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Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Reciklirani agregati – lastnosti in uporabnost
Ana Mladenovič, Zavod za gradbeništvo Slovenije
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Vsebina predstavitve
Terminologija
Rušenje objektov: vpliv na kakovost agregata
Nevarne snovi
Vrste in preiskave recikliranega agregata
Reciklirani agregati v betonu
Zaključki
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Agregati
Eden od osnovnih materialov v gradbeništvu.
Delež agregata:
80 % v betonu
90 % v asfaltu
100 % v nevezanih plasteh.
Svetovna poraba: 95 % naravnih in 5 % alternativnih.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Terminologija
Agregat je:
zrnat material, ki se uporablja pri gradnji.
Agregati so lahko:
• naravni
• umetni
• reciklirani
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Naravni agregat: Agregat mineralnega izvora, ki je bil le mehansko predelan.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Naravni agregat
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Umetni agregat: Agregat mineralnega izvora, pripravljen v industrijskem procesu, pod
vplivom toplotnih ali drugačnih sprememb.
8/11 mm
Proizvodnja agregata
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Reciklirani agregat: Agregat, ki nastane s
predelavo neorganskega materiala, ki je bil pred tem že vgrajen.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Reciklirani agregat = agregat iz gradbenih ruševin
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Vsebina predstavitve
Terminologija
Rušenje objektov: vpliv na kakovost agregata
Nevarne snovi
Vrste in preiskave recikliranega agregata
Reciklirani agregati v betonu
Zaključki
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Kakršne ruševine - takšen agregat?
Načeloma da, ……
ampak …..
le do določene mere!
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Kakršno rušenje - takšen agregat!
Nič komplicirati
Selektivno rušenje
Več pristopov
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Nič komplicirati
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Nič komplicirati
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Pristop: nekaj vmes
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Selektivno rušenje
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Zakaj je selektivno rušenje nujno?
1. zaradi zdravja ljudi in okolja
2. zaradi boljše kakovosti materialov
Popis in evidentiranje materialov pred rušenjem!
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Vsebina predstavitve
Terminologija
Rušenje objektov: vpliv na kakovost agregata
Nevarne snovi
Vrste in preiskave recikliranega agregata
Reciklirani agregati v betonu
Zaključki
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
V stavbi so lahko nevarni materiali!
• Azbest (tudi druga vlakna)
• Policiklični aromatski ogljikovodiki (PAH), npr. katran
• Poliklorirani bifenili (PCB)
• Mineralna olja, Pb barve
• Onesnaženje zaradi preteklih aktivnosti.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Azbest – od magičnega do nevarnega materiala
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Zakaj je azbest nevaren?
Ko vlakno zaide v pljuča, do konca življenja draži mesto, kjer je zapičeno. Telesna tekočina ga ne raztopi.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Lucy Deane piše leta 1898:
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Lucy Deane piše leta 1898:
• Škodljivi učinek azbesta je bil raziskan s pomočjo mikroskopa. To je naredil medicinski inšpektor.
• Vidi se nazobčana, steklu podobna oblika vlaken, če so v zraku v kakršnikoli količini, je učinek škodljiv.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Azbest - prepoved 107 let po prvem opozorilu!
• Direktiva 1999/77/ES prepoveduje vsako uporabo azbesta od 1. januarja 2005.
• Direktiva 2003/18/ES1 prepoveduje pridobivanje azbesta ter proizvodnjo in predelavo azbestnih izdelkov.
• Problem izpostavljenosti azbestu ostaja pri postopkih odstranjevanja, rušenja in vzdrževanja.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Slovenija
• Uredba (Ur.l.RS, št. 49/2001) ukinja proizvodnjo, promet in uporabo azbesta in azbestnih izdelkov z začetkom leta 2003.
• Uporaba izdelkov, ki so bili na dan uveljavitve Uredbe (28.06.2001) že v uporabi, ni prepovedana!
• Rok za odstranitev azbesta ni določen!
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Namen predstavljenih dejstev ni vzbujanje panike!
Potrebno se je zavedati, da je:
- azbest zdravju škodljv,
- še vedno prisoten v številnih zgradbah,
- izpostavljenosti delavcev azbestnemu prahu se je možno izogniti le z doslednim upoštevanjem varnostnih ukrepov,
- potrebno odgovorno ravnanje na vseh nivojih.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Praksa v Sloveniji
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Asfaltni rezkanec s katranom (presežena vrednost PAH)
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Onesnaženje zaradi preteklih aktivnosti
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Vsebina predstavitve
Terminologija
Rušenje objektov: vpliv na kakovost agregata
Nevarne snovi
Vrste in preiskave recikliranega agregata
Reciklirani agregati v betonu
Zaključki
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Zakaj je selektivno rušenje nujno?
