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MMPI-2-RF:Forensic Practice Briefing
M A RT IN S E L L BOM, P H D
A S S O C I AT E P R O F E S S O R
D E PA R T M E N T O F P S YC H O LO G Y
U N I V E R S I T Y O F OTA G O
D U N E D I N N E W Z E A L A N D
M S E L L B O M @ P S Y.OTA G O. A C . N Z
Agenda
Overview
Forensic Applications
Admissibility/Addressing Challenges
A case example
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MMPI-2-RF Overview
MMPI-2-RF OverviewPublished 2008◦ Authors Ben-Porath & Tellegen
338 items
Subset of MMPI-2 Item Pool
Norms based on MMPI-2 normative sample
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MMPI-2-RF Overview•51 Scales
•9 Validity Scales•3 Higher-Order Scales•9 RC Scales•23 Specific Problems Scales
•5 Somatic/Cognitive•9 Internalizing•4 Externalizing•5 Interpersonal
•2 Interest Scales•5 PSY-5 Scales
MMPI-2-RF OverviewManuals:◦ Manual for Administration,
Scoring and Interpretation
◦ Technical Manual
◦ User’s Guide for Reports
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MMPI-2-RF OverviewInterpreting the MMPI-2-RF◦ MMPI Evolution
◦ MMPI-2-RF Development &Constructs
◦ Interpretive Guidelines
◦ Case Studies
Important Differences between MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RFValidity Scales◦ Elimination of item overlap◦ F-r◦ Fs◦ FBS-r◦ RBS◦ 50+ peer-reviewed articles
Focus on Psychological Constructs rather than Psychiatric Syndromes◦ Constructs delineated in Ben-Porath (2012) book
◦ Linked to current models and concepts in personality and psychopathology research◦ e.g., PSY-5
◦ Can inform diagnostic assessments (Diagnostic Considerations listed for most substantive scales)
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Forensic Applications
Forensic ApplicationsMMPI-2-RF used in
◦ Criminal Court
◦ Competency and Insanity
◦ Risk Assessments (sentencing)
◦ Civil Litigation
◦ Personal Injury
◦ Disability Claims
◦ Workers Compensation
◦ Family Court
◦ Child Custody
◦ Parental Fitness
◦ Correctional Settings
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General ConsiderationsAssessment of response bias◦ Greater external incentive
◦ Context specific
◦ Over-reporting vs under-reporting
Assessment of psychopathology symptoms◦ Severe mental illness
◦ Psychosis (e.g., THD, RC6, RC8, PSYC) or Mania (e.g., RC9, ACT)
◦ Mood disorder/Emotional lability
◦ Internalizing scales
◦ Personality pathology and behavioral dysfunction
◦ E.g., PSY-5 scales / externalizing scales (e.g., BXD, RC4, JCP, SUB, AGG)
Criminal Court ConsiderationsCompetency to stand trial
◦ Capacity-focused test
◦ Current functioning
Criminal responsibility
◦ Different sanity standards
◦ Retrospective evaluation
◦ Utility of MMPI-2-RF?
Risk assessment (pre-sentence)
◦ Assessment of static vs. dynamic risk factors
◦ MMPI-2-RF, e.g.,
◦ Past EXT history (e.g., JCP, SUB)
◦ Emotional instability
◦ Behavioral instability
◦ Active symptoms of mental illness
◦ Insight (L-r)
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Civil Litigation and Disability ConsiderationsAssessment of response bias
◦ Somatic/cognitive over-reporting scales
Current functioning◦ Was the plaintiff/claimant actually harmed?◦ Depression, e.g.,
◦ EID, RCd, RC2, SUI, SHLP, SFD, HFC, NEGE-r, INTR-r, SAV
◦ Anxiety Disorders, e.g.,◦ EID, RC7, STW, AXY, BRF
◦ PTSD, e.g.,◦ RCd, RC7, STW, AXY**, SAV/DSF;
◦ Substance bbuse, e.g.,◦ BXD, RC4, SUB, DISC-r
◦ Chronic pain, e.g.,◦ RC1, GIC, NUC, HPC, COG, MLS (overall debilitation)
Is the person disabled due to current psychiatric diagnosis?
Did event X at time Y cause or contribute to current diagnosis?
Family Court ConsiderationsPsychological best interests of the child
Under-reporting
◦ Comparison groups
Current functioning that could interfere with parenting◦ Psychopathology
◦ Maladaptive personality traits
Not a measure of parenting ability or predictor of future parenting per se
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Correctional Settings ConsiderationsMental health needs and intervention
Security classification and risk assessment
Prediction of self-harm
◦ SUI (see Glassmire et al., 2016)
Parole considerations
◦ See “Risk Assessment”
Addressing Challenges toMMPI-2-RF-based testimony
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Daubert FactorsHas the technique been tested?
Has it been subjected to peer review?
