Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Trans-hemispheric Transformations
Involved four critical dimensions
Four Dimensions 1. Alterity: sense of otherness; non-self
a. not a mere encounter! But cultural construction of others
2. Knowledge:
3. Sovereignty
4. Capital
Two Major transformations
Print revolution
Rise of the reading public
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Sun centered system 1543: published his manuscript before the council of Trent
Aristotle: straight lines on earth; curves in heavens
Heaven and hell are not separate, and all movements curve
Great Comet 1577 (Comet in an oval path)
Tycho Brahe
Comets travel above
Earth’s atmosphere
De nova stella“On the new Star” (1573)
Celestial realm is changing
Comets were atmospheric
Laws of planetary motion Johannes Kepler: planets moved in elliptical spheres
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) improved telescope (from Holland)
1610 He pointed the telescope up to the sky
Wrote a 20 page book
Starry Messenger
Wide-ranging correspondence
Federico Cesi (1585-1630) Founder of the
Lincean Academy
Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615)
Joshua’s mobile sun asks God to stop the sun in order to lengthen the day and
allow the Israelites to win the battle.
But Galileo argues for an allegorical interpretation
God stopped sunspots rather than the sun itself
“I hold the sun to be situated motionless in the center of the revolution of the celestial orbs while the earth rotates on its axis and revolves about the sun. They know also that I support this position not only by refuting the arguments of Ptolemy and Aristotle ... especially some pertaining to physical effects whose causes perhaps cannot be determined in any other way, and other astronomical discoveries; these discoveries clearly confute the Ptolemaic system, and they agree admirably with this other position and confirm it.”
The Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
1631
Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Concerning Two
New Sciences 1638
Leiden
mid-16th century Protestantism
Anabaptist Holland
Literary revolution and the Protestant Reformation
Catholic authoritarianism Literary: Bible had to be understood not only literary but
also through the church
Censorship: only books sanctioned by the church permitted
Salvation and language Salvation through grace rather than church-sanctioned
rituals or pronouncement
Church authority should be replaced by individual faith and God’s grace
Vernacular language
Public Discourse Vernacular
More prosaic
Language & Urban Space Public Squares
Novelization of language
Rise of the novel:Miguel de Cervantes
Don Quixote 1605
François Rabelais (1494-1553) A founder of modern European literature
Gargantua and Pantagruel
Wordplay
Molière Unconventional individualism
Epistolary Novel
Blogs
Travel reports
Consumers
18th century Salon (Italian and French)
From mid-17th to mid-18th
centuries
Knowledge is
increasingly……..
Becoming commoditized
Becoming Discernable
Experimental Science
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Experimental scientific method
Becoming compartmentalized
Cabinets of curiosities:encyclopedic collections of
objects
Rise of Museums
Becoming Encyclopedic
Zoo
“Human Zoo”
Colonialism and Knowledge
And Finally
Knowledge is becoming…..
Rationalized
Immanuel Kant (1724 –1804)
French Revolution 1789:Institutionalization of a new
political discourse, new political imaginary
A new political order based on human maturity, breaking down dependencies from the monarchy
and the church
A new order of political reason
Where to find the roots of the new discourse on
political order?
Let’s go back to Florence
Perspective versus single space
Singularity of sovereignty
Politics and language Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (1469-1527)
It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both.
Politics has no relations to morals
Political space as a vanishing point
The art of politics is not just about administration and governance, but the ability to design effective representation of power
Power cannot be separated from the display of its legitimacy
Objective: (geometric and calculated) Management of appearance
Perspective
King Henry VIII
Elizabeth I (1533 – 1603
Charles I (1600 – 1649)
Louis XIV (1638 – 1715)
Humanism and politics Sovereignty in the hands of “Man”
And justice
The Education of a Christian Prince
(1518
Thomas Moor (1478-1535)
Royal and Church authorities
Unholy marriageGive me Anne Bolyen!
Kill Wolsey! Kill Thomas Cromwell!
Claim authority by the grace of God alone
All power to the states! Peace of Westphalia (1648)
European State-building
16th to the 17th centuries. 1) TAXATION: Levied on subjects and citizens: Sales tax (e.g. salt, silk…)
a) Moving away from tributary practices.
b) First instances of democratic political economy.
2) Standing military.
3) Sovereignty Protestant Reformation: Increasing independence from the Church
Intimate relationship between Protestant Reformation, State-
building and rise of rationality.
Politics and Religion FAITH not institutional Church
Kings can rule without Popes.
Example: Calvin
Church free from politics.
Papal authority renounced.
State as a community of believers
The formation of Early Modern
States led to the following
developments Dynastic states reliant on society.
Yet formation of sovereign states.
Military-civil distinction.
Competition between European states: New wave of (small-scale) wars and conflict.
Much stronger states than those of their medieval predecessors.
States 1. Absolutist states
2. welfare states
3. constitutional monarchies-republics
Absolutist Monarchies
● Divine right of kings or
“God’s lieutenants upon earth.”
● Royal centralization.
● Cardinal Richelieu
Chief minister to King Louis XIII from 1624-1642.
● Undermined the nobility and enhanced the authority of the king by building a large bureaucracy operated by commoners loyal to the king.
Louis XIV (1643-1715)
“The Sun King” “L’état, c’est moi.”
Ruled as
an absolutist king.
1670s: built Versailles.
Beginnings of the end of
Absolutist state 1789 French Revolution
2. Proto-Welfare states?
Louis XI (reigned 1461-1483)
Sales tax: salt.
Tax on Household.
With an expanded
state, new
Institutions that
provided assistant
to the poor.
3. Constitutional States3. Constitutional States.
● England and the maritime Dutch Republic.
* Governments that claimed limited powers and recognized
rights of the citizens and representative institutions, such as
a parliament or a council.
Glorious Revolution
(1688-1689)
“Bloodless” change of power when parliament deposed the Catholic King James II and replaced him with his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William the Orange.
Agreement: Mary should rule only in cooperation with parliament and the consolidation of representative government.
State competition Thirty Year Wars (1618-1648)
Conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy
Roman Empire, fragmented collection
of independent states.
Destruction,
famine, disease.
Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Holy Roman Emperor, Habsburgs,
Kingdoms of Spain, France, Sweden, Dutch
Republic.
First modern
diplomatic
Assembly.
.
● Major peace treaties between sovereign states governed by a
Sovereign.
1) Territorial boundaries.
2) Each prince would
Determine the religion of
His state.
3) Minority Christians could
Practice their religion