low power wireless, and personal communication systems are nowperceived as second-generation mobile/PCS systems.

The first digital cellular system specification was released in 1990 by theEuropean Telecommunications (ETSI) for the global system for mobile com-munication (GSM) system. The GSM, DCS 1800 (1800 MHz version of GSM),and DECT (digital enhanced cordless telecommunications) systems devel-oped by ETSI form the basis for mobile and personal communication servicesnot only in Europe but in many other parts of the world including NorthAmerica. The number of GSM subscribers worldwide exceeds 100 million andis growing rapidly.

In the United States, the implementation of digital cellular standards de-veloped by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TI A) is progressingat a rapid rate. These standards are based on time- and code division multipleaccess (TDMA and CDMA) technologies. Unlike GSM, the systems are de-signed to operate with dual-mode terminals that can also support analogAMPS service. The intent of the emerging PCS standards in the United Statesis to provide a combination of terminal mobility, personal mobility, and serviceportability to the end users utilizing a range of wireless technologies and net-work capabilities. The cellular mobile and PCS standardization activity in theUnited States reflects the highly competitive and open-market view of mobileand personal communication services and their evolution. Rather than a sin-gle standard agreed across the entire industry, multiple standards for radio sys-tems and network implementations have emerged, and as expected, need formarketplace and end-user acceptance is driving the ultimate implementationdecisions by the operators.

A third digital cellular system called the personal digital cellular (PDC)was developed in Japan and is in full commercial operation in that country. Toa large extent, the specifications for these second-generation cellular systemsare being developed to meet the business and regulatory requirements in spe-cific countries and/or regions, leading to incompatible systems that are unableto provide global mobility.

Analog cordless telephones have been in common use in residential ap-plications, where the telephone cord is replaced by a wireless link to provideterminal mobility to the user within a limited radio coverage area. Low power


digital cordless telecommunication systems like CT2 (Cordless Telephony 2),DECT, and Japan's PHS (personal Handyphone System) are intended to pro-vide terminal mobility in residential, business, and public access applicationswhere the users can originate and receive calls on their portable terminals asthey change locations and move about at pedestrian speeds within the cover-age area. It is also anticipated that the same terminal can be used in all threeapplication environments: at the residence, at the workplace, and at public lo-cations (airports, train and bus stations, shopping centers, etc.).

While the initial focus of the current generation of mobile and personalcommunication systems has been circuit-switched voice and low bit rate dataservices, the demand for wide-area as well as local-area wireless data servicesis rapidly increasing. Reflecting market needs for better mobile data servicesare such standards as cellular digital packet data (CDPD) for support ofpacket data services on analog cellular networks, high speed circuit-switcheddata (HSCSD), and general packet radio service (GPRS) for GSM, andIEEE 802.11 and HIPERLAN (high performance European radio LAN) forwireless LANs. The emerging industry view is that the main drivers for next-generation wireless networks will be Internet and multimedia services. Evolu-tion toward high bit rate packet mode capabilities is therefore a key require-ment for present and future mobile and personal communication systems.

With respect to personal mobility services, such features as call forward-ing, call waiting, automatic credit card calling, and personal number servicesrepresent ad hoc attempts by telecommunications network operators toprovide a level of personal mobility to the users. Universal personal telecom-munication (UPT), the emerging standard in the International Telecommuni-cation Union's Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T) for per-sonal mobility, will utilize the IN and integrated services digital network(ISDN) capabilities to provide network functions for personal mobility.

1.2.3 The Future

With the rapidly increasing penetration of laptop computers, which are pri-marily used by mobile users to access Internet services like e-mail and WorldWide Web (WWW) access, support of Internet services in a mobile environ-ment is an emerging requirement. Mobile IP is an Internet protocol that at-tempts to solve the key problem of developing mechanism that allows IPnodes to change physical location without having to change IP address,thereby offering so-called "nomadicity" to Internet users.

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is now generally accepted as theplatform for supporting end-to-end, broadband multimedia services withguaranteed quality of service (QOS). Wireless ATM (WATM) aims to providean integrated architecture for seamless support of end-to-end multimedia ser-vices in the wireline as well as the wireless access environment. Thus, WATMis expected to meet the needs of wireless users who are looking for a common

Documents

MOBILE AND PERSONAL - download.e-bookshelf.de · A.1 Introduction 253 A.2 Role of Mobile/PCS Station Numbers and Identities 255 A.3 International Standards on Numbering and Identities