What is the technique’s known or potential rate of error?
Are there standards controlling the technique’s operation?
Is the technique generally accepted?
Has the technique been tested?Are empirical data available on the technique?
◦ MMPI-2-RF Technical Manual
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Has the MMPI-2-RF been tested?Empirical Correlates in
◦ Mental Health◦ Outpatient◦ Inpatient
◦ Medical◦ Substance Abuse Treatment◦ Forensic- Civil◦ Forensic- Criminal◦ Non-Clinical
N= 4,336 Men; 2,327 Women
605 Criteria
53,970 Correlations
Has the MMPI-2-RF been tested?Descriptive Data for following settings:
◦ Mental Health◦ Medical◦ Pre-Surgical◦ Substance Abuse Treatment◦ Criminal Forensic◦ Civil Forensic◦ Correctional◦ Personnel Screening◦ Non-Clinical Settings
N= 68,377
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Has the MMPI-2-RF subjected to peer review?
Examples in forensic/correctional settings . . .
◦ Correctional settings◦ Forbey, Ben-Porath, & Gartland (2009)
◦ Clegg, Fremouw, Horacek, Cole, & Schwartz (2010)
◦ Sellbom (2014)
◦ Risk Assessment◦ Grossi , Green, Belfi, McGrath, Griswald, & Schreiber
(2015)
◦ Sellbom, Ben-Porath, Baum, Erez, & Gregory (2008)
◦ Tarescavage, Glassmire, & Burchett (2016)
◦ Tarescavage, Luna-Jones, & Ben-Porath (2014)
◦ Psychopathy◦ Phillips, Sellbom, Ben-Porath, & Patrick (2014)
◦ Sellbom, Drislane, Johnson, Goodwin, Phillips, & Patrick (2016)
◦ Sellbom, Ben-Porath, Patrick, Wygant, Gartland, & Stafford (2012)
◦ Malingering◦ Sellbom, Toomey, Wygant, Kucharski, & Duncan (2010)
◦ Wygant, Sellbom, Gervais, Ben-Porath, Stafford, Freeman, & Heilbronner (2010)
◦ Wall, Wygant, & Gallagher (2015)
Over 300 peer-reviewed publications have included MMPI-2-RF scales
The known or potential rate of error of the MMPI-2-RF?
Data on reliability and standard error of measurement of MMPI-2-RF scale scores address this question directly.
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The known or potential rate of error of the MMPI-2-RF?
Classification Accuracy◦ MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales
◦ Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Power, Negative Predictive Power, and Hit Rate
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The known or potential rate of error of the MMPI-2-RF?
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Are there standards controlling the MMPI-2-RF?
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Is the MMPI-2-RF Generally Accepted?Frye Test◦MMPI-2-RF being used increasingly in:
◦ Forensic evaluations◦ Public safety personnel screening◦ Medical evaluations◦ Mental health settings
◦ In many states, case law guides judges to consider“Daubert-like” factors (i.e., scientific validity andreliability)
Indications of MMPI-2-RF AcceptanceMMPI-2-RF interpretive guidelines provided in two leading MMPI textbooks:
◦ Graham, J. R. (2012). MMPI-2: Assessing Personality and Psychopathology (5th edition). NewYork: Oxford University Press.
◦ Greene, R. L. (2011). MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF: An Interpretive Manual (Third Edition). New York:Allyn & Bacon
Covered in current forensic textbooks:
◦ Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2013). Forensic applications of the Minnesota Multiphaisc PersonalityInventory-2 Restructured Form. In R. P. Archer and E. M. A. Wheeler (Eds) Forensic use ofclinical assessment instruments (pp. 63-107). NY: Routledge.
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MMPI-2-RF Translations
Indications of MMPI-2-RF AcceptanceListed among recommended outcome measures in Traumatic Brain Injury research compiled by Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Outcome Measures Workgroup convened by NIH◦ Wilde et al. (2010). Recommendations for the use of Common Outcome Measures in Traumatic
Brain Injury Research. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 1650-1660.e17.
Listed among standard measures used in assessment of the psychological effects of pain◦ Barr, W. B. (2013). Differential diagnosis of psychological factors evoked by pain presentations. The
Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27, 17-29
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Indications of MMPI-2-RF AcceptanceListed among measures in proposed practice guidelines for assessments of child sexual abusers ◦ Chu, C.M., & Ogloff, J.R.P. (2012). Assessing child sexual abusers in non-criminal contexts:
Proposed practice guidelines. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law, 19, 464-481.
Listed as recommended measure in guide to establishing a practice on police pre-employment psychological evaluations◦ Gallo, F. J., & Halgin, R. P. (2011). A Guide for Establishing a Practice in Police Preemployment
Postoffer Psychological Evaluations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice.10.1037/a0022493
Indications of MMPI-2-RF AcceptanceOnly personality inventory included among measures for assessing mental health as part of the NFL settlement with retired players:
Baseline Neuropsychology Test Battery and Specific Impairment Criteria for Retired NFL Football Players. Exhibit 2, Section 5, p. 9: Mental Health Assessment.