1. zaradi zdravja ljudi in okolja
2. zaradi boljše kakovosti materialov
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Predelava v agregat
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Reciklirani agregat
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Reciklirani agregat
Če je ob rušenju stavbe material pravilno selekcioniran in pravilno predelan v agregat, je ta enakovreden naravnemu agregatu.
Isti standardi in potrjevanje skladnosti kot za naravni agregat.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Zakonodaja
Direktiva o gradbenih proizvodih (CD 89/106/EEC): gradbeni proizvod je vsak proizvod, ki je na trajen način vgrajen v objekt. 8 harmoniziranih standardov za agregate Relevantni: • SIST EN 12620, Agregati za beton • SIST EN 13043, Agregati za bitumenske zmesi in površinske
prevleke za ceste, letališča in druge prometne površine • SIST EN 13242, Agregati za nevezane in hidravlično vezane
materiale za uporabo v inženirskih objektih in za gradnjo cest
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
• Standardi ne podajajo zahtev za kakovost agregata!
• Preiskave samo omogočajo, da se pridobi informacija o tem, kakšen je določen proizvod.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Potrjevanje skladnosti agregata
Dva sistema potrjevanja skladnosti:
Sistem 2+, kadar so zahteve za varnost visoke
(Certifikat proizvodnje, Izjava o skladnosti,
Oznaka CE)
Sistem 4, kadar so zahteve za varnost nizke
(Izjava o skladnosti, Oznaka CE)
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Oznaka CE
Oznaka CE je le informacija o tem, kakšne so lastnosti proizvoda.
Ni dokaz, da agregat ustreza za določen namen!
Kriterije podajajo npr. projekt ali tehnične specifikacije.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Zahteve za agregat
• odporen na atmosferske vplive in antropogeno onesnaževanje,
• odporen proti mehanskim obremenitvam,
• ustrezna zrnavost, ki mu zagotavlja dobre nosilne in filtrne lastnosti.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
• Reciklirani agregati so heterogeni po sestavi, kakovost zelo variira.
• Visokokakovostni, po meri narejeni kompoziti so redki.
• Tehnike, ki bi lahko izboljšale kakovost (npr. pranje, magneti, zračni curek,) se praktično ne uporabljajo.
Trenutna kakovost
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Možna uporaba
• Enostavni, dinamično neobremenjeni nasipi/zasipi, kjer so nizke zahteve za varnost.
• Nevezane in hidravlično vezane plasti v cestogradnji
• Betoni
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Recikliran betonski agregat vs. naravni agregat v cestni konstrukciji
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Recikliran betonski agregat vs. naravni agregat v cestni konstrukciji
• Manjša občutljivost za vlago.
• Manjše deformacije plasti.
• Višji modul elastičnosti.
• Boljše dolgoročno obnašanje v danih pogojih okolja.
• Okoljska inertnost.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Dva razloga
1.
Zrnavostna sestava omogoča uravnoteženo polnjenje praznin.
Struktura nevezane plasti je zato kompaktna in odporna na obremenitve.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
2.
Zaradi ostankov nehidratiziranega portlandskega klinkerja je v kompozitu vezivni potencial, ki se počasi sprošča.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Možna uporaba
• Enostavni, dinamično neobremenjeni nasipi/zasipi, kjer so nizke zahteve za varnost.
• Nevezane in hidravlično vezane plasti v cestogradnji
• Betoni
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Beton - nekaj dejstev
• Največja poraba od vseh gradbenih materialov, takoj za vodo.
• Prednosti: nizka cena, visoka trdnost in trajnost, velika možnost obdelave.
• 1 kubični meter na prebivalca letno.
• Več kot 70 % prebivalstva živi v betonskih zgradbah.
• Ni videti, da bi se to v bližnji prihodnost spremenilo.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Problem je cement
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Svetovna proizvodnja cementa:
• 3.6 milijard ton na leto • energijsko zahtevna • 1 tona cementa generira 1 tono CO2 • 7 % svetovnih emisij.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Eno mlado drevo lahko porabi na leto
samo 2 kg CO2
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Izzivi/ perspektive Beton mora postati zelen!
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Izzivi/ perspektive Beton mora postati zelen!
Modifikacija veziva:
- Alternativna veziva na osnovi odpadkov (pepeli, žlindre, mulji)
- Aplikacija nanodelcev v matrico (s tem se poveča trdnost, zmanjša potrebna masa).
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Izzivi/ perspektive Beton mora postati zelen!
Alternativni agregati :
na osnovi odpadkov
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Izzivi/ perspektive Beton mora postati zelen!
Zahteva: enaka funkcionalnost in trajnost kot konvencionalni
(ali boljša).
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Isawijev Zakon o napredku
:
O poti k napredku: Bližnjica je najdaljša razdalja med dvema točkama.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Reciklirani betonski agregat
• Povečano vpijanje
• Manjša prostorninska masa (2000 – 2500 kg/m3)
• Manjša odpornost na abrazijo
• Nečistoče
• Dvojni stik (nižja zgodnja trdnost)
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Reciklirani betonski agregat
Betonski kompozit
• Variacije v konsistenci (potrebno več vode)
• Nižja trdnost (dvojni stik)
• Nižji modul elastičnosti
• Večje krčenje
• Večja permeabilnost
• Manjša odpornost na zmrzovanje
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Mofidifikacije sestave in tehnologije mešanja
Možno je proizvesti beton sprejemljive kakovosti.
• dve fazi mešanja
• uporaba superplastifikatorjev
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Mikrotomografija - kakovost in stanje stika
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Hidratacija veziva v betonu
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Zeleni beton
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Zeleni beton
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Vsebina predstavitve
Terminologija
Rušenje objektov: vpliv na kakovost agregata
Nevarne snovi
Vrste in preiskave recikliranega agregata
Reciklirani agregati v betonu
Zaključki
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Koncept trajnostnega razvoja v gradbeništvu
Sedanja generacija naj živi tako, da bodo tistim, ki prihajajo za nami, omogočene podobne življenjske razmere in da jim bomo zapustili minimalno degradirano okolje.
Odpadki so surovina.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Izvor/ime materiala ni pomembno!
Kar šteje, so lastnosti in rezultati!
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Odpadek = surovina
Velik sinergističen efekt je možno doseči zlasti na področju gradbeništva: vezanih kompozitov!
Zakaj? Ker je možno porabiti velike količine odpadkov. Ker imajo novi kompoziti pogosto boljše lastnosti. Ker se strupene komponente trajno imobilizirajo.
Druge prednosti: nižje CO2 emisije, prihranek energije, ohranjanje naravnih virov, …
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Gradbeni odpadki
EU Direktiva o odpadkih 2008/98/EC zahteva bolj učinkovito recikliranje.
Eksplicitno za gradbene odpadke: 70 % do 2020.
Stopnja recikliranja v Sloveniji: 20 % ?
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Situacija v Sloveniji Stopnja recikliranja je nizka.
•Naravne surovine: v obilju, cenene.
•Deponije na razpolago, tudi nelegalno odlaganje.
• Pomanjkanje znanja in volje uporabljati odpadke.
•Administrativne procedure so komplicirane.
• Ljudje v resnici še niso pripoznali: odpadek je surovina.
• Ljudje ne sprejemajo strokovnih dejstev / raje imajo polresnice in domneve.
•Mediji poročajo katastrofično, senzacionalistično, manipulistično.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Tehnični razlogi
Manjka holističen pristop v celotni verigi, od rušenja do končen uporabe!
•Predrušitvena ocena je slaba (detekcija nevarnih, kontaminiranih materialov, tudi predmetov, ki imajo “re-use” vrednost ).
•Rušenje je takšno, da ne daje kakovostnih materialov (prevelika heterogenost).
•Aplikacijo odpadkov v gradbenih kompozitih je potrebno validirati začetni stroški so višji stališče “to se ne izplača“.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry. Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Kako intenzivirati uporabo?
• Izobraževanje odločevalcev in projektantov
• Pospeševanje v okviru zelenih javnih naročil.
• Sankcioniranje ilegalnega odlaganja in plenjenja naravnih virov.
• Dvig motivacije in zavedanja laične javnosti:
- uporaba odpadkov je priložnost in potreba,
- odpadki so odlična surovina za potrebe gradbeništva,
- ob korektni uporabi ne obremenjujejo okolja,
- zmanjša se potreba po energiji in naravnih surovinah.
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Kakovost Življenjska doba Funkcionalnost Reciklabilnost
Cena Izpusti CO2 Poraba energije
Ali znamo najti ravnotežje?
Promotion of the Recycling of Industrial Waste and Building Rubble for the Construction Industry.
Kdaj? Kako?
NIMBY
(not in my backyard)
YIMBY
(yes, in my backyard)