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Indications of MMPI-2-RF Acceptance
Highlighted in Institute of Medicine (IOM) report to US Congress: Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination:
Committee on Psychological Testing, Including Validity Testing, for Social Security Administration Disability Determinations; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Institute of Medicine. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2015 Jun 29.
Indications of MMPI-2-RF AcceptanceDiscussed favorably in growing number of books and book chapters:
Bell, B. D., & Giovagnoli, A. R. (2013). Epilepsy and aging. In L.D. Ravdin and H.L. Katzen (eds.). Handbook on the neuropsychology of aging and dementia (pp. 421-442). NY: Springer.
Boone, K. B. (2013). Clinical practice of forensic neuropsychology: An evidence-based approach. NY: Guilford.
Budd, K. S., Connell, M., & Clark, J. R. (2013). Assessment in a child protection context. In R.K. Otto and I. Weiner (eds.). Handbook of psychology: Vol. 11 Forensic Psychology (pp. 139-171). NY: Wiley.
Cohen, R. J., Swerlik, M. E., & Sturman, E. D. (2013). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement. NY: McGraw Hill.
Corey, D. M. (2011). Principles of fitness-for-duty evaluations for police psychologists. . In J Kitaeff (ed.) Handbook of police psychology (pp. 263-294). NY: Routledge.
Corey, D. M. & Borum, R. (2013). Forensic assessment for high-risk occupations. In R.K. Otto and I. Weiner (eds.). Handbook of psychology: Vol. 11 Forensic Psychology (pp. 246-270). NY: Wiley.
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Indications of MMPI-2-RF AcceptanceDiscussed favorably in growing number of books and book chapters:
Cutler, M. J. (2011). Pre-employment screening of police officers: Integrating actuarial prediction models with practice. In J. Kitaeff (Ed.) Handbook of police psychology (pp. 125-129). NY: Routledge.
Heilbronner, R. L., & Henry, G. K. (2013). Psychological assessment of symptom magnification in mild traumatic brain injury. In S. S. Bush & D. Carone (Eds.). Mild traumatic brain injury: Symptom validity assessment and malingering (pp. 183-202). NY: Springer.
Larrabee, G. J. (2011). Assessment of malingering. In G.J. Larrabee (Ed.). Forensic Neuropsychology: A scientific approach (pp. 116-159). NY: Oxford University Press.
Rogers, R., & Bender, S. S. (2013). Evaluation of malingering and related response styles. In R.K. Otto and I. Weiner (Eds.). Handbook of psychology: Vol. 11 Forensic Psychology (pp. 517-540). NY: Wiley.
Nelson, N. W., & Dome, B. M. (2013). Research and symptom validity assessment in mild traumatc brain injury. In S. S. Bush & D. Carone (Eds.). Mild traumatic brain injury: Symptom validity assessment and malingering (pp. 119-138). NY: Springer.
Indications of MMPI-2-RF AcceptanceCited in growing number of Federal and State appellate court decisions:
ADAMS v. ASTRUE, Commissioner of Social Security. No. 3:11-CV-00378 RE. July 3, 2012. United States District Court
A.P. v. THE SUPERIOR COURT OF DEL NORTE COUNTY, DEL NORTE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES et al. No. A136808. Court of Appeals of California, First District, Division One. Filed February 1, 2013.
BENSE v. ASTRUE, Commissioner of Social Security. March 19, 2013. United States District Court, E.D. Missouri, Eastern Division.
DANIELSON v. MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, Commissioner of Social Security. No. 12-CV-0153-TOR. December 19, 2012. United States District Court
IN RE: D.C.J. A Minor Child (Appeal by Maternal Grandparents, and Guardian Ad Litem). Nos. 97681 and 97776. Released and Journalized: September 13, 2012. Court of Appeals of Ohio, Eighth District, Cuyahoga County
FINK v. ASTRUE, Commissioner of Social Security. No. 4:12CV 295 LMB. March 27, 2013. United States District Court, E.D. Missouri, Eastern Division.
MICHIGAN v. ESPINOZA. No. 297574. Court of Appeals of Michigan. September 27, 2011.
SOUTER v. COLVIN, Acting Commissioner of Social Security. Case No. 11-3465-CV-S-REL-SSA. February 19, 2013
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Case Example
52 y.o., never married, A-A man
Second opinion evaluation
Found NGRI for Aggravated Murder after shooting his father to death 23 years earlier
Previous hospitalizations for Paranoid Schizophrenia
Denied conditional release twice before
Continues to exhibit substantial persecutory delusions about imposters, communist spies, his former work-place, and local Sheriff’s and Police Departments
CaseExample